International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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Effects of COVID-19 on national tuberculosis elimination programme strategies during March to May 2020 on Tumkur district, India
Get PDFBackground: the nation-wide lockdown due global pandemic has disrupted a vital strategic intervention resulting in overall 60% decrease in presumptive and diagnostic TB cases during the lockdown period.Methods: A discrete choice experimental (DCE) exploratory operational research conducted during March to May 2020.Results: Health care services were affected 25% reduction in the outpatient department (OPD) in comparison to the previous year the same period. A gradual reduction in negative sputum cases undergoing chest radiography from 54% to 14%. Due to restricted movement LPA tests have been reduced 25% among the diagnosed TB cases, and private referrals to cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) services were reduced to 20%.Conclusions: Health services, including national programmes to combat TB, need to be actively engaged in ensuring an effective and rapid response to COVID-19 while ensuring that TB services are maintained. While experience on COVID-19 infection in TB patients remains limited, it is anticipated that people ill with both TB and COVID-19 may have poorer treatment outcomes, especially if TB treatment is interrupted. TB patients should take precautions as advised by health authorities to be protected from COVID-19 and continue their TB treatment as prescribed
A pharmacovigilance study in patients of chronic non-infective respiratory diseases attending outpatient department of pulmonary medicine in a tertiary care teaching hospital
Get PDFBackground: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are the known dangers of any medicinal therapy. They are not only responsible for increasing the mortality and morbidity but also for multiplying the health care expenditure. It is important to monitor the adverse effects of the drugs in the patients on treatment for chronic non-infective respiratory diseases attending OPD of pulmonary medicine in a tertiary care teaching hospitalMethods: The study was single-centric, non-randomized and observational hospital-based study which was carried out for a period of 1 and a half years in JJ Hospital. The patients who were included in the study suffered from either of the 4 diseases-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Data were analyzed by using Microsoft excel sheet. Based on the outcome of modified Hartwig and Siegel severity assessment scale, ADRs were grouped into various severity categories.Results: One hundred and thirty-two number of ADRs were seen in 69 out of 352 patients (19.6 %) of the study population. The occurrence of ADR was found slightly higher in males i.e., 53.62% as compared to females i.e., 46.38%. The patients who were on treatment for ILD showed highest percentage of ADRs i.e., 57.89% which is followed by bronchiectasis (17.39%), COPD (16.17%) and lastly asthma (10.26%). The ADRs belonging to GIT system were highest in number i.e., 80. The most frequently occurring ADR in the study was palpitation which occurred in 14 cases i.e., 20.29%. Out of 132 ADRs observed, 96 i.e., 72.73% belonged to the mild category and 36 ADRs i.e., 27.27% belonged to the moderate category. Not a single severe ADR was found in the study.Conclusions: It was found that 19.6% of the patient population suffered from ADRs, which is a considerable number. It is essential that health care professionals should support ADR monitoring process for the safety of the medicinal product. Proper implementation of ADR monitoring will help to reduce the harmful effects by early detection of drug safety problems in patients, assessing the risk-benefit in an individual and the population, improving the selection, rational use of drugs through the provision of timely warning to healthcare professionals
Antifertility effect of curcumin, an indigenous medicine in rats
Get PDFBackground: Curcumin is an active constituent, obtained from rhizome of Curcuma longa linn, known to have broad medicinal properties, was studied for its effect on fertility in female rats. Curcumin has anti-ovulatory effect probably by its antiestrogenic activity through suppression of negative feedback of estrogen on pituitary.Methods: Inbred Charles Foster female albino rats (150-180 gm) were used for study. They were divided into different groups and treated with curcumin (25 mg/kg. and 50 mg/kg body weight) as per schedule. The antigonadotropic, antiestrogenic, anti-implantation and abortifacient effect on curcumin treated albino rats were demonstrated.Results: The results showed significant reduction in the number of implants and size of litters in curcumin treated rats compared to normal control group. The results were compared with Tamoxifen (10mg/ kg bodyweight) a known antifertility drug, which further substantiated the antifertility effects of curcumin.Conclusions: The results indicated the ways in which curcumin exerts antifertility effects and thus can play a vital role in fertility control
Knowledge, attitude, and practices on disposal methods of expired and unused medicines among students in public academic institutions in Lusaka, Zambia
