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Establishing land use/cover change patterns over the last two decades and associated factors for change in semi-arid and sub humid zones of Tanzania
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2013.36051This study investigated landuse cover change patterns and established potential environmen- tal and social factors that have contributed to changes in two zones namely sub humid and semi-arid found in southern highland and cen- tral parts of Tanzania respectively. The overall objective was to understand change patterns; the process evolves and clearly isolates various factors that have contributed to the changes over the last 20 years. A total of four villages, two in each zone were involved whereby historical land use cover changes were analysed using remote sensing techniques. To do so satellite imageries for 1991 and 2011 and those of 1986 and 2009 for sub humid and semi-arid zones respectively. Factors for changes were estab-lished through focus group discussions (FDGs) with a total of 80 participants (20 per village) and household (HH) interviews subjected to 10% of the total number of HH per village. Both wood-lands and bush lands decreased in the expense of mixed farming in both sub humid and semi- arid zones to a maximum of 121% and 146.8% re- spectively. Wetland farming also increased par- ticular in sub humid zone. In general, both envi- ronmental and social factors were found to have contributed to LUCC in various magnitudes in both zones. Such observed change on landuse will continue and it is recommended that there is a need to have in place and implement proper landuse plan also have capacity building pro-grams on climate and land management issues for both livelihood and ecosystem sustainability need to in place.CORUS through the Rungwe Environ-mental Scientific Observatory Network and Rockefeller Foundatio
Community perceptions and willingness to accept and execute REDD+ initiative: the case of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves, Tanzania
No full textThis article is also available at: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ccc/article/view/j.ccc. 192367002013.2441The study examined community perceptions and
willingness to accept and execute Reduced Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)
initiative at Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves
(PKFRs) in the course of addressing the overriding
problem of climate change. The survey was conducted in
two villages' i.e. Kisarawe and Kazimzumbwi adjacent
to PKFRs. A total of 110 respondents were randomly
selected with a sampling intensity of 10%. Key informants
interview, focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth
interviews using a questionnaire administered to selected
community members were the major techniques used in
data collection. Regarding community perceptions and
acceptability of the REDD+ initiative, the study revealed
low level of acceptance (16.2%), which was highly
attributed to low level of awareness on the initiative.
Poor governance and poor community involvement
in REDD+ activities were highly ranked as REDD+
perceived problems. Lack of livelihood options was
observed to be constraining factor behind community
support to the initiative. The study concludes that, for
the success and sustainability of REDD+ initiative
at PKFRs, robust livelihood options like training the
community on how to make charcoal out of dry leaves
are needed to be crafted at the shoes of the community in
line with educating the community on the rationality of
the initiative in their locality.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC
Opportunity costs of REDD+ to communities of Mufindi district, Iringa, Tanzania
No full textThe main objective of this study was to assess the opportunity costs of REDD+ to
the communities of Mufindi District. The specific objectives were, to identify and
assess the economic value of alternative land use, the aboveground carbon stock of
the sampled forest (Idewa Forest Reserve) under PFM, the profitability of each land
use and compare with the REDD+ incentives, and the willingness to accept (WTA)
of the communities towards REDD+. Structured and semi structured questionnaires,
personal observation, focused group discussion and forest inventory were used in
data collection. Sixty households out of 975 in two villages were sampled randomly.
The data was analyzed using the SPSS programme version 16 and Microsoft Excel
programme. Descriptive analysis was used to generate frequencies, percentages, Chi
square values, sums and means which were used to discuss the results. The main
land uses were agriculture and tree planting. Main crops cultivated include maize
and beans, and tree species planted was Pinus patula. The economic value for
agriculture and tree planting were 3 272.94 per ha per year
respectively. The aboveground carbon of the sampled forest was 39.23 t/ha (143.97
tC02e/ha). The opportunity costs of REDD+ was varying depending on the price per
ton of carbon. The general perception of the communities in the study area towards
REDD+/PFM was positive (53.3%) and their willingness to accept was positive. The
opportunity costs of REDD+ to the communities will be advantageous if the price
per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent will be $23 and above. Therefore there is no
general unit price per tC02e. I therefore recommends opportunity costs of REDD+
to different communities be used as guidance when making decision on unit prices of
carbon.Climate Change Impact Adaptation and Mitigation Program (CCIAM
Using Remote Sensing to Quantify Vegetation Change and Ecological Resilience in a Semi-Arid System
No full textThis research extends upon land cover change studies by incorporating
methodological approaches, which are compatible with heterogeneous ecosystems, are able
to link landscape changes to system processes, such as climate change, and provide
potential linkages to concepts of ecological resilience. The study region in southern Africa
experienced a significant climatic shift in the 1970s, resulting in drier conditions. The state
of these ecosystems and their response to such climatic shock is quantified in terms of
vegetation amount and heterogeneity. We monitor these characteristics pre- and
post-disturbance using a Landsat image series and examine the utility of continuous
characterizations of land cover for measuring ecosystem resilience. Land cover change is
evaluated using a mean-variance analysis in concert with a spatial persistence analysis.
