International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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A review on core shell nanoparticles: classes, synthesis, characterization of core shell nanoparticles
Get PDFBecause of their remarkable capabilities in bioimaging, targeted medication and gene delivery, sensors, and other fields, nanoparticles have many fascinating uses in a variety of fields, and the biomedical field is no exception. Due to a number of benefits over simple nanoparticles, it has been determined that the core/shell class of nanoparticles holds the most promise for many medicinal applications. The evolution of biomedical research based on core/shell nanoparticles during the last 20 years or so is highlighted in this study. Five main categories-bioimaging, biosensor, targeted medication delivery, DNA/RNA interaction, and targeted gene delivery-are used to categorize applications of various core/shell nanoparticle kinds
Prescribing pattern and quality of life in patients with migraine at a tertiary care teaching hospital
Get PDFBackground: Migraine, a prevalent and disabling neurological disorder, affects over a billion people globally, with a significant impact in India. Despite effective treatments, poor adherence and limited data on drug use and quality of life persist, especially in developing nations. Understanding these patterns is crucial for enhancing patient care, optimizing healthcare resources, and reducing the socioeconomic burden of migraine.
Methods: This one-year prospective observational study was conducted at Shree Krishna Hospital, Gujarat, following ethical clearance. A total of 150 migraine patients diagnosed according to the ICHD-3 (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition) were enrolled. Data on demographics, treatment, and quality of life (via MIDAS [Migraine Disability Assessment] and MIBS-4 [Migraine Interictal Burden Scale]) were collected. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA 14.2. Informed consent ensured participant confidentiality and adherence to research standards.
Results: Among 150 migraine patients (74.7% female), most had low-frequency episodic migraine with moderate throbbing pain. NSAIDs (mainly naproxen) and TCAs (mainly amitriptyline) were widely used. MIDAS showed 11.3% had severe disability; MIBS-4 revealed 24% experienced severe interictal burden. Sleep disturbance, stress, and anxiety were common triggers, highlighting migraine's multifactorial impact on daily routine affecting quality of life.
Conclusions: Although triptans have proven efficacy as acute treatment, their utilization remains limited. Quality of life assessments using MIDAS and MIBS-4 revealed significant disability, underscoring the need for enhanced management strategies targeting associated psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression. Optimizing prescription practices, improving patient education, and incorporating lifestyle modifications are crucial for effective long-term migraine management. These interventions promise improved patient outcomes
Perceptions of AETCOM module amongst medical students: a questionnaire-based study
Get PDFBackground: The Attitude, Ethics and Communication (AETCOM) module is a cornerstone of competency-based medical education (CBME), implemented in the medical curriculum. It aims to instill effective patient communication skills in students. The present study evaluates students' perspectives on the implementation of the AETCOM module.
Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted through Google form filling in 2nd phase MBBS students. Questions about knowledge attitudes and perspectives about the implementation of the AETCOM module in their MBBS curriculum were assessed.
Results: 172 students filled out the Google forms with a response rate of 86%. 169 (98.25%) students felt that it was essential to learn this module. 170 (98.83%) opined that ethics in medical practice is very important and learning it will help them in their future practice of medicine. 34% students reported of getting burdened in exams. Students preferred case-based scenarios and role plays most effective methods of learning. 53.5% of participants felt both summative assessment (SA) and formative assessment (FA) are essential for the complete evaluation of AETCOM competencies.
Conclusions: The participants reported inclusion of AETCOM is important because it helped them improve their communication skills and good relationships build with doctors. 34% of participants reported being stressed during exams due to the burden of the already existing heavy curriculum. These findings draw the attention of all stakeholders for a revision in the implementation of the module to ease learning. Students think that even though time-consuming, conducting both FA and SA is justifiable
Comparative study to evaluate efficacy and safety of topical alcaftadine 0.25% versus topical olopatadine 0.2% eye drops in patients with allergic conjunctivitis in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Haldwani
Get PDFBackground: Ocular component is the most prominent and disabling feature of allergy leading to symptoms like itching and watering of eyes causing significant irritation. Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is one of the most common ocular conditions affecting adult and pediatric patients that requires treatment by ophthalmologists. AC and its debilitating symptoms like itching, watering of eyes and ropy discharge have interfered their day to day activities, difficulty in concentrating in work and has adversely affect the quality of life. Aim and objectives were to study and compare the efficacy and safety profile of topical alcaftadine versus topical o lopatadine eye drops in patient with AC. To compare efficacy of topical alcaftadine versus topical olopatadine eye drops, to observe adverse drug reaction of both eye drops.