Get PDFBackground: Unsafe disposal of unused and expired household medicines is a public health problem and mostly occur because of a lack of knowledge towards suitable medicine disposal methods. Thus, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices on the disposal methods of unused and expired medicines among students in public academic institutions in Lusaka, Zambia.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 385 students from three higher learning academic institutions were interviewed face to face using a structured questionnaire from 10th May to 24th June 2019. The cleaned data was then transferred to statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis.Results: The mean age of the participants was 23 (SD±2.9). Out of the 385 participants, 215 (55.8%) did not know much about medical waste and 345 (89.6%) of them did not have any previous information regarding proper and safe disposal of unused and expired medicine. However, 351 (91.4%) of the participants appropriately responded that unsafe disposal of unused and expired medicine poses a threat to human health and can harm the environment. Throwing unused and expired medicine in household garbage/bin was the most frequently used disposal practice followed by flushing them in toilet/sink as responded by 231 (60.0%) and 128 (33.3%) of participants respectively. Only 17 (4.42%) reported returning unused and expired medicines to the nearest pharmacy. Conclusions: The majority of the study participants used unsafe methods to dispose of unused and expired medicine. However, most of the participants acknowledged that unsafe disposal of unused and expired medicines is a public health problem and proposed the need to introduce drug take-back programs in the communities.
A perceptional analysis of online and offline mode of lectures in second year undergraduate medical students at SMIMER medical college, Surat
Get PDFBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic demanded lockdown to control the spread of disease, inevitably medical colleges are also affected and online mode of teaching has become a solution for continuity of teaching in medical colleges. The main purpose of study to identify perception of medical students towards online and offline mode of lectures by parameters as follows: knowledge, understanding, skills and methodology.Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study with duration of three months. A well- articulated set of questionnaires based on knowledge, understanding, skills and methodology parameters will be circulated among the second-year undergraduate medical students from SMIMER, Surat.Results: About 82% of the students perceived that offline mode of lectures provide more information of subject and helps with better retention of knowledge. Only 21.5% students were in favour of online mode for being able to understand lecture content. For the development of the practical skills and clinical training, 97% of the participants favoured offline mode. However, 67% of the participants believe online mode of lectures save their time and work well with their schedule.Conclusions: Majority of students perceived that offline mode of lectures provide more information of subjects and better retention of knowledge. According to them offline mode of lectures is easy to understand and improved conceptual thinking. For development of clinical and practical skills offline mode of lectures is mandatory. But, majority of students perceived that online learning provide flexibility in participation of lectures and time saving method
Irrational prescribing: myths and facts
Get PDFAccording to WHO, irrational prescribing is a disease which is difficult to treat but prevention is possible. There are many factors which contributes for this irrational prescribing like patient factors, practitioners/doctor factors, influence from pharmaceutical industry or combination of all
Rational use and cost variation analysis of antitussive-expectorants available in the Indian market: a pharmacoeconomic study
Get PDFBackground: Antitussive-expectorants are among the most frequently prescribed drugs by physicians in clinical practice. Upper respiratory tract infections, such as common cold, acute pharyngitis and acute trachea-bronchitis, are the most common of all communicable diseases and significantly increase OPD burden. This study aimed to assess the rational use, cost ratio, and percentage cost variations in different brands of the commonly prescribed antitussive-expectorants available in the Indian market.Methods: The cost of antitussive-expectorant manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies was obtained by using drug today Jan-April 2021 vol 2. The maximum and minimum price was noted down, cost ratio and percentage cost variation of the individual formulation were analysed. Results: Analysis of cost ratio and percentage cost variation for each formulation of the antitussive-expectorants drug, syrup (100 ml) chlorpheniramine (2 mg), dextromethorphan (10 mg), phenylephrine (5 mg) combinations show the highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation as 5.30 and 430.25 respectively, and syrup (100 ml) dextromethorphan (10 mg), guaifenesin (100 mg), phenylephrine (25 mg), chlorpheniramine (4 mg) combinations show lowest cost ratio and percentage cost variation as 1.17 and 17.69 respectively.Conclusions: There was a wide variation in the cost of different brands of antitussive-expectorant drugs available in the Indian market. So, clinicians should be aware of rational use and variations in cost to reduce the treatment cost and increase patient compliance