This investigation indicates that although the impact of the decreased precipitation is
evident in the 1980s, recovery occurred by the 1990s and 2000s. We found the continuous
methodological approach used holds potential for studying heterogeneous landscapes
within a resilience framework.NASA LCLUC Projec
Influence of Dynamic Vegetation on Climate Change and Terrestrial Carbon Storage in the Last Glacial Maximum
No full textThis article is available at www.clim-past.net/9/1571/2013/When the climate is reconstructed from paleoevidence,
it shows that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca.
21 000 yr ago) is cold and dry compared to the present-day.
Reconstruction also shows that compared to today, the vegetation
of the LGM is less active and the distribution of vegetation
was drastically different, due to cold temperature,
dryness, and a lower level of atmospheric CO2 concentration
(185 ppm compared to a preindustrial level of 285 ppm).
In the present paper, we investigate the influence of vegetation
change on the climate of the LGM by using a coupled
atmosphere-ocean-vegetation general circulation model
(AOVGCM, the MIROC-LPJ). The MIROC-LPJ is different
from earlier studies in the introduction of a bias correction
method in individual running GCM experiments. We examined
four GCM experiments (LGM and preindustrial, with
and without vegetation feedback) and quantified the strength
of the vegetation feedback during the LGM. The result shows
that global-averaged cooling during the LGM is amplified
by +13.5% due to the introduction of vegetation feedback.
This is mainly caused by the increase of land surface albedo
due to the expansion of tundra in northern high latitudes
and the desertification in northern middle latitudes around
30 N to 60 N. We also investigated how this change in climate
affected the total terrestrial carbon storage by using offline
Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model
(LPJ-DGVM). Our result shows that the total terrestrial carbon
storage was reduced by 597 PgC during the LGM, which
corresponds to the emission of 282 ppm atmospheric CO2. In
the LGM experiments, the global carbon distribution is generally
the same whether the vegetation feedback to the atmosphere
is included or not. However, the inclusion of vegetation
feedback causes substantial terrestrial carbon storage
change, especially in explaining the lowering of atmospheric
CO2 during the LGM
Spatio-temporal distribution of inhalable and respirable particulate matter in rural atmosphere of Nigeria
No full textA complete description of particle pollution of the air at a particular site encompasses the physical
characterization of the aerosol, including the total size distribution and that with respect to chemical
composition as well as the variation of these quantities with respect to time. The particulate matter in this
region was captured at five different locations using SKC Air Check XR 5000 High Volume Gravimetric
Sampler and a respirable foam using I.O.M. (Institute of Occupational Medicine) Edinburg Multi dust sampler.
