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L’éloge du vagabondage au XIXe siècle : une pensée minoritaire
Get PDFAll along the nineteenth century in France, the vagabond becomes a main social and philosophical issue, for he is hunt down by scientists – vagrancy is conceived as a mental illness – and by jurists – different laws are created to criminalize the act. By establishing a link between this sudden obsession and the concern expressed by thinkers (Tocqueville, Comte, Bourget) that the society is dangerously blowing apart in separate individuals, this paper aims to analyze the manifestation of this conflict between society and vagabond in literature, among others Barrès’ Les Déracinés and Gide’s Nourritures terrestres.All along the nineteenth century in France, the vagabond becomes a main social and philosophical issue, for he is hunt down by scientists – vagrancy is conceived as a mental illness – and by jurists – different laws are created to criminalize the act. By establishing a link between this sudden obsession and the concern expressed by thinkers (Tocqueville, Comte, Bourget) that the society is dangerously blowing apart in separate individuals, this paper aims to analyze the manifestation of this conflict between society and vagabond in literature, among others Barrès’ Les Déracinés and Gide’s Nourritures terrestres
Sur les traces du vagabond dans les textes beauvoiriens : exploration du monde et découverte de l’autre
Get PDFSimone de Beauvoir – a writer, journalist, and philosopher, a pioneer of modern feminism, a collaborator and life partner of Jean-Paul Sartre, was also a tireless traveller, who embarked on numerous journeys described in her autobiographical accounts and correspondence. The author of The Second Sex invariably seeks new sensations and is attracted to other people. Memories of visits to foreign countries are characterized by detailed descriptions and exploration of the world. Each destination is presented from the viewpoint of aesthetics, avoiding interactions with the local population. Over time, under the influence of her trips, Beauvoir becomes aware of the complexity of "the Other" and the need to support people and reject own isolation. Her writing becomes involved, subjective, and empathetic, reflecting growing interest in the problems of other people and sensitivity to social injustice and ideological issues. The shrewd observer searches for the meaning of life and her own "self". The universal dimension of the human condition appears to be far more important than individual experiences of the previously egocentric woman.Simone de Beauvoir – a writer, journalist, and philosopher, a pioneer of modern feminism, a collaborator and life partner of Jean-Paul Sartre, was also a tireless traveller, who embarked on numerous journeys described in her autobiographical accounts and correspondence. The author of The Second Sex invariably seeks new sensations and is attracted to other people. Memories of visits to foreign countries are characterized by detailed descriptions and exploration of the world. Each destination is presented from the viewpoint of aesthetics, avoiding interactions with the local population. Over time, under the influence of her trips, Beauvoir becomes aware of the complexity of "the Other" and the need to support people and reject own isolation. Her writing becomes involved, subjective, and empathetic, reflecting growing interest in the problems of other people and sensitivity to social injustice and ideological issues. The shrewd observer searches for the meaning of life and her own "self". The universal dimension of the human condition appears to be far more important than individual experiences of the previously egocentric woman
Du vagabondage à la sainteté – la quête de soi dans Becket ou l’honneur de Dieu de Jean Anouilh
Get PDFAt first glance, the protagonist of the play has none of the characteristics of a vagabond. However, subjected to a more thorough analysis, he proves to be endowed with many features typical of a wanderer, such as alienation, unrest, loneliness, social isolation and individualism. In the text he is described as a man who is « in the search for himself, » his exile is, first and foremost, a metaphysical search for his own « self » and for the meaning of life. He is also a character undergoing a metamorphosis – from a lecher he becomes a saint. The shift seems to come as a consequence of being an exile from his own country. This exile, however, in its literal dimension, becomes too heavy a burden for him, and, be rid of the burden, he chooses to die a martyr. This article presents the evolution of the personality and the shift in the social standing of the character, as well as the reasons for, and consequence of, his exile.At first glance, the protagonist of the play has none of the characteristics of a vagabond. However, subjected to a more thorough analysis, he proves to be endowed with many features typical of a wanderer, such as alienation, unrest, loneliness, social isolation and individualism. In the text he is described as a man who is « in the search for himself, » his exile is, first and foremost, a metaphysical search for his own « self » and for the meaning of life. He is also a character undergoing a metamorphosis – from a lecher he becomes a saint. The shift seems to come as a consequence of being an exile from his own country. This exile, however, in its literal dimension, becomes too heavy a burden for him, and, be rid of the burden, he chooses to die a martyr. This article presents the evolution of the personality and the shift in the social standing of the character, as well as the reasons for, and consequence of, his exile
Du Paria à l’Émigré : une typologie des vagabonds post-révolutionnaires
