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Opportunity Costs of REDD+ to the Communities of Mufindi District, Iringa, Tanzania
No full textalso available at http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Opportunity+Costs+of+REDD%2B+to+the+Communities+of+Mufindi+District%2C+Iringa%2C+Tanzania&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5The study was done to assess the opportunity costs of REDD+ to the communities of Mufindi District which is located in the
SouthernHighlands of Tanzania. The specific objectives were, to identify and assess the economic value of alternative land uses, the
aboveground carbon stock of Idewa Forest Reserve (IFR), and the profitability of each land use as compared to REDD+ incentives.
Data were collected using questionnaire survey, key informant interview, and forest inventory and data were analyzed using the
Excel programme. Results showed that themain land uses were agriculture and tree planting with economic values of 3272.94 per ha per year, respectively. The total aboveground carbon was 39.23 t/ha (143.97/ha).The opportunity costs of REDD+
was varying depending on the price per ton of carbon.The opportunity costs of REDD+ will be profitable if the price per tCO2e will
be at least $23. It can therefore be concluded that there is no general unit price per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e), as it depends on REDD+ opportunity costwhen compared with alternative land useswithin a particular place.Thereforewe recommend
opportunity costs of REDD+ to communities be used to guide decision making on unit prices of carbon.First of all, one of the authors thanks the Almighty God for
his grace and mercy which kept them up to this moment.
The author would like to express their sincere thanks to the
Climate Change Impact Adaptation andMitigation Program
(CCIAM) for the financial support in this study. Appreciations
are also extended to the Mufindi District Council for
allowing them to conduct our research in the district without
forgetting the District Forest Officer (DFO) Mr. Shabani
Adha for his assistance in obtaining important documents,
accommodation, and organizing transport to the study site
and indeed introducing them to the village leaders. They
would also like to thank all the village government leaders
for introducing them to the villagers. Furthermore they
would like to thank all respondents for their cooperation.
Extraordinary thanks should go to their beloved families for
their tireless encouragement throughout the period of the
study despite the hardships they faced during their absence.
Their ethical support is extremely appreciated
The role and performance of existing governance structures in prevention and management of wildfires in Miombo woodland, Tanzania
No full textAvailable in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices.Although wildfire remains a persistent threat to the forest resources and human livelihood, very limited information exists about the role and performance of existing local governance structures in the prevention and management of wildfires in Miombo woodlands. This study was conducted in nine villages of Handeni, Kilosa and Kilwa Districts, eastern Tanzania to examine how existing local governance structures were actively involved in prevention of wildfires in forests under differing management regimes. All the surveyed villages had both formal and informal governance structures responsible for prevention and management of wildfires with over 50% of respondents aware of their existence. Available formal structures included village councils, Village Environmental Committees (VEC)/Village Natural Resource Committee (VNRC), ward development committees and primary courts. These structures were charged with ensuring security in the respective villages including protecting forests against deforestation and degradation. Despite their existence in every village, most suffered poor coordination, severe under funding and poor support from the villagers who see torching of forests as their sole right to getting access to their livelihoods. The study established that existing local fire management structures are unlikely to guarantee effective prevention of this environmental threat unless the existing impediments are effectively addressed. Management of forest fires should therefore be handled through a well coordinated framework that accommodates all key stakeholders in the country and should empower existing local fire prevention machinery at the village level.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Economic implication of REDD+ initiative on food security of farmers in Rungwe District, Tanzania
No full textConference paperREDD+ initiative is one of the climate change mitigations which conserves forest. It restricts communities living near forests from destructing them by accessing forest resources. This may affect food security and livelihood as communities cannot generate enough income for food and livelihood. The aim of this study was to assess REDD+ implication on food security of farmers living near Rungwe Forest Reserve in Rungwe District. The study was done from December 2012 to February 2013. It involved assessing level of livelihood dependency of farmers on forest resources, analyzing communities’ perceptions on conservation initiatives, examining household food security status in the REDD+ pilot area and assessing REDD+ payment scenarios and their effects on food security. Sample size of 120 households obtained through simple random sampling was used. Food security measures were computed based on the extent to which the overall household income covered the estimated food requirements. Income from agriculture, forest, business, remittance and employment was calculated. Post hoc test was used for segregating the differing means. Likert scale was used to measure perceptions of respondents. Three scenarios were chosen from the base payment TZS 21 500 which are 25%, 50% and 100% increase to assess the potential REDD+ payments on food security. Results indicate that area under the study is food insecure; forest resources play a fundamental role, it contributes 26% of the total annual income; household perceptions on conservation measures were positive; also REDD+ payments will have positive effect on food security. Therefore REDD+ must address the needs of smallholder farmers to avoid exacerbating poverty and local food insecurity. Also compensation is needed in the study area and farmers must be provided with new agricultural technologies. Again gas must be available at reasonable price in the nearby shops.NORAD under the Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) programme in Tanzani
The role of plantation forestry in addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation issues in Tanzania
No full textAvailable in Proceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use PracticesForest plantations play duo role of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. Tanzania’s forest plantation area covers more than 250,000 ha and it is estimated that, forest plantations in Tanzania hold about 8.8 million tons of carbon, and 15.9 tons Carbon/ha which corresponds to Co2e 58.2tons/ha. Climatic change incidences have repeatedly altered ecosystem balance and function in unpredictable ways. Cited examples, some with cost implications; include: Cypress aphid infestations in Cupressuslusitanica and other genera in the Cupressaceae family in the late 1980s. Recent insect pest outbreak in a 500 ha Pinuspatula stand at Itimbo West, Sao Hill. In the 2000s, P. patula needle browning has been observed at Shume and Meru Plantations, while in Rungwe District the species is progressively becoming invasive and growing well at higher altitudes in the Mount Rungwe crater. Late flushing and flowering has been observed in teak plantations in Longuza, and in Eucalypts stands at Malya. Weed growth rate in plantations seems to be intensifying. It is expected that these stressors will most likely intensify as the climate changes. It is proposed that management for adaptation has to focus on maintaining/restoring forest health, and has to seek overlap areas with management for mitigation, and both need uphold cognizance of the concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) as their core objective. Current plantation forest management practices do not seem to augur well with the concept. Suggestions for securing improvements are provided.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Crop adaptation to climate change in the semi-arid zone in Tanzania: the role of genetic resources and seed systems
No full textThis article is available at http://www.biomedcentral.comBackground: Rural livelihoods relying on agriculture are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Climate models
project increasingly negative effects on maize and sorghum production in sub-Saharan Africa. We present a case study of
the role of genetic resources and seed systems in adapting to climatic stress from the semi-arid agroecological zone
in Tanzania.
Results: Crop adaptation, switching to more drought-tolerant crop species or varieties, is an important adaptation
strategy within a diverse portfolio of livelihood responses to climatic stress. Crop adaptation involves the adoption of
improved maize varieties combined with continued use of local varieties of both maize and sorghum. Regression
modelling shows that households receiving the extension service and owning livestock are more likely to switch to
drought-tolerant varieties as a response to climatic stress than those without access to these assets. The seed system in
the study area consists of both formal and informal elements. The informal channels supply the highest quantities of
both sorghum and maize seeds. Recycling of improved varieties of maize is common and the majority of households
practice seed selection. Detailed assessment of the three different categories of genetic resources – local, improved
and farmer-recycled varieties – reveals that drought tolerance is more frequently reported as a reason for growing local
varieties than for growing improved varieties of maize and sorghum. The significantly later maturity reported for local
varieties compared to the improved varieties bred to have a short growing cycle indicates that households distinguish
between drought-tolerance and drought-avoidance traits.
Conclusions: Seed system perspectives on crop adaptation offer insights into the complex ways crop adaptation is
realized at the livelihood level. The integration of informal and formal seed system elements is important for the
adaptive capacity of agriculture-based livelihoods. Our findings highlight the value and importance of location-specific
information about crop variety use for arriving at realistic recommendations in impact and adaptation studies.The University of Osl
Policy climate change and marine and coastal environment in Tanzania
No full textThe document is in print formThe coastline of Tanzania stretches over 800 kilometres from Tanga to Mtwara regions. Sustaining the marine and coastal environment is important in terms of economic improvement and the wellbeing of Tanzanians. It is rich in living resources such as coastal forests (e.g. mangroves), coral reefs, fisheries sea grass, and non - living resources like gas, beautiful beaches, minerals, rivers, and the ocean. Economically, the marine and coastal ecosystems provide employment and income to coastal people through fishing, beekeeping and ecotourism activities. Blessed with world-class coastal natural and cultural attractions, the potential for coastal tourism development in Tanzania is unlimited. Resources such as mangroves are sources of fuel wood, timber, building poles, tannin and fodder. Mangrove leaves and fruits are also used for medicinal purposes. The mangrove, seagrass beds, and coral reefs are major ecosystems in the coastal and marine environment, playing a crucial ecological role. These ecosystems are important habitats, breeding sites, nurseries and feeding grounds for a wide variety of living organisms. Amongst their many functions, the ecosystems protect the coast from erosion, filter dissolved chemicals from terrestrial environment that could harm the subsequent ecosystem, absorb carbon dioxide from atmosphere and trap sediment from terrestrial environment. It is estimated that 25% of Tanzania's population is hosted by the coastal environment. Most of the industries in Tanzania (75%) are located along the coast and the coast is the entry and exit point of major cargos of the country. The coast has been attracting a number of people from inland for employment, leading to increased coastal population. Climate change is threatening the coastal and marine environment. Critical ecosystems are also being threatened thus jeopardizing longterm provision of ecosystem services. This has therefore attracted the attention of all coastal inhabitants, the government and private sector to address threats emanating from climate change.United Nations Development Programm
Community perception towards equity in Community Based Forest Management (CBFM): A case of Duru-Haitemba forest reserve in Tanzania
No full textCommunity Based Forest Management (CBFM), among
types of Participatory Forest Management (PFM), plays a great role in
conserving forest resources as most of governments in the world lack proper
resources management. CBFM is also important as local communities feel
themselves that the forest resources are part of their livelihoods. Equity in
CBFM is an important aspect in sustaining the model. However, this aspect
has not been largely researched. This paper intended to provide more
information on perception towards equity in CBFM, which is scantly
available. Duru-Haitemba Forest Reserve has been taken as a case study
whereby a sample of 240 households was randomly drawn for this study.
Household surveys using focus group discussion, transect walk,
stakeholders' analysis and key informants methods were used to collect data.
Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussion and key
informant interviews. The collected data were analysed using content and
related analysis. Based on perceptions of villagers, equity is a situation of
accessing or utilizing forest resources, participation in decision making and
implementation of various responsibilities according to the appropriate
agreements and deliberations of the community. The study concludes that
the level of equity in CBFM was high at Duru-Haitemba. The study
recommends stakeholders to sensitize and mobilize the local communities to
enhance management of their forests.Tengeru Institute of Community Development (TICD
Levels of industrial pollutants and their effects on water resources and livelihoods along Msimbazi sub catchment Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
No full textWater is considered fundamental to development due to its contribution to economic growth and human welfare. Yet, most human activities such as agriculture, domestic and industrial pollute water resources. Industries use water in different processes and if not well managed, they pollute water bodies. The study assessed the levels of industrial pollutants and their effects on water resources and livelihoods along Msimbazi sub catchment. Specifically, the study determined the types and abundance of pollutants discharged by industries, levels of industrial pollutants and their effects on water resources and livelihoods. It also reviewed relevant aspects of the implementation of the relevant aspect of Tanzania National Industrial Policy on cleaner production and how they relate with industrial pollutants. Primary and secondary methods of data collection were used. Primary methods of data collection such as in situ measurements, laboratory analysis of water samples, structured questionnaires, interview guides as well as observation. Secondary data were collected from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
Different documentations were reviewed to compare data collected through primary
methods. Data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The
quantitative techniques included descriptive statistics such as cross-tabulation,