Methods: A prospective, open labelled comparative hospital based study was conducted in the department of ophthalmology in collaboration with department of pharmacology GMC Haldwani, Uttarakhand. Patients with AC (n=120) were randomised into two groups: Alcaftadine 0.25% eye drop and olopatadine 0.2% eye drop once daily. Patients were assessed on the first day 2nd week and 4th week. Reduction in total severity score and efficacy was measured in both treatment groups. Safety was assessed by observing adverse drug reaction using WHO UMC Causality assessment scale and modified Hartwig Siegel’s severity scale.
Results: A trend in significant improvement in patients treated with alcaftadine eye drop in comparison to patients treated with olopatadine eye drop at both second week and fourth week follow up. No adverse effects were reported with either eye drops in both groups.
Conclusions: Alcaftadine eye drop showed higher efficacy than olopatadine eye drop in relieving signs and symptoms of AC. Both treatment groups were found to be safe and effective
A study of drug utilization pattern in patients with hypertension in a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: Hypertension, a leading global health concern, poses significant risks to vital organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys. Effective management remains a challenge, especially in countries like India, where cardiovascular diseases are a major contributor to mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the drug utilization patterns of antihypertensive drugs and associated prescribing practices in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to October 2023 in the Departments of Medicine and Cardiology. The study included patients diagnosed with hypertension aged 18 years or older. Data on prescribed antihypertensive drugs, including drug type, dosage and comorbidities, were collected and analyzed.
Results: A total of 230 prescriptions were analyzed, with 75.59% of patients receiving monotherapy. Amlodipine was the most commonly prescribed drug, used in 87.5% of monotherapy cases. Combination therapies were prescribed to 24.41% of patients, with the most common combinations being Amlodipine + Atenolol and Losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide + Amlodipine. Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent comorbidity observed, affecting 60 patients. A significant portion of prescriptions (59%) was written using brand names, and 41% were written using generic names.
Conclusion: Future research should focus on enhancing patient adherence, optimizing treatment regimens, and continuously monitoring prescribing patterns to improve hypertension management and reduce associated health burdens
Analysis of the drug package inserts in India as per the CDSCO guidelines
Get PDFBackground: The package insert (PI) is provided along with the drug in its manufactured container by pharmaceutical companies. This is one of the ways to provide essential information related to drugs to healthcare professionals and patients. Pharmaceuticals follow the regulations mentioned in the drugs and cosmetics act (1940) and rules (1945) under Schedule D and the central drugs standard control organisation (CDSCO).
Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, prospective study was conducted at Shree Krishna Hospital, Anand, Gujarat. From December 2023 to January 2024, a total of 98 PIs were collected from pharmacy stores within the hospital. All PIs were analyzed according to CDSCO guidelines.
Results: A total of 98 PIs were analyzed. After the analysis,>90% of the information is present in half of the parameters. There is 25-65% information present regarding the drug details in the rest of the parameters.
Conclusions: Our study has revealed that the information on package inserts is currently inaccessible. If drug companies can present this crucial information in a manner that is easily accessible to patients, it has the potential to greatly improve compliance. In our country, where concerns regarding the quality of medicines arise, implementing high-quality package inserts can effectively address these concerns
Effect of melatonin in amelioration of piroxicam induced liver and renal oxidative stress in rats
Get PDFBackground: Piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, induces oxidative stress affecting liver and kidney function. Melatonin, a potent antioxidant, may mitigate this damage through its free radical-scavenging and tissue-protective properties.
Methods: The piroxicam-induced oxidative stress model was used to evaluate the amelioration effect of melatonin at two doses (10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg BW). The changes in the physical, physiological and biochemical characteristics in the serum, liver and renal tissue oxidative stress markers, the histopathological changes and insilico docking of melatonin with various oxidative stress marker were also studied.
Results: The blood serum and tissue stress markers in the rats receiving piroxicam was considerably higher than those in the normal control (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with melatonin at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg resulted in a substantial amelioration in tissue oxidative stress as compared to the control group. Other than lipid peroxidation, which exhibited a significant (p<0.05) plunge when compared to the piroxicam treated group, the serum liver and renal comprehensive metabolic panel profile was significantly reduced. In the pre-treatment group, the level of total protein contents likewise increased. Further it is confirmed from the histological studies that the pre-treatment of melatonin group's liver and kidney show less tissue damage than the piroxicam-induced group, and the histo-architectural of hepato-renal cells gradually recovered and in silico docking study of melatonin with oxidative stress maker shown potential interaction with high binding energy.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that pretreatment of melatonin is effective against piroxicam- induced liver and renal oxidative stress in the Wister rats
Analyzing gaps in knowledge, attitude, and behavioral practices related to seborrhoeic dermatitis among medical undergraduate students
Get PDFBackground: Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) is a prevalent, chronic, inflammatory skin condition, primarily affecting areas rich in sebaceous glands, yet awareness of its etiology, management, and associated psychosocial impact remains limited. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding seborrhoeic dermatitis among undergraduate medical students.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January to March 2024 at Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, involving 379 medical undergraduates (aged 18–30). Data were collected via a structured, self-administered, expert-validated questionnaire covering general information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SD. Institutional Ethics Committee approval was obtained. Data were analyzed in Excel using descriptive statistics (mean±SD for continuous and percentages for categorical variables).
