International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Not a member yet
3901 research outputs found
Sort by
A study and evaluation of cutaneous adverse drug reaction in the patients attending dermatology department of tertiary care teaching hospital in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Get PDFBackground: Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) are most frequently reported type of ADRs and can be caused by variety of drugs. The clinical patterns of adverse cutaneous drug reactions and the drug responsible for them is changing every year due to the emergence of newer molecules and changing trends in the use of drugs.Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional and observational study done for a period of 6 months to evaluate the clinical pattern of CADRs and their causative drugs in the tertiary health care.Results: Over all 55 patients were detected with cutaneous adverse drug reaction. The majority of CADRs were in the age group of 18-35 years (63.46%). Fixed drug eruptions (FDE) being the most common adverse cutaneous drug reaction (34.68%) followed by maculopapular rash (23%), NSAIDs being the most common, followed by antimicrobial agents.Conclusions: Knowledge of these drug eruptions, the causative drugs are essential for the clinicians and implementing the ADRs reporting and monitoring system, one can promote drug safety and better patients care, among health care professionals
A study on prescribing pattern and medication adherence in elderly COPD and bronchial asthma patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital
Get PDFBackground: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma are common among elderly people and have become a major public health concern of today. The purpose of this study is to identify the prescription pattern and role of medication adherence in the COPD and bronchial asthma. Prescription pattern monitoring (PPMS) are mainly focus on prescribing, dispensing, administering of drugs they promote appropriate use of monitored drugs and reduction of abuse/misuse.Methods: A hospital based prospective observational study was conducted at department of medicine in Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital. A total of 90 patients were enrolled based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and the data was collected using designed data collection form.Results: Out of 90 patients, male (81.10%) and female (18.90%) are reported with COPD and bronchial asthma. On prevalence 57 (63.34%) of patients with co-morbidities and without co-morbidities 33 (36.66%). Among co-morbidity patients, 38.90% of patients has type-2 diabetes mellitus. PPA indicate that cephalosporins (46.68%), macrolides (38.88%) class of antibiotic are used prominently along with corticosteroids of hydrocortisone 47 (62.66%) and prednisolone 28 (37.34%). 47 (62.66%) patients received expectorants and anti-tussive in that, Ipratropium bromide + levosalbutamol (50%) are commonly prescribed.Conclusions: This study concludes that COPD and bronchial asthma was most predominant in elderly patients and its treated with mainly antibiotics and corticosteroids with bronchodilators in the way of inhalers and nebulizers. The rational use of drugs and patient counselling reflects a better medication adherence
Drugs modulating apoptosis: current status
Get PDFApoptosis (programmed cell death) is a natural process that helps in removing potentially harmful cells from the body and replacing it with normal ones. Like any other process, it is also subjected to lots of deregulations and can lead to diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, autoimmune disorders and inappropriate death of cells after liver failure, stroke and myocardial infarction. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in apoptosis has been progressed tremendously. Thus, therapeutics targeting apoptosis have been emerged as a novel approach for treating various disease conditions. Current approaches induce or inhibit apoptosis by targeting the key regulators of apoptosis such as Bcl2 family of proteins, TRAIL, caspases, MDM2, IAPs and p53. While many apoptotic drugs proved its efficacy in preclinical studies, some are already approved and entered the clinical setting. Numerous novel approaches such as antisense therapy, gene therapy, recombinant biologics and combinatorial chemistry are being employed to target these regulators. This review focused on the pathways of apoptosis, various therapeutic targets in apoptosis and the drugs modulating these targets
Knowledge, attitude and practice of foot care in diabetes patients with foot at risk attending diabetology department of a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: The current study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of foot care among diabetes patients with foot at risk, to evaluate the impact of counselling in terms of KAP score, VPT (vibration perception threshold) value, foot examination status and other clinical parameter, to assess the severity of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes patients based on VPT value and to assess the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among men and women.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional and interventional study was conducted in the diabetology department of a tertiary care hospital in South India. A total of 100 diabetes patients with foot at risk were selected for the study. A questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of foot care among diabetes patients with foot at risk. The questionnaire consists of total 24 questions. Their knowledge, attitude and practice were classified as good, satisfactory and poor depending upon the score. For the KAP, if score is ≥70% it was regarded as good, 50-69% as satisfactory and <50% as poor.Results: The study assessed that among 100 patients, 6% of the participants had good knowledge before counselling and after counselling, 46% had satisfactory level of knowledge and 43% had good knowledge. Most of the patients had a good attitude towards foot care before and after counselling. Only 1% of patients were in good practice before counselling and after counselling 62% of the patients had satisfactory practice and 25% had good practice. The study revealed that about 53% had a VPT value of 26-50 V before providing counselling and after counselling about 43% of the participants VPT became 26-50 V. The study also showed that the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy according to VPT value is more in males than females.Conclusions: Poor knowledge and poor practice were observed among the diabetes patients with foot at risk who had attended the diabetology department. Poor knowledge and practice are the major reason for the amputation of limb as the people are unaware of their foot care. Thus, by providing proper education regarding foot care, the foot complications can be improved and there by the amputation rate can be reduced to an extent