The study was done between the months of December 2008 - October 2009. The spatial variations were
significant and remarkable. The correlation of the inhalable fraction and respirable was significantly high
(P<0.01)
Knowledge assessment on the effects of climate change due to keeping livestock in urban and periurban areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
No full textThis paper discusses assessment results of the respondents who kept livestock in urban and periurban
areas in the three municipalities of Kinondoni, Ilala, and Temeke in Dar es Salaam city region, if
they had knowledge that their activities had an effect on climate change. Data show that over two thirds
of the respondents did not think that the presence of solid waste, liquid waste, and pollution resulting
from keeping livestock would have an effect on climate risks in the future. However, the respondents
thought that presence of chemical pollution and land degradation due to keeping livestock in urban and
peri-urban agriculture (UPA) would have an effect on climate change. Furthermore, the article stipulates
actions that urban livestock keepers would take in the future for mitigating climate risks. In addition, the
respondents in UPA thought that people keeping livestock would in the future incur additional costs
because of climate risks. The respondents indicated that most livestock types kept in UPA would be
vulnerable and sensitive to climate risks and proposed adaptation options to take in the future. It is
paramount that time has come for the three Dar es Salaam municipalities of Kinondoni, Ilala and
Temeke through their relevant departments (agriculture and livestock, health, planning, community
development), among other things, to educate livestock owners on climate risks due to livestock
keeping and how to lessen them in the future. Other municipalities in Tanzania and elsewhere could use
these results.START, WMO, IPCC, UNE
The impact of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) on forest-dependent livelihoods by gender in Tanzania and the role of the institutional framework for equitable benefits
No full textThis article is also available at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBCTanzania has been receiving significant funding from donor countries for the implementation of programmes to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). REDD is seen as an opportunity to enhance conservation and livelihoods. But what is the impact of REDD on gender? This is an area of inquiry that has not been critically looked into. This study was an attempt towards filling this information gap. It was conducted in Kilosa District. A total of 294 households were selected randomly for interviews. There was also consultation with focus groups and key informants. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The data was analysed using statistical and livelihoods models. The findings reveal a high level of dependence on the forest for livelihoods by the communities but nevertheless they were in favour of the REDD programmes if the programmes will enhance their livelihoods and they will be fully involved in managing the programmes. Male respondents were more interested in knowing a period to wait before they could start benefiting from the programmes while women were more concerned about the sustainability of the benefits they would receive. We conclude that for the REDD programmes to be successful, gender issues must be identified and mainstreamed
Guidelines for cultivation of pyrethrum for smallholder farmers
No full textExtension material to guide farmers involved in pyrethrum productionIn Makete district there is high dependence of farmers on woodlot management for generating income as an adaptation strategy to climate change. However, most farmers are forced to sell immature trees and fail to tend their woodlots because of poverty. A possible remedy to this situation is the promotion of alternative income generating activities. Using a participatory approach between farmers, researchers and Makete district council officials the cultivation of pyrethrum and apple trees were identified as feasible alternative income generation activities. The production of guidelines are meant to provide best practices to enhance efficiency in the production of pyrethrum and apples. Multiple income sources will enable woodlot farmers to waiting for their trees to mature contrary to the current practice of harvesting immature timber.
These Guidelines were developed through participatory approaches and technical recommendations of the researchers from: the Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture; the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute; Pyrethrum Company of Tanzania LTD; and Uyole Agricultural Research Institute. Forest staff and the management of Makete District Council, also participated in this research. The research was funded by the government of Denmark through The UNEP/UNDP Climate Change and Development: Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) programme. This booklet is on pyrethrum.The government of Denmark through the UNEP/UNDP Climate Change and Development: Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) programme
Effects of degradation on carbon stocks and structure of miombo woodlands: a case study of Mapogoro woodlands
No full textMSc. ThesisMiombo woodlands fonn an integral part of the rural landscape in Tanzania and play
crucial role in providing wide range of products and ecological services including carbon
sequestration. Woodlands and forests in Tanzania are going through great changes due to
encroachment which cause a loss of approximately 420 OOOhaof forests and woodlands
per year. This study aimed at assessing the effects of degradation on carbon stocks and
stand structure ofmiombo woodlands in southern Tanzania. Data were collected from 100
rectangular plots (40mx20m), 50 plots in Manga Reserve and 50 in Mapogoro General
land. Tree stump diameter, diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and local and
botanical names were recorded. Analysis was done by using Excel spread sheet and R
software. Results showed that gradual tree removal from the woodland contributed to a
loss of 3A±0.9 t C ha-' equivalent to 12.S±3.3 tC02e ha-' and 3.91±0.1 t C ha-' equivalent
to 14.3±OA t C02e ha-' in Manga Reserve and Mapogoro general land, respectively.
There was no significant difference in carbon loss between the two woodlands (p=O.OS)
despite being under different management regimes. Standing volume was 33±0.3 m3ha-'
and 28±2.9 m3 ha-' in Manga Reserve and Mapogoro general Land respectively. Basal
area was S.0±0.3 m2ha-' and 4A±2.9 m2ha-' in the Manga reserve and Mapogoro General
land respectively. Stem size distribution showed a reverse J shape implying active
regeneration of the miombo woodlands. The annual wood removal was estimated at
6.63±3.0 m3 ha-' and 8.2±2.2 m3 ha-' in Manga reserve and Mapogoro general land,
respectively which exceeds the mean annual increment (MAl) of miombo 1.88-4.35 m3
ha-' year'. There is a substantial carbon emission from the Miombo woodlands resulting
from anthropogenic activities which is a threat to climate change mitigation through
forest management. Managing the miombo woodland carbon stocks in Tanzania and
elsewhere for reduction of CO2 emissions and climate change mitigation requires rigorous
effort to reduce human related degradation.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani