213 research outputs found
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Development of garam masala powder using organic seed spices and its storability under different packaging materials
No full textIn the current study garam masala powder from organically produced seed spices was developed and to retain its quality for a longer time, a storability study was carried out using different packaging materials. The garam masala was first standardized with the combination of key ingredients i.e. coriander seeds, cumin seeds, dry ginger powder, black pepper, cardamom pods (green), bay leaves, cinnamon, nutmeg, shah jeera and asafetida. The prepared garam masala was tested on dhal and dum aloo curry based on the hedonic score for sensory evaluation. The best masala was again compared with the commercial brands available in the local market. Hedonic scores were recorded and acceptability comparisons were performed with the popular brands available. The standardized garam masala was assessed for essential oil and total oil content and microbial load under different packaging materials (100gauge polythene bag, 200gauge polythene bags, aluminium foil bag, vacuum packing and paper bag) for 18 months with a 6-month interval. The maximum essential oil content (2.58 %, 2.51 % and 2.5 %, respectively) at 6, 12, and 18 months of storage was recorded in the garam masala packed in vacuum packing (polythene 100 gauge). The highest total oil per cent was recorded in vacuum packing (1000gauge polythene) which was 11.96%, 11.6% and 10.1% respectively for 6 months, 12 months and 18 months of storage. The bacterial count in different packaging materials was within the safer limit of consumption. The fungal count was absent during the storage period. The garam masala was found acceptable in quality parameters i.e. essential oil, total oil and microbial load till 18 months of storage. The findings showed that the packaging materials had a marked effect on the concentration of essential oil and total oil of garam masala and the garam masala may be packed in vacuum packaging and aluminium foil packaging for 18 months for longer shelf life
Effect of growth retardants on intermittent irrigation during water deficit stress period in Mrig (Monsoon flowering) crop of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
No full textA field investigation was carried out at the experimental orchard of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at CCRI, Nagpur in block no. 44 during 2015. Breaking the seasonality of Nagpur mandarin for commercial production would not only substitute the import of fresh fruits, but also provide the incentive prices to the Nagpur mandarin growers. Withholding water, root exposure and root pruning are the common practices adopted to regulate flowering. In the recent years, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol, growth retardants have been used with considerable success to induce early flowering for off-season production in several fruit crops. Citrus trees are exposed to water deficit stress by withholding water for about 30-45 days before expected flowering. Many times this stress is untimely broken due to climate change related untimely rains resulting in to sparse or no flowering due loss of flowering stimulus due to untimely rains. Therefore, to assess the effectiveness of two plant growth regulators chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol these studies were conducted. Flood irrigation was given during the stress period in second week of May and following treatments were applied to reimpose the stress broken by intermittent irrigation. Six years old trees of Nagpur mandarin were used as experimental plants. The trees were uniform in age and size and trained to single stem. The trees were grown under drip irrigation following common cultural practices during the study period. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments replicated four times. Four trees were used for each replication. The treatments were imposed four months before flowering (June). The treatments tried were chlormequat chloride 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm as foliar spray, paclobutrazol 6 g, 9 g and 12 g as soil application along with control. Observations on soil moisture content (%) at weekly interval, leaf water potential (ΨL) at weekly interval, orchard microclimate: temperature, humidity and rainfall, were recorded. Paclobutrazol 12g showed the peak water stress in terms of leaf water potential (ΨL) which ranged from (-3.00 MPa to -3.17 MPa) till mid June and there was no flowering in June-July due to the high temperature (41.28°C), low rainfall (6 mm) and low humidity (40.71 %) during this period. The conditioning of microclimate in the orchard with sprinklers and irrigation can help in exploiting the flowering potential attained through growth retardant treatments
Morphometric analysis on different species of honeybees in NEH region of India