Diagnostic accuracy of contrast enhanced MRI pelvis in differentiating indeterminate adnexal lesions into benign and malignant with histopathological correlation
Get PDFBackground: The objective of our study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging pelvis in differentiating indeterminate adnexal lesions into benign and malignant, while considering histopathological examinations as the gold standard.Methods: A total 880 patients who underwent contrast enhanced MRI pelvis in our institute from January 2014 to June 2016 were prospectively analyzed.Results: A total of 880 women were included in this study, of which 782 (88.8%) were younger than 50 years and 98 (11.1%) were older than 50 years. Mean patient age was 56.7 years and mean tumor size was 4.38 cm. There were 648 (73.60%) patients who had a tumor size of >4 cm, and 337 (38.29%) of these tumors were found to be malignant. Furthermore, tumors smaller than 4 cm in size were observed in 232 (26.36%) of patients, of which tumors in 225 (25.56%) patients were benign.Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced MRI was found to be significantly high (79.65%) in differentiating indeterminate adnexal lesions into benign and malignant lesions
A phytochemical and pharmacognostic approach of Ficus hispida Linn: a review
Get PDFHerbal plants are arguably poised for a comeback as like sources of ethnic health products in the main due after their vast desire in accordance with synthesize complicated combinations on structurally diverse compounds, which ought to furnish a safer than more holistic approach in conformity with disease cure and prevention. Ficus hispida (FH) Linn belonging to the family Moraceae, who have various pharmacognostic properties. The class Ficus constitutes a necessary crew on trees, now not solely concerning their extensive medicinal virtue however also of their growth habits yet religious significance. Almost every part over those plants is ancient as a traditional belief on treatment because of the treatment on a variety of ailments through Indian traditional healers. The goal on the existing instruction is to accumulate competencies over ethno-medicinal and pharmacognostic importance about FH. FH includes extensive sorts on bioactives compounds as alkaloids, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols, phenols, glycosides, gums and mucilage, saponins and terpenes. Multiple scientific researches have been published to establish the scientific foundation over common medicinal values attributed in conformity with FH of terms on ayurvedic usage the plant for blood disorders, anemia, dysentery, hemorrhoids, stomatorrhagia, jaundice and ulcers. The crop fruits are used namely aphrodisiac, lactagogue, emetic and tonic. Furthermore, pharmacological activities like anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory have been additionally acknowledged recently. Till now, no action has been published in conformity with elaborate the pharmacognostic functions of FH Linn. The existing decrial is, therefore, an endeavour to relinquish a clear estimate of its pharmacognosy and phytochemistry and a considerable survey over its pharmacological activities
Cost variation analysis of oral anti-diabetic agents available in Indian market
Get PDFBackground: The objective of this study was to analyze cost variations of oral antidiabetic drugs available in Indian market.Methods: An observational study was carried out using CIMS (current index of medical specialities), (July 2020 to October 2020) and 1 mg.com, where difference in the maximum and minimum price of a particular drug, manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies, in the same strength, number and dosage form was compared and the percentage variation in price was calculated. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis.Results: The minimum and maximum percentage price variation for different classes of drugs respectively is as follows- in single drug therapy, the price variation between a sulfonylurea group of drugs glibenclamide (5 mg) shows maximum price variation of 400%, while glipizide (2.5 mg) shows variation of 81.8%. In biguanides, thizolidinediones and DPP4 inhibitor groups of drugs, metformin (500 mg), pioglitazone (30 mg) and vildagliptin show maximum price variation of 334.78%, 307 % and 264.6% respectively. In α- glucosidases inhibitor group of drugs voglibose (0.2 mg) shows maximum price variation of 284%. In meglitinides group of drugs, nateglinide (60 mg) shows maximum price variation of 284.6 %. In combination drug therapy, glimepiride and metformin combination (2+500 mg SR) shows the maximum variation up to 352.8%.Conclusions: The percentage cost variation of different brands of the same drug manufactured in India is very wide and the reason behind marketing a drug should be directed towards maximizing the benefit of therapy and minimizing negative personal and economic consequences