Get PDFThe « great detention » analysed by Michel Foucault shows the fear societies have of wanderers and tramps. During the wholeclassical period, political and religious elites try to lock up people who don’t have neither home nor work, thinking that they are a danger to society’s order. Arts and literature represent this threat, reinforcing the negativity of wandering and mobility in minds. However, there is a time in French history leading to question this doxa. A political revolution turns these representations round. The French Revolution changes the camp of suspicion towards wandering. Starting from 1789, old elites, ironically, find themselves out in the streets with nothing. These people, the Émigrés, are the ones creating literature during the revolutionary period. This phenomenonaffects writing at this time, and arises ethical and aesthetic questions. The texts written in exile trying to answer these questions create a new sensibility which is going to influence the minds of the 19th century.The « great detention » analysed by Michel Foucault shows the fear societies have of wanderers and tramps. During the wholeclassical period, political and religious elites try to lock up people who don’t have neither home nor work, thinking that they are a danger to society’s order. Arts and literature represent this threat, reinforcing the negativity of wandering and mobility in minds. However, there is a time in French history leading to question this doxa. A political revolution turns these representations round. The French Revolution changes the camp of suspicion towards wandering. Starting from 1789, old elites, ironically, find themselves out in the streets with nothing. These people, the Émigrés, are the ones creating literature during the revolutionary period. This phenomenonaffects writing at this time, and arises ethical and aesthetic questions. The texts written in exile trying to answer these questions create a new sensibility which is going to influence the minds of the 19th century
Le vagabond et ses avatars chez Apollinaire
Get PDFPassionate about mundane details and singular beings, Apollinaire deploys throughout his stories and novels quite a collection of mysterious and paradoxical characters. A central place in his collection is occupied by the wanderer which illustrates the propensity of the writer towards the occult and the picturesque, towards the anecdotal and the extraordinary. As a being always on the run he is sometimes associated with a bohemian spectator, jouisseur of the street and sometimes a marginal presence bordering on antisocial. Versatile character, the apollinarian wanderer does not refer to a specific social type. Wanderer, bohemian, chiffonnier, antique dealer, he has a rather metaphorical position that allows him to expose multiple identities at once. His multivalent nature makes it difficult for a true literary taxonomy. Always seeking innovation and surprise, Apollinaire was able to refine the ambivalence of the wanderer and often relates it to the image of the artist. Marginal and mystifying, the apollinarian wanderer is yet lacking any pejorative sense because its uniqueness is only a sign of originality. With its attractive heterogeneity, the apollinarian prose creates a vast and fine repertoire with a wanderer who is constantly redefining the concept of wandering. With its multiple facets, it actually becomes a living metaphor of a work that is looking through a hybrid and plural writing, mixing genres and composite images. Exploring the prose of Apollinaire, however, we can detect multiple lines of coherence that ultimately reveal a rich array of the wanderer. Despite the nature of the chameleonic apollinarian wanderer, our challenge is to analyze his literary metamorphoses and thus arrive at a definition that surprises in its many urban disguises.Passionate about mundane details and singular beings, Apollinaire deploys throughout his stories and novels quite a collection of mysterious and paradoxical characters. A central place in his collection is occupied by the wanderer which illustrates the propensity of the writer towards the occult and the picturesque, towards the anecdotal and the extraordinary. As a being always on the run he is sometimes associated with a bohemian spectator, jouisseur of the street and sometimes a marginal presence bordering on antisocial. Versatile character, the apollinarian wanderer does not refer to a specific social type. Wanderer, bohemian, chiffonnier, antique dealer, he has a rather metaphorical position that allows him to expose multiple identities at once. His multivalent nature makes it difficult for a true literary taxonomy. Always seeking innovation and surprise, Apollinaire was able to refine the ambivalence of the wanderer and often relates it to the image of the artist. Marginal and mystifying, the apollinarian wanderer is yet lacking any pejorative sense because its uniqueness is only a sign of originality. With its attractive heterogeneity, the apollinarian prose creates a vast and fine repertoire with a wanderer who is constantly redefining the concept of wandering. With its multiple facets, it actually becomes a living metaphor of a work that is looking through a hybrid and plural writing, mixing genres and composite images. Exploring the prose of Apollinaire, however, we can detect multiple lines of coherence that ultimately reveal a rich array of the wanderer. Despite the nature of the chameleonic apollinarian wanderer, our challenge is to analyze his literary metamorphoses and thus arrive at a definition that surprises in its many urban disguises
L’Homme-toupie. Le vagabond comme figure de la subversion dans Le Ventre de Paris d’Émile Zola
Get PDFA vagrant Florent Quenu serves as a methaphor of social-political shift that strikes France in the late XIX-th century. Intimidated by the magnitude of change, upon his return Florent wanders the streets, meanders and strolls in circles which casts a horrendous contradiction with the austerity of Hausmann’s new Paris, aligned with omnipresent straight line forms. This geometrical collision of a straight line and a curve is symptomatic of ferocious conflict between the Second Empire and the alternative social model embodied in the Florent’s attitude.A vagrant Florent Quenu serves as a methaphor of social-political shift that strikes France in the late XIX-th century. Intimidated by the magnitude of change, upon his return Florent wanders the streets, meanders and strolls in circles which casts a horrendous contradiction with the austerity of Hausmann’s new Paris, aligned with omnipresent straight line forms. This geometrical collision of a straight line and a curve is symptomatic of ferocious conflict between the Second Empire and the alternative social model embodied in the Florent’s attitude