Results: Among participants, 69.9% had experienced SD, with 48.5% currently affected. Knowledge gaps were evident: only 21.4% identified SD as a chronic inflammatory condition, and 28.5% recognized Malassezia as the cause. While fungal involvement was widely acknowledged, specific understanding was limited. Only 10.9% were satisfied with current treatments, and 48.2% believed oiling was beneficial, despite contrary evidence. Practices such as towel sharing (18.6%) and frequent scalp scratching (63.8%) were common, potentially worsening the condition.
Conclusions: The study identified significant gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SD among medical undergraduates. Educational interventions targeting these gaps are necessary to improve awareness, debunk myths, and promote evidence-based management strategies for SD
A study on therapeutic management of allergic conjunctivitis and assessment of quality of life in patients
Get PDFBackground: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a common ocular condition triggered by exposure to allergens. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic management of patients suffering from allergic conjunctivitis and to determine the prevalence of AC among patients attending an allergy center.
Methods: A retro-prospective, interventional study was conducted, for a six-month period from March to August 2024. Total of 260 patients diagnosed with AC were included from total of 1,523 individuals attending the center. Inclusion criteria focused on patients of all ages undergoing treatment for AC, excluding those with infectious conjunctivitis or other ocular pathologies. Patient data were collected using structured forms that included demographic information, presenting symptoms, other allergic conditions etc. Treatments were categorized into pharmacological, personalized and supportive therapy.
Results: Among all the 1,523 patients, 263 were diagnosed with AC, indicating a prevalence of 17.26%. Allergen testing revealed that dust mites were the leading triggers, followed by pollens. Coexisting allergic conditions were highly prevalent, particularly allergic rhinitis and dermatitis. Pharmacological therapy, like antihistamines and topical corticosteroids, was administered to 86 patients, while 105 patients received personalized treatments. A statistically significant improvement in post-treatment symptom scores was observed, with an effect size of 1.62, indicating high treatment efficacy.
Conclusions: This study highlights the need for early diagnosis, comprehensive allergen evaluation and targeted management in allergic conjunctivitis. The study contributes to the scientific understanding of AC by providing real-world data on allergen prevalence and treatment outcomes
Effect on liver function of an ayurvedic medicine Punarnavasava after 28 days chronic toxicity studies on male Sprague Dawley rats
Get PDFBackground: Punarnavasava (PVR) is an ayurvedic formulation predominantly used as a traditional medicine in the rural population to get relief from edemic conditions. Though this medication is recognized as generally safe, clinical research on this formulation is scarce. Therefore, contributing to determining the safety of this drug may help ensure safer treatment for thousands of patients.
Methods: The effect of chronic administration of PVR on liver function was determined by administrating chronically to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40 ml per kg body weight for 28 days. In this experiment plasma protein, albumin, serum bilirubin and various serum enzymatic parameters were determined.
Results: In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was increased (11.05%) in the PVR treated male rats. The increase in total protein was not statistically significant but was noticeable (p=0.104). On contrary, the albumin content was decreased (7.92 %) in PVR treated male rats and it was not statistically significant, yet it was noticeable (p=0.076). No difference on the bilirubin level between the control and the experimental group was noted. In the PVR administered male rats, activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P) was decreased by 31.90%, 45.44%, 82.82% and 32.53% respectively and all these changes were statistically very highly significant (p=0.0001) for all these enzymes. In contrast, a not significant negligible increment was observed in the GGT activity.
Conclusions: From this study, it is evident that there was no adverse increase in the liver function parameters in the male rats after chronic administration of PVR, on the contrary significant decrease in the serum liver function enzymes were noted, therefore, it can be concluded that this Asava preparation (PVR) can be administered chronically. With the slight increase in GGT though negligible suggests caution for use in pregnancy related edemic conditions which may deteriorate liver cholestasis related to later stage of pregnancy. Further research should be done to reconfirm the safety of this ayurvedic medicine in pregnancy