Drug utilization study in geriatric patients visiting medicine OPD in tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: Drug utilization study is of utmost importance in the elderly. The consumption of drug amongst elderly segment of society is maximum and many of them use at least three prescribed drugs, concurrently. One of the plausible explanation of usage of large number of medicines is prevalence of multi-morbidities as well as suffer from chronic and degenerative pathology amongst them along with the alteration of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs are altered with advanced age. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess current prescribing practices among physicians for geriatric patients in tertiary care hospital.Methods: A prospective, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pharmacology in collaboration with Department of Medicine in a tertiary healthcare hospital. As per inclusion criteria, patients visiting Medicine outpatient department (OPD) from 01 October 2018 to 31 December 2018 were enrolled in the study.Results: The average number of drugs per encounter was 4.1. 100% of the drugs were prescribed by their generic name and those prescribed from World Health Organization (WHO) list of essential medicines were 70.2%. Analysis of polypharmacy showed maximum 11 and minimum 1 drug was prescribed. Overall analysis of the drugs showed, the most common route of administration was orally. Drugs acting on cardiovascular system (CVS), gastrointestinal system (GI) system, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs and vitamins and mineral supplements constitute the major bulk of drug prescribed.Conclusions: In our study, though polypharmacy was found but it was necessary unavoidable, but was within the WHO standards of 1.6 to 4.8. Drugs acting on CVS and GI system were the most common drugs prescribed. Prescriptions with injections and steroids were less in the study population. All the drugs were prescribed by their generic name and most were present in the essential list of medicines
Podcasts as emerging tool for medical education: a critical perspective
Get PDFBackground: Podcasts have started knocking the educational doors after setting their feet strong in entertainment grounds. There has always been a trend to welcome and introduce new ideas and innovative ways in medical education for the benefit of students. No doubts, they are an emerging tool for education. The study aims to know and evaluate critically the students’ perspective about the novel aural technology and its relevance to be included in the curriculum.Methods: A sample size of 110 undergraduate medical students enrolled in two private post graduate coaching centres in metropolitan regions of Delhi was taken to conduct the study. A semi structured pen and paper questionnaire was created and made to be filled by the participants.Results: Aware students actively participated in the survey and shared their preferences and opinions, but many lacked knowledge and interest in the newly introduced and conveyed audio technology. This was a direct result of their surroundings, friends and family circle. Generally, there was a welcome response towards podcasts being in trend and to be included as a supplementary teaching tool along with present ongoing modes of education.Conclusions: Students’ opinion taken over from time to time is of great value to introduce modern educational reforms. Podcasts are a very effective add-on tool if introduced in medical education. There still exists a wide room for research and evidence-based use of this technology and much work needs to be done to actually add a new brick in the current structure of medical education
Effects of medication knowledge on medication adherence among hypertensive patients at Matero level one hospital, Lusaka city, Zambia: a cross sectional study
Get PDFBackground: Medication adherence is the mainstay to good treatment outcomes. Failure to adhere to medication in hypertensive patients may lead to considerable deterioration of the disease resulting in increased costs of healthcare and mortality. Knowledge about the name of the drug, indications and side effects may enhance medication adherence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess effects of medication knowledge on medication adherence among hypertensive patients.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 120 hypertensive patients. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics. Adherence was assessed using the 8-item Morisky medication adherence scale while patient’s medication knowledge was assessed using a 7-item scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with medication adherence.Results: The mean age of participants was 59 years (SD±14.9) and 10 (8.3%), 42 (35%) and 68 (56.7%) had adequate, average and poor medication knowledge respectively. The prevalence of adherence in this study was 37.5%. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) (AOR: 0.38, CI: 0.16-0.90) was associated with lower likelihood of adhering to medication.Conclusions: The adherence level to treatment was low and medication knowledge of hypertensive patients was generally poor. Uncontrolled BP was associated with non-adherence. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension should be given health education and counselling regarding their condition to improve medication adherence.