No full textMorphometric studies were carried out on different species of honeybees in North-East hill region of India and it was found that the longest mean tongue length was found in A. dorsata with a mean length of 4.19±0.07 mm followed by A. mellifera (3.87±0.12 mm) and shortest tongue length was found in A. florea with a mean length of 2.14±0.05mm. The length and breadth of forewing was longest in A. dorsata with a mean length of (12.5±0.00 mm) and (4.32 ±0.12 mm), respectively followed by A. mellifera (8.89±0.14 mm) and (3.15 ±0.06 mm) and the shortest length and breadth of forewing was found in A. florea with a mean length of (6.94±0.28 mm) and (2.40±0.06mm), respectively. The longest cubital index was found in A. dorsata with a mean length of (2.88±0.08 mm) followed by A. mellifera (2.80 ±0.05mm) and the shortest cubital index were found in A. florea (2.87±0.09mm). The number of wing hooks was highest in A. dorsata with a mean number of (27±0.06) followed by A. mellifera (20±1.25) and the minimum number of wing hooks was found in A. florea (11±1.06). The width of 3rd and 4th tergite was found maximum in A. dorsata with a (2.72±0.10mm) and (2.79±0.06mm) and minimum width was found in A. florea with mean width of (1.49±0.10mm) and (1.40±0.06mm), respectively. Morphomatrics of all eighteen morphological characters of different honey bee species was in the order: Apis dorsata (Manipur)˃Apis mellifera (Assam)˃ Apis cerana himalaya (Assam)˃ Apis cerana himalaya (Manipur)˃ Apis florae (Manipur)
HPSI of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties/ genotypes against fruit borers, Batrachedra amydraula and Arenipses sabella in hot arid region
No full textHost plant resistance is an important component for management of the fruit borers, Batrachedra amydraula and Arenipses sabella owing to difficulties associated with its chemical and biological control. A total of 32 date palm varieties/ genotypes were evaluated for screening against the fruit borers in hot arid region. The results showed that the percentage of fruit infestation of fruit borers, B. amydraula and A. sabella on tested varieties/ genotypes of datepalm varied significantly. Pooled data showed that the Migra, Tayer, Javantri and Medjool were found highly tolerant varieties/ genotypes with fruit infestation (5.32%, 8.40%, 8.40%, 8.78% of B. amydraula and 4.33%, 5.27%, 5.62%, 5.52% of A. sabella, respectively). Whereas, the varieties/ genotypes Zahidi, Suriya, Khasab and Khuneizi had fruit infestation (29.88%, 28.33%, 28.27%, 27.05% of B. amydraula and 20.67%, 19.83%, 17.40%, 19.95% of A. sabella, respectively) and declared as highly infestation varieties/ genotypes to the fruit borers. Lower values of host plant susceptibility indices based on fruit infestation (HPSI) were recorded on resistance varieties/ genotypes, Migra, Tayer, Javantri and Medjool (31.63%, 49.97%, 49.97%, 52.25% of B. amydraula and 40.16%, 48.81%, 52.05%, 51.13% of A. sabella, respectively) which could be used as a source of resistance for developing date palm varieties/ genotypes resistant to fruit borers
Study the inheritance of branching behaviour and bearing pattern in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.)
No full textThe present study was carried out to know about inheritance of two characters namely branching behavior and bearing pattern in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] in F2 segregating population. The initial experimental material consisted of F1 seeds of three different crosses along with parents of clusterbean viz., F5 × RGC-1066, PNB × CAZG-16-10-3, IDB-29-2 × BSL(11×15). The segregating progenies were raised at 50 cm row to row and 20 cm plant to plant spacing. All the F2 segregating plants of a cross were tagged and observations were recorded periodically till confirmation of the phenotype. The statistical analysis done by chi square method to find the goodness of fit for genetic ratio for different gene action involved in these segregating populations. The present study revealed that the branching behavior was controlled by two pairs of genes interacting in different pattern in two segregating F2 population viz., PNB × CAZG-16-10-3 (9:6:1) exhibited polymeric gene action, F5 × RGC-1066 (9:3:4) exhibited with supplementary gene action, while IDB-29-2 × BSL (3:1) branching and bearing pattern controlled by one pair of gene which exhibited monogenic inheritance
Raising of quality saplings of arid horticultural crops: a review
No full textPlanting material includes the parts of plants used for reproduction sexual or asexual ways may be seed, bulbs, sucker, offshoot, tuber, slip, corm or other plant parts. Mass level production of saplings requires standard propagation techniques depending upon the kind of crops, conditions (lab or open), climatic region (humid or arid) etc. Arid region where the paucity of water and in open nursery condition a short span is available for propagation activities and growth of the saplings while, in modern nursery unit equipped with advance structures (net house, shed net at varying intensity, mist chamber, lath house, propagation case, humidity chamber, fluorescent box, hardening chamber, mini greenhouse etc.) such activities may be performed round the year and multiplication of plant is possible. So both the ways utilize nursery unit as multiplication of saplings in mass scale as well as conservation of exotic or extra care requiring saplings may be seedlings, rootstocks, cuttage, layers, grafts, micropropagated plantlets till the transplanting at field. Standards have been set for seed (appearance, purity per cent, inert material status, weed seed count, germination status, vigour etc.), seedlings (uniformity, vigourness, growth, survivality, susceptibility to disease and pests, moisture content, size, age weight etc.) and varietal (purity, genuineness, free from stresses, health, authenticity etc.) quality. Production of saplings in arid region requires more attention to take up timely action so that farmers may get quality planting materials at the proper time and at the same time, the producer may gain the desired returns
Agricultural variation in cropping and irrigation intensity in western part of Rajasthan
