International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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A prospective observational study of demographic profile in patients of amoebic and pyogenic liver abscesses in a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: Liver abscesses, both amoebic and pyogenic, continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. Pyogenic liver abscess is a serious, life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate that represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In India, due to poor sanitary condition and a lower socioeconomic status, amoebiasis is endemic and amoebic liver abscess accounts for 3-9% of all cases of amoebiasis. Aim and objectives of current study was to study demographic profile in patients of amoebic and pyogenic liver abscesses.
Methods: A detailed history was taken from each of these patients and all of them were subjected to a through clinical examination.
Results: The highest incidence occurred in the age group 31-50 years; males were more commonly affected than females. Fever and pain abdomen were the most consistently occurring symptoms. All the patients with liver abscess had abdominal tenderness. 17 patients (74%) with liver abscess were alcoholics. 8 patients (80%) with amoebic liver abscess were alcoholic as compared to 9 patients (69%) in pyogenic liver abscess.
Conclusions: Pyogenic organisms were most common cause of liver abscess
A comparative evaluation of placebo effect on pain perception parameters in open-label versus double-blind groups: a prospective randomized pilot study in healthy volunteers
Get PDFBackground: Considerable placebo response rate is commonly observed in placebo-controlled trials involving analgesics. However, there is paucity of evidence with regard to comparison of effect of open-label placebo versus double-blind placebo on pain perception.
Methods: In this study, cold water maintained at 4±1°C was used to induce experimental pain. Enrolled subjects were randomized to receive either 2% lignocaine gel as active drug or K-Y jelly as placebo as per the groups in open-label (two groups) and double-blind (two groups) study. Pain perception was evaluated using pain threshold time and pain tolerance time after immersion of subject’s hand in the cold water. Pain intensity was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results: Sixty-nine subjects were randomized into 4 study groups namely open-label lignocaine (OLL; N=17), open-label placebo (OLP; N=18), double-blind lignocaine (DBL; N=17) and double-blind placebo (DBP; N=17). OLP application increased pain intensity on VAS from 67 (47, 84) to 72 (39, 88) mm (p=0.018). OLL application reduced pain perception pain threshold time from 20.4 (4.0, 45.1) to 24.1 (6.3, 124.2) seconds (p=0.049) and pain tolerance time from 32.7 (6.8, 110.2) to 40.0 (7.7, 156.7) seconds (p=0.019). The change in pain parameters (before and after application of study intervention) was comparable without any significant difference among the four study groups (p=0.257 for pain threshold time, p=0.165 for pain tolerance time and p=0.563 for pain intensity score).
Conclusions: Lignocaine and placebo gel application showed comparable change in pain perception irrespective of blinding
Teplizumab: a new glimmer of hope for type 1 diabetic patients
Get PDFTeplizumab is the first monoclonal antibody used to delay the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). It is a highly selective, a CD3-directed monoclonal antibody, given parenterally that was approved in November 2022, for delaying the onset of Stage 3 type 1 diabetes in adults and paediatric patients aged 8 years and older with stage 2 type 1 Diabetes. It binds to the immune cells that destroy the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells and inactivates them thereby leading to decreased rate of reduction in insulin production and subsequently delay in the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes
Evaluation of prescribing pattern of drugs and compliance to standard treatment guidelines in patients of chronic hepatitis B: a prospective observational study
Get PDFBackground: Hepatitis B is a major global health problem. Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by hepatic inflammation, necrosis and persistence of HbsAg for at least 6 months. Chronic liver disease is more predictably associated with impaired metabolism of drugs than acute liver dysfunction. Prescribing drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis B is challenging because of concerns that the drug may exacerbate the liver disease. There is also the fear that the altered liver state may change metabolism and excretion of the drug.
Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted involving patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B at the liver clinic outpatient department (OPD) of AIIMS Bhopal. A total of 102 patients with chronic hepatitis B who met the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study.
Results: Out of 102 prescriptions, 492 drugs were prescribed for the 102 patients. Out of 102 patients, 81 patients (81.66%) were on entecavir monotherapy and rest 21 patients (18.34%) were on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy. Of the 102-prescription issued, 92.15% (94/102) were compliant and 7.85% (8/102) were noncompliant.
Conclusions: Entecavir was the most common antiviral drug prescribed, followed by tenofovir in patients of chronic hepatitis B. Spironolactone plus torasemide combination was the most common fixed dose combination used among study participants. Liver cirrhosis followed by portal hypertension was the most common complication. Majority of prescriptions were compliant with recommendations for pharmacotherapy and safety guidelines in patients of chronic hepatitis B.