frequencies, percentages and means which was done using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 18.0 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Qualitative data was analyzed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The results show that the types and abundance of pollutants discharged by industries along the sub catchment were higher and to some points exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) standards. Pollutants such as COD was found to be the highest at Vingunguti with the COD of 2451.57mg/l and Tabata 1 recorded 879.39mg/l. Turbidity was higher at Vingunguti with 674NTU and Kigogo 2 which had 357NTU exceeded the TBS and WHO acceptable levels. DO was exceeding the standards in stations like Vingunguti and Kigogo1 which had 0.00mg/l. DO was within the standards at upstream from the industries station. Chromium concentration was higher at Tabata 2 and Kigogo 2 and it was within the standards at the station upstream from the industries. Furthermore the results show that industrial pollutants was found to be affecting the water resources in terms of quality where the water quality parameters in some stations were exceeding the WHO and TBS permissible limits also livelihoods were found to be affected by the industrial pollutants in terms of health, agriculture and settlement. Moreover, the study found that industries are still discharging pollutants into the sub catchment despite the implementation of the Tanzania National Industrial Policy. The study recommends improvement of law enforcement in order to control industrial pollutants . Further; the authorities like NEMC should ensure that industries adopt efficient technology such as Effluent treatment Plants (ETP’s) in order to minimize the effects of industrial pollutants into water resources and livelihoods. The findings will add to documentation on levels of industrial pollutants and their effects on water resources and on livelihoods along Msimbazi sub catchment which will be essential to community, water managers and other conservationists. In addition, the study provides practical recommendations on industrial policy implementations to the Ministry for Industry & Trade and NEM
Effects of climate change and various grassland management practices on grasshopper (Orthoptera) assemblages
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/601813Influence of different grassland management practices on Orthoptera assemblages inhabiting humid grassland areas was studied
since 2003 to 2011. The examined sites were within the protected area of Balaton Uplands National Park. The physiognomy and
climatic conditions of the studied habitats were similar but their land use types were significantly different. After the preliminary
analyses of Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, neighbour joining clustering, and Spearman rank correlation, we examined
the possible effects of such independent variables as land use (nonmanagement, mowing, grazing), microclimate (humidity and
temperature), regional macroclimate (annual and monthly mean temperatures and rainfall), using General Linear Mixed Models,
and canonical correlation analysis. Our results showed that the effect of grassland management practices on the organization of
Orthoptera assemblages was at least as important as that of macro- and microclimate. Furthermore, grassland management could
intensify the influence of several local and regional parameters.These results can help finding the most suitable type of grassland
management to conserve the grasshopper assemblages.The HABIT-CHANGE project, implemented through the
CENTRAL EUROPE program co-financed by the European
Regional Development Fund
Drought pattern along the coastal forest zone of Tanzania
No full textThis article is available at http://www.scirp.org/journal/acsThis study focused on identifying drought patterns particularly during the growing seasons along
the coastal zone of Tanzania in order to facilitate the determination of drought impacts on forest
Ecosystem. The growing seasons were March, April and May (MAM) referred as long growing season
and October, November and December (OND) which is known as short growing season. The
main data were precipitation from 16 weather stations covering the coastal zones of Tanzania.
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to establish meteorological drought patterns. The
duration of records was between 34 and 59 years depending on the available data on the concerned
stations. The SPI time series of 3 and 12 months showed that the coastal region of Tanzania
experienced frequent drought conditions ranging from mild, moderate, severe and extreme
droughts during both short and long growing seasons. It was found that the coastal zone of Tanzania
experienced higher drought duration, severity and intensity with frequent extreme events after
2000 than before. Despite that Kisarawe area revealed low frequency of drought events (88%)
than other study areas; it exhibited greater frequency of extreme droughts (46%) over the whole
study areas. Higher drought duration (40 months) and severity (sum of SPI −36) were observed
for precipitation data from Unguja Islands, while data from Julius Nyerere International Airport
areas displayed higher drought intensity (SPI value of −1.9). Generally, Tanzania coastal zone was
never completely without drought or anomalously wet conditions at any time scale during the period
of record. The coastal zone was nearly entirely in drought periods especially the last decade
after 2000. This suggests that vegetation in the coastal zone might have experienced the impacts of
these droughts within the period. The magnitude of the impacts will be understood by tracking
changes of biomass and forest cover along the coastal zone within the last decade from 2000 to
2011 in addition to the 1990/92 which experienced drought dominance for Pemba.The Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM), a Norwegian Embassy funded research programme in Tanzani