Sokoine University of Agriculture
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Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in Miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania
No full textThe article is available at http://www.cbmjournal.com/Anthropogenic uses of fire play a key role in regulating fire regimes in African savannas. These fires contribute the highest proportion of the globally burned area, substantial biomass burning emissions and threaten maintenance and enhancement of carbon stocks. An understanding of fire regimes at local scales is required for the estimation and prediction of the contribution of these fires to the global carbon cycle and for fire management. We assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of fires in miombo woodlands of Tanzania, utilizing the MODIS active fire
product and Landsat satellite images for the past ~40 years.
Results: Our results show that up to 50.6% of the woodland area is affected by fire each year. An early and a late dry season peak in wetter and drier miombo, respectively, characterize the annual fire season. Wetter miombo areas have higher fire activity within a shorter annual fire season and have shorter return intervals. The fire regime is characterized by small-sized fires, with a higher ratio of small than large burned areas in the frequency-size distribution
(β = 2.16 ± 0.04). Large-sized fires are rare, and occur more frequently in drier than in wetter miombo. Both fire prevalence and burned extents have decreased in the past decade. At a large scale, more than half of the woodland area has less than 2 years of fire return intervals, which prevent the occurrence of large intense fires.
Conclusion: The sizes of fires, season of burning and spatial extent of occurrence are generally consistent across time, at the scale of the current analysis. Where traditional use of fire is restricted, a reassessment of fire management
strategies may be required, if sustainability of tree cover is a priority. In such cases, there is a need to combine traditional and contemporary fire management practices.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme in Tanzani
Adaptive capacity to climate change and food security among artisanal fisher folk in Rorya district, Tanzania
No full textMA-Thesis in Rural DevelopmentThis research was carried out in the inshore of Lake Victoria, Rorya District in particular, to examine determinants of gendered adaptive capacity to climate change and its role in enhancing food security among artisanal fisher folk. The specific objectives were: to examine fishers perception on climate change by gender; to determine the adaptive capacity of artisanal fishers by gender; and to determine factors affecting the adaptive capacity to climate change by gender. A total of 90 small scale fishers were sampled. The sample was drawn from three villages from three wards, and it comprised of 30 respondents per village. Data were collected using the following methods: questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussion and key informants‟ interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 16.0, whereby descriptive analysis was done Likert scale was applied to facilitate inferential analysis and adaptive capacity index (ACI) was developed. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The results showed that the majority (80%) of the respondents had a positive perception towards climate change, while one-tenth of the respondents had a negative perception. Moreover, artisanal fisher folk adaptive capacity index was at a lowest average as its overall ACI was 18.54. However, it plays a vital role in enhancing food security among artisanal fishers and the fishing community. The study concludes that, Artisanal fishers are aware of climate change and how it affects food security but have a low adaptive capacity to fight against climate change risks and crisis. The study recommends that there should be improved provision of training to enhance fishers‟ ability over climate change and the government should intervene in fishing communities to improve their adaptive capacity.Non
Coffea arabica yields decline in Tanzania due to climate change: Global implications
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.005tCoffee is the world’s most valuable tropical export crop. Recent studies predict severe climate changeimpacts on Coffea arabica (C. arabica) production. However, quantitative production figures are necessaryto provide coffee stakeholders and policy makers with evidence to justify immediate action. Using datafrom the northern Tanzanian highlands, we demonstrate for the first time that increasing night time(Tmin) temperature is the most significant climatic variable responsible for diminishing C. arabica yieldsbetween 1961 and 2012. Projecting this forward, every 1◦C rise in Tminwill result in annual yield lossesof 137 ± 16.87 kg ha−1(P = 1.80e-10). According to our ARIMA model, average coffee production will dropto 145 ± 41 kg ha−1(P = 8.45e-09) by 2060. Consequently, without adequate adaptation strategies and/orsubstantial external inputs, coffee production will be severely reduced in the Tanzanian highlands inthe near future. Attention should also be drawn to the arabica growing regions of Brazil, Colombia, CostaRica, Ethiopia and Kenya, as substantiated time series evidence shows these areas have followed strikinglysimilar minimum temperature trends. This is the first study on coffee, globally, providing essential timeseries evidence that climate change has already had a negative impact on C. arabica yields.CGIA
Policy implication for smallholder farmers' adaptation to climate and livelihood change in Pangani river basin
No full textMSc. –Thesis in Agricultural EconomicsThis study aimed at analyzing policy implications to smallholder farmer's adaptation to climate and livelihood change along Pangani river basin specifically in Korogwe district. The study intended to fill the knowledge gap of the interaction between policy made at local and government level with their associated implications to livelihood of smallholder farmers. Both primary and secondary data were collected, primary data were collected by using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion while secondary data were collected by using policy, laws and regulations documents. Matrimonial logit modal MNL was used to analyze the policy (as adaptive strategy) effects on smallholder farmer's adaptation and livelihood change. The findings show significantly (p=0.05) that, policy and policy instruments affect smallholder farmer‟s adaptation to climate and livelihood change differently. This means that, other policy and policy instruments assist farmers to adapt and improve their livelihood change. This is when the policy as adaptive strategy lead to farmer`s yield size increase and it has good results to the environment example policy instrument from EMA 2004 No 75 use of improved seeds as adaptive strategy enable farmers to increase their yield size and do not have harmful impact on the environment. Other policies do not encourage use of a particular adaptive strategy due to its impacts to the environment and when do not encourage sustainable use of it as adaptive strategy example policy instrument from EMA 2002 No 14 restrict shifting cultivation as adaptive strategy because clearing of trees lead to draught and do not influence sustainable environment management and do not lead to yield size increase. And other policies do not encourage use of particular adaptive strategy while have good impact to smallholder farmers' adaptation and livelihood change like policy of restriction of any human and economic activities within 60 m from water resources. Also this study determined that farmers are facing challenges like low production level, low adaptive capacity and low livelihood level. Study recommended that there should be participation in policy construction to all stakeholders. Also more research on smallholder adaptation, livelihood change and policy interaction, farmers training to increase awareness and farmers exchange programs to have different experiences from different areas.Non
The land use and cover change in miombo woodlands under community based forest management and its implication to climate change mitigation: a case of Southern Highlands of Tanzania
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/459102In Tanzania, miombo woodland is the most significant forest vegetation with both ecological and socioeconomic importance.
The vegetation has been threatened from land use and cover change due to unsustainable utilization. Over the past two decades,
community based forestmanagement (CBFM) has been practiced to address the problem.Given the current need to mitigate global
climate change, little is known on the influence of CBFM to the land use and cover change in miombo woodlands and therefore
compromising climate change mitigation strategies. This study explored the dynamic of land use and covers change and biomass
due to CBFM and established the implication to climate change mitigation.The study revealed increasing miombo woodland cover
density with decreasing unsustainable utilization. The observed improvement in cover density and biomass provides potential
for climate change mitigation strategies. CBFM also developed solidarity, cohesion, and social control of miombo woodlands
illegal extraction.This further enhances permanence, reduces leakage, and increases accountability requirement for carbon credits.
Collectively with these promising results, good land use plan at village level and introduction of alternative income generating
activities can be among the best options to further reduce land use change and biomass loss in miombo woodlands.Tanzanian and Norwegian government
What climate services do farmers and pastoralists need in Tanzania? Baseline study for the GFCS Adaptation Program in Africa
No full textThis report is available at www.ccafs.cgiar.orgThis report presents final findings from the baseline data collection exercise conducted for
Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) Adaptation Programme in Africa. The GFCS
programme, having a focus on agriculture, food security, heath and disaster risk reduction, is
implemented in Tanzania and Malawi. Under the auspices of this GFCS project, the CGIAR
research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is responsible
to support baseline data collection and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) to evaluate climate
services for farmers and pastoralists in Tanzania. The purpose of this report is to inform
national partners on farmers’ current access and needs for climate information services.
Communities of agro-pastoralists and pastoralists interviewed have little access to climate
information, which is generally not associated with agricultural advice. To increase the
relevance and communication of climate information in their communities, respondents have
recommended training of local extension agents and traditional leaders on the concepts of
climate information, having site specific information and using local languages and
brochures. The forecasts of greatest interest include start of the rain and expected amount of
rainfall over the season. Preferred formats cited by men are radio messages, visits from
extension agents while women selected voice message on cell phones and villages
communicators. Messengers suggested for radio presenters, local extension agents and village
leaders highly recommended by women
Adaptation of feed-in tariff or remote mini-grids: Tanzania as an illustrative case
No full textAvailable at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.055Following the successful Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) system worldwide, few countries have implemented FiTs explicitly tailored for off-grid or mini-grid systems.This study takes an integrated approach to examine the feasibility of an off-grid Feed-in Tariff (off-FiT) for existing and new remote mini-grids in Tanzania, using a combination of geographical analysis, technical, economic and institutional assessments. Based on detailed modelling of two community off-grid cases, (i) PV-diesel and (ii) mini-hydro,we identify least-cost rural electrification options that makes solar and mini-hydro energy competitive with diesel generators and potential effect of the supports chemeon rural electrification plans.In the first case,we illustrate where the off-FiT complements diesel generation of an existing mini-grid (PV-diesel).In the second case(mini-hydro),we illustrate conditions where the off-FiT policy brings mini-hydro generation to non-electrified communities and sells renewable electricity directly to new customers. Currently,Tanzania has Standardized Power Purchase (SPP) rates,which target generators connected to the national grid and distribution systems of mini-grid sor isolated grids. We found forth eoff-FiT tariff the total amount needed to support the same number of customers by solar and hydro-mini grids versus diesel would be of 31.5millionUS/kWh to the present current SPP stariff of 0.24 US that the government currently subsidizes and allocates to diesel mini-grids in country, and this shows the potential for a long-term renewable energy strategy for mini-grid areas
Assessing the impacts of climate variability and change on agricultural systems in Eastern Africa while enhancing the region’s capacity to undertake integrated assessment of vulnerabilities to future changes in climate - Tanzania
No full textMwongozo wa Mafunzo kwa Vitendo wa Kutayarisha na Kutunza Bustani ya Miche ya Miti kwa Wanavikundi Vya Misitu Katika Kata Zinazozunguka Msitu wa Hifadhi wa Milima ya Masasi
No full textHuu ni muongozo wa uanzishaji na utunzaji wa kitalu cha miche ya mitiMradi wa Kuongeza Teknolojia za Kupunguza Hewa ya Ukaa na Kuboresha Maisha
ya Jamii zinazozunguka misitu ni sehemu ya Mradi wa Kuweka Mikakati ya Kuokoa
Misitu iliyo hatarinini kutoweka nchini Tanzania yaani ‘Strategic Interventions’.
Mradi huu upo chini ya Programu ya Kudhibiti na Kukabiliana Mabadiliko ya
Tabia ya Nchi Tanzania unaotambuliwa kwa kiingereza kama ‘Climate Change
Impact Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme in Tanzania’ unaoratibiwa
na Chuo Kikuu cha Sokoine cha Kilimo, Morogoro. Mradi huu unavishirikisha
vyuo vikuu vitatu nchini Tanzania ambavyo ni Chuo kikuu cha Dar es Salaam
(UDSM), Chuo kikuu cha Ardhi (ARU) pamoja na mamlaka ya Hali ya Hewa
(TMA). Pia mradi unavihusisha vyuo vikuu nchini Norway chini ya uratibu wa
Chuo kikuu cha Sayansi cha Norway (UMB).
Madhumuni ya Mradi wa Kuongeza Teknolojia za Kupunguza Hewa ya ukaa
na Kuboresha Maisha ya Jamii zinazozunguka misitu ni kusaidia juhudi za
jamii (watu) husika katika kutekeleza hatua mbalimbali za kulinda, kurejesha
na usimamizi endelevu wa misitu ili kukabiliana na athari za mabadiliko ya
tabia ya nchi. Mradi huu umepangwa kutekelezwa katika Mji Mdogo wa Masasi,
Wilayani Masasi.
Mji mdogo wa Masasi una eneo la kilometa za mraba 376.7 na idadi ya watu ni
zaidi ya 101,059 (kwa mwaka 2007) ambao wanaoishi katika kata sita za mji
huo. Ukiondoa kata ya Mkuti, kata tano zilizosalia ambazo ni Sita, Temeke,
Migongo, Jida na Mtandi zinazunguka Msitu wa Hifadhi wa Milima ya Masasi
ambao ni msitu wa asili. Mnamo tarehe 15 – 22 Mei 2011 timu ya wataalamu
watano wa mradi walitembelea mji huo kwa madhumuni ya kufanya upembuzi
wa awali ndani ya msitu na kufanya mikutano na wadau mbalimbali kama vile
wafanyakazi wa mji ndogo, vikundi vya mazingira na serikali za kata za Temeke,
Migongo na Mtandi kwa ajili ya kuanza kutekeleza mradi huo.