Le motif du vagabondage dans quelques nouvelles « noires » d’Émile Zola
Get PDFThe paper shows the importance of the motif of vagabondage recurrent in three of Zola’s short stories: For a Night of Love, Jacques Damour and The Death of Olivier Becaille. Their characters’ aimless wandering through the coutryside, through France or the entire world either means perfect happiness, time-filling strategy, or consequence of one’s past or bad luck. It is aways opposed to immobility of sleep or death.The paper shows the importance of the motif of vagabondage recurrent in three of Zola’s short stories: For a Night of Love, Jacques Damour and The Death of Olivier Becaille. Their characters’ aimless wandering through the coutryside, through France or the entire world either means perfect happiness, time-filling strategy, or consequence of one’s past or bad luck. It is aways opposed to immobility of sleep or death
« J’allais sous le ciel, Muse ! et j’étais ton féal ». Le vagabond dans la poésie française de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle
Get PDFThroughout history, vagrancy appears as one of the notions of the Human Condition. Its artistic and poetical representations are drawn from multiple sources and offer various models. The fantasy of vagrancy in French poetry in the second half of the Nineteenth Century is fashioned as much through the vagrant’s relationship with space as with Society. Its models spring from marginality and contestation. Spatial structure presents an opposition between « closed » and « open », « interior » and « exterior », and so forth... These separations fluctuate and interact mutually. The poet conjures, from any questing, marginal figure, his own image. The general tendency, from Hugo to Rimbaud, shows both a crushing of the poetical figure, transforming it into a magus or a prophet, and the proliferation of the accursed poet’s « negating anger ».Throughout history, vagrancy appears as one of the notions of the Human Condition. Its artistic and poetical representations are drawn from multiple sources and offer various models. The fantasy of vagrancy in French poetry in the second half of the Nineteenth Century is fashioned as much through the vagrant’s relationship with space as with Society. Its models spring from marginality and contestation. Spatial structure presents an opposition between « closed » and « open », « interior » and « exterior », and so forth... These separations fluctuate and interact mutually. The poet conjures, from any questing, marginal figure, his own image. The general tendency, from Hugo to Rimbaud, shows both a crushing of the poetical figure, transforming it into a magus or a prophet, and the proliferation of the accursed poet’s « negating anger »
Marginalité et errance dans l’œuvre de Laurent Gaudé : le vagabond comme figure de la rupture
Get PDFPartly a tramp and partly an outcast, the hobo as a character in Laurent Gaudé's imagination and fiction is a multi-faceted figure, a metaphor for modern world crisis. Resorting to a sort of primitive morality, he elects to break away from a universe of exclusion, alienating individuals to the point of stripping them off of their humanity and he ultimately becomes a hobo. His wanderings become a form of resistance to repressive normality and the Gaudean tramp evolves into a social rebel figure.Partly a tramp and partly an outcast, the hobo as a character in Laurent Gaudé's imagination and fiction is a multi-faceted figure, a metaphor for modern world crisis. Resorting to a sort of primitive morality, he elects to break away from a universe of exclusion, alienating individuals to the point of stripping them off of their humanity and he ultimately becomes a hobo. His wanderings become a form of resistance to repressive normality and the Gaudean tramp evolves into a social rebel figure
En quête de soi, enquête sur soi. Représentations du vagabond dans Fuir (1988) de Linda Lê
Get PDFIn Fuir, Linda Lê features two characters – a vagrant nicknamed “Le Japonais” and the narrator, exiled to an unnamed Asian country – that seem to be re-cognized for what they are : lonely beings in search of an alter ego. Their improbable than astonishing meeting marks the beginning of a wandering both geographical and mental; the reader follows through the streets, alleys, driveways, sidepaths, pedestrian streets of indeterminate city symbolizing the maze of life whose meaning is to be decoded. The figure of the vagabond reflects the obsessions and concerns of the writer on his anguish of living. It also crystallizes its founding and formative reading, including the Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran and the Swedish writer Stig Dagerman who greatly influenced in the writing and the construction of her novel. Fuir is both a question about the absurdity of life and a metaphor for the condition of the exiled writer.In Fuir, Linda Lê features two characters – a vagrant nicknamed “Le Japonais” and the narrator, exiled to an unnamed Asian country – that seem to be re-cognized for what they are : lonely beings in search of an alter ego. Their improbable than astonishing meeting marks the beginning of a wandering both geographical and mental; the reader follows through the streets, alleys, driveways, sidepaths, pedestrian streets of indeterminate city symbolizing the maze of life whose meaning is to be decoded. The figure of the vagabond reflects the obsessions and concerns of the writer on his anguish of living. It also crystallizes its founding and formative reading, including the Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran and the Swedish writer Stig Dagerman who greatly influenced in the writing and the construction of her novel. Fuir is both a question about the absurdity of life and a metaphor for the condition of the exiled writer