No full textClimate change adversely affects human health due to fluctuations in temperature, rainfall pattern and natural hazards etc. The impact of climate change is also on agriculture where food security is greatly affected by climate change. The present paper deals with change in cropping and irrigation intensity in western part of Rajasthan due to climate change. The study includes comparison of cropping intensity and irrigation intensity of 12 districts of Rajasthan and found that Jhunjhunu have the highest cropping intensity from 2006 to 2016 which means a higher portion of the net area is being cropped more than once during one agricultural year. While, Barmer recorded the lowest cropping intensity for both years 2006 and 2016. Sikar did not show change in cropping intensity in this duration while churu had a decline in cropping intensity from 2006 to 2016. Further, Sri Ganganagar district have an increase in cropping intensity in 2015-2016 as compared to 2006-2007. Jaisalmer and Hanumangarh recorded the highest irrigation intensity which increased from 2006 to 2016 and the lowest irrigation intensity was recorded in Pali and Jhunjhunu. Pali and Jalore district had not shown change in irrigation intensity form 2006 to 2016. While Barmer, Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts showed a decrease in irrigation intensity from 2006 to 2016. Henceforth, the study shows the scenario of cropping and irrigation intensity as well as variation due to climate change in western part of Rajasthan
Pest management in dryland horticultural crops: book review
No full textIn this book, several such interventions are given in form of various chapters which will be of immense use improving the productivity and profitability of arid and semi-arid horticultural commodities through pests management. In this endeavour, useful information has been generated on identification, damage symptoms and management of the pests in different dryland horticultural crops at various research institutions and SAUs of the country. Intense efforts have therefore, been made to gather information on identification, damage symptoms and management of pests in a systematic way, grouped in different chapters and presented in the form of a book. Accurate identification of the pest, their damage and management is the prerequisites for successful control measures. This publication contains excellent colored photographs depicting salient identification characteristics of pest, their damage on plants under natural condition and management in field conditions so as to update the knowledge of extension agencies and farmers.This book has 37 chapters written by different authors with a focus on the productivity and profitability of arid and semi-arid horticultural commodities through pest’s management
Performance studies on different okra varieties and hybrids under arid climatic conditions of Rajasthan
No full textAn experiment entitled “Performance and genetic variability studies in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out during August 2019 to November 2019 at the Research farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). The experiment comprised of 12 varieties and hybrids of okra viz. ‘P-8’, ‘Pusa Bhindi-5’, ‘Samrat F1 Hybrid’, ‘Punjab Suhawani’, ‘Arka Nikita’, ‘Shakshi F1 Hybrid’, ‘Palam Komal’, ‘Kashi Kranti’, ‘Shakti F1 Hybrid’, ‘Arka Anamika’, ‘Kashi Pragati’ and ‘Laxmi F1 Hybrid’ and was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Significant differences were found amongst the varieties and hybrids of okra for the studied characters. The ‘Arka Anamika’ recorded the maximum number of branches per plant (2.80), stem diameter (17.10 mm), number of leaves per plant (69.06), number of fruit per plant (25.80), fruit yield per plant (319.78 g), fruit yield per plot (4.95 kg), estimated fruit yield per hectare (122.30 q). The ‘Palam Komal’ recorded the maximum plant height (139.73) and numbers of nodes on main stem (30.80). The ‘Laxmi F1 Hybrid’ produced the largest leaves (156.86 cm2). The earliest first flower anthesis and 50% flowering and first picking were noted in ‘Kashi Pragati’ (38.67, 39.33 and 45.40 DAS, respectively). The ‘Pusa Bhindi-5’ recorded the maximum fruit length (12.36 cm). The ‘Samrat F1 Hybrid’ recorded the maximum fruit diameter (16.02 mm) and fruit weight (12.99 g). The maximum shelf life of fruit was recorded in ‘Kashi Kranti’ (4.47 Days). Five ridges per fruit were exhibited in all the okra varieties and hybrids. From the present investigation it can be concluded that okra variety ‘Arka Anamika’ performed best for various growth and yield traits under arid climatic conditions of Rajasthan
Studies on effect of cutting and intra row spacing on leaf and seed yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
No full textFenugreek is an annual herb having light green leaves, 30-60cm tall and produces slender, beaked pods, 10-15 cm long and each pod contains 10-15 cm long and each pod contain 10-20 small hard yellowish brown seeds, which are smooth and oblong, about 3mm long, each grooved across one corner, giving them a hooked appearance. A field experiment was conducted and treatments imposed with two factors i.e., three cuttings level (C) (C0: No cutting, C1: One cutting and C2: Two cuttings) and four intra row spacing level (S) (S1:30 x 5.0cm, S2: 30 x7.5cm, S3:30 x 12.5 cm). Result revealed that closer spacing (30 x 5.0 cm) and two cuttings (60 & 90 DAS) better for leaf harvest. As far as seed production better at 30x 7.5 cm spacing followed by 30 x 10cm at one or no cutting condition. Economic point of view single cutting at 60 days after sowing and spacing at 30 x7.5 cm better in Uttar Pradesh condition