Upembuzi huo wa awali ulibaini kwamba Msitu huo wa hifadhi wa milima
ya Masasi ulikuwa umeharibiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kutokana na shughuli za
binadamu kama vile kukata miti kwa ajili ya kuchoma mkaa, mbao na kuni, kulima
ndani ya msitu na kuchoma moto. Maeneo mengi ya msitu yalikuwa yameathirika
ikiwemo kupungua kwa vyanzo vya maji na vyanzo vya maji vilivyosalia maji
yake yalikuwa machafu na hayatoshelezi mahitaji ya jamii inayozunguka msitu.
Shughuli za uharibifu wa msitu ziliendelea kufanyika na watu wengi wanaoishi
2æ
Bustani ya Miche ya Miti - Mwongozo
kwenye kata zinazozunguka msitu waliendelea kutegemea rasilimali za msitu
huo ili kujipatia mahitaji mbalimbali yakiwemo maji na mazao mbalimbali.
Aidha upembuzi wa awali ulibaini kuwa kata za Temeke, Migongo na Mtandi
kupitia serikali zao (Ward council) zilikubali kuanzishwa kwa vikundi vya
misitu/mazingira kwenye kata zao na kuwahimiza wanavikundi kupanda miti
kwa kusaidiwa na mradi kwa ajili ya kutunza Msitu wa Hifadhi wa Milima ya
Masasi pamoja na kupata mahitaji yao kama ilivyopendekezwa na wataalam.
Hata hivyo baada ya kubaini kuwa wanavikundi hawakuwa na ujuzi wa shughuli
za upandaji miti hususan shughuli ya kutayarisha na kutunza bustani ya miche
ya miti, wataalam walipanga kutoa elimu ya uoteshaji na utunzaji wa miche ya
miti kwa wanavikundi wa misitu wa kata zinazozunguka Msitu wa Hifadhi wa
Milima ya Masasi ili waweze kupata ujuzi na utaalam husika kwa vitendo.
Elimu hii itawasaidia wanajamii na hasa kaya kuweza kujihusisha kikamilifu
katika suala zima la upandaji miti na hivyo kupunguza kasi ya uharibifu ndani
ya Msitu wa Hifadhi wa Milima ya Masasi, kuongeza kasi ya upunguzaji hewa
ukaa angani na bila kusahau suala zima la kuongeza kipato cha kaya/jamii kwa
kupitia uuzaji wa miche mbalimbali.Norwegian Embass
The importance of soil fertility constraints in modeling crop suitability under progressive climate change in Tanzania
No full textAvailable at www.sciencedirect.comSpatial crop suitability models are important planning tools for agricultural development, especially regarding climate change
adaptation. The original version of the EcoCrop model predicts crop suitability based on monthly temperature and precipitation,
without taking into account soil constraints. Recently, continuous soil property maps of Tanzania were produced (Vagen et al,
submitted) based on data from systematic surveys across sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the present study was to assess the
effects of incorporating information on soil fertility constraints, such as low soil organic carbon content (SOC) into the EcoCrop
model. Crop suitability maps derived with and without consideration of low SOC were compared. SOC values were extracted for
1036 locations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) presence and the 2-percentile (0.9% SOC) was taken as a lower limit for
suitability. The EcoCrop model was then run with current climate data, with and without SOC as a limiting factor, to create
suitability maps. An independent spatial point dataset of registered bean presence/absence (n=1113), and regional production
statistics were used for validation. The agreement between bean presence and bean suitability was higher (Cohen's unweighted
kappa=0.06) when low SOC was included in the model compared to when only climate was considered (kappa=0.02). The
regional statistics showed that the proportion of the area where low SOC restricted the suitability was negatively correlated with
the proportion of the area planted with beans (r =-0.42, p=0.07). In summary, we identified a lower limit of SOC for the soil to be
suitable for common beans production and investigated the importance of taking this soil fertility constraint into account for
accurate suitability modelling. It was concluded that for more accurate suitability modelling, e.g. for decision support for
adaptation to climate change, low SOC should be considered as a constraining factor