Potential role of adjuvant micronutrient therapy in the management of respiratory tract infections: a narrative review
Get PDFRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) are highly prevalent and variable in nature, and are accountable for considerable morbidity and mortality. Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are the third leading cause of death worldwide and the most common cause of antibiotic prescription among adults. It is common knowledge that inappropriate or overuse of antibiotics for RTIs is a crucial contributing factor with respect to the emergence of microbes that are resistant to the drug’s effects. Overuse of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance is a global issue that is becoming a serious concern. There is a growing need for novel approaches and adjuvant therapies for such infections, particularly in the setting of worsening antibacterial resistance. The strategy of supporting the immune system of the host in advance of infection exposure would decrease the number and severity of infections and thus decrease antibiotic use. Micronutrients have varied roles throughout every stage of the immune system and help in strengthening and maintaining immune function. Deficiencies of micronutrients are associated with varied health outcomes and can impact both innate and adaptive immunity profoundly, causing immunosuppression and thus leading to increased susceptibility to infections. Moreover, in view of the COVID-19 pandemic situation, the factors that help the proper functioning of the immune system have garnered much interest and hence the maintenance of an optimal status of certain micronutrients could be particularly beneficial
Evaluation of the comparison of anti-depressant effects of oral fluoxetine and riluzole in albino rats by using the forced swimming test model
Get PDFBackground: Depression is a group of disorders results from a combination of multiple etiologic factors- genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic and socio-environmental. A depression consists of following clinical features as sadness, apathy, changes in sleep pattern, impaired concentration, feeling of shame or guilt and thoughts of dying or death. Fluoxetine and riluzole both are used for the treatment of depression in human being. Fluoxetine is SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and riluzole is anxiolytic and mood stabilizer.Methods: Healthy male albino rats weighing between 150-200 grams were taken for the present study. Study animals were divided into three groups randomly with each group consisting of ten animals. Drugs were powdered with help of mortar and pestle and mixed in gum acacia solution. Appropriate volume of the freshly prepared solution was administered orally daily between 9 am to 10 am to all animal as per their individual body weight. Group A administered 1ml of 0.9% normal saline orally and serves as control group. Group B administered 0.4 mg of fluoxetine orally. Group C administered 2 mg of riluzole orally. Animals were evaluated for antidepressant activity using model- forced swimming test.Results: The results in the forced swimming test were assessed by duration of immobility in last 4 minutes of total 6 minute test duration. Antidepressant activity is indicated by the reduction in the duration of immobility i.e. lesser the duration more the efficacy. The results have been expressed as mean±standard deviation of duration of immobility in seconds during 6 minute period.Conclusions: There was significant difference in antidepressant activity of fluoxetine with antidepressant activity of riluzole. Riluzole showed antidepressant activity after two weeks of starting the drugs
Distribution of aetiological types of stroke among the diabetic adults admitted with stroke in a referral hospital: an observational study
Get PDFBackground: Stroke is one of the most devastating disorders worldwide, in terms of morbidity and mortality. Association of comorbid conditions increase severity and chances of unfavourable outcome in stroke patients. Diabetes is one of the vital comorbidity risk factors reported to be associated with occurrence, poor outcome in stroke patients. An increased incidence of stroke has been reported in advanced age among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relative distribution of aetiological types of stroke among the stroke patients having diabetes.Methods: All adults (18-65) admitted in medicine indoor of Midnapore medical college and hospital with a provisional diagnosis of stroke having random blood glucose level ≥200 mg/dl and/or h/o diabetes were enrolled and screened for different etiological factors e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia. Age group and gender wise distribution pattern were also obtained.Results: A total 384 subjects were included in the study. Hypertension was found to be most common (75%) comorbid condition among participants, followed by dyslipidemia (56%). 77.9% of subjects presented with random glucose level of >200 mg/dl.Conclusions: stroke of either types is very much prevalent among diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes along with hypertension and dyslipidemia increases the chance many times. Early detection and prompt therapeutic intervention may reduce the mortality rate overall