Tunicamycin induced inhibition of calpain 1 and 2 enzyme activity in ovarian cancer cells
Get PDFBackground: Tunicamycin (TN) is an antitumor agent and induced intracellular calcium levels in many cells, however its molecular mechanism is still needed to be explored. Calpeptin (Calp) is an inhibitor of both calpain 1 and 2 (CAPN-1/2) enzymes, and plays a fundamental role in tumor mechanism. In this study, the effects of TN and Calp were investigated on CAPN-1/2 enzyme activity in normal and ovarian cancer cells adhered to fibronectin.
Methods: 24uM TN, 50uM Calp, and combined TN and Calp (TN+Calp) were applied for 1 and 12 hours to FN-bound (FN+) and non-FN-bound (FN-) normal human ovarian epithelial (IHOSE) and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells. The activation of CAPN-1/2 was measured by the luminescent method and the significance of the results was analyzed with the t-test.
Results: CAPN-1/2 enzyme activity (at 12 hour) was present in both cell lines, but the level of enzyme is higher in IHOSE cells compared to SKOV-3 cells. The results showed that 1 hour TN and TN+Calp applications stimulated CAPN-1/2 enzyme activity in IHOSE cells but did not show any stimulating effect in SKOV-3 cells. After 12-hour of treatment, the cells with TN, Calp or TN+Calp showed an inhibitory effect on CAPN-1/2 enzyme in both FN+IHOSE and SKOV-3 cells. At 12-hour TN+Calp administration was determined to be the most effective inhibitor in FN+ SKOV-3 since it inhibited CAPN1/2 activity statistically significantly more than both Calp and TN administrations.
Conclusions: The effects of TN, Calp and TN+Calp applications on the CAPN-1/2 enzyme varied according to the cell type, normal or cancer cells, and whether the cell was bound to FN and the incubation period. 12 h administrations of TN, Calp or TN+Calp inhibited the CAPN-1/2 enzyme in both FN+ IHOSE and SKOV-3 cells
A study on drug utilization pattern of anticoagulants in post-cardiac surgeries at a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: The study is being carried out mainly to understand the prevention of coagulation of blood after a patient undergoing various types of cardiac surgeries, using different anticoagulation therapies suitable to particular types of cardiac surgery. This study was conducted to know the types of anticoagulants prescribed to patients who have undergone different types of cardiac surgeries along with the prescribed anticoagulants.
Methods: The study method used was a retrospective and prospective observational study carried out on 50 patients who underwent cardiac surgeries in the department of cardiology and medicine.
Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled for this study who satisfied the inclusion criteria, out of which 64% of patients were males, and 36% were females. The highest number of patients were found to be in between the age group of 61-70 yrs (34%), whereas age group between 51-60 yrs (28%), age group 71 and above (18%), 41-50 (14%), 21-30 yrs (4%) and 18-20 yrs (2%) respectively. Most of the patients had undergone Coronary Artery bypass grafting. It was seen that the highest Anticoagulant being prescribed was Heparin in most of the post-cardiac surgeries. Whereas drugs like dalteparin, acenocoumarol, and warfarin were prescribed the majority in valvular heart surgeries.
Conclusions: Various cardiac surgeries were taken into consideration for the study. The most common anticoagulants prescribed were heparin, dalteparin, acenocoumarol, and warfarin in coronary artery bypass surgery and valvular heart surgeries respectively
Optimization of nutrient media for glucoamylase production by Plackett-Burman design using Aspergillus niger
Get PDFBackground: Glucoamylase is an important enzyme produced by various bacterial and fungal species as an intracellular or extra cellular enzyme. It is used to treat gastrointestinal issues, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, psoriasis, allergies, eczema, emphysema and asthma, and thus, supplements are often included in complexes for digestive disorders and also applications in different industries.
Methods: Natural ingredients are screened for glucoamylase production by stationary culture of solid-state fermentation technique and Plackett-Burman design microorganism used Aspergillus niger. Eight nutrient medias are designed and from this glucoamylase isolated from the medium by centrifugation at 1500 rpm and assayed by spectrophotometric method.
Results: high glucoamylase levels are found in nutrient media VI with optimized physical conditions like percentage inoculum- 2%, pH- 6, incubation temperature- 400C upon incubation for 4 days.
Conclusions: High amount of glucoamylase is produced in the media VI due to the presence of high amounts of sucrose and optimum concentration of potato, peptone, wheat bran and yeast extract
General population perceptions and attitudes toward COVID-19 booster vaccinations and the mask mandate as we approach the end of 2022: a pan India online survey
Get PDFBackground: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exploded into a global pandemic, killing over 6.5 million people and forever changing the world. While many developed countries are well into their vaccination campaigns, India outperformed global expectations by providing over 2 billion doses to its citizens and assisting other countries worldwide. Following the emergence of various covid variants, it is critical to comprehend the willingness of Indians to receive additional doses of the newer generation of covid vaccination, as well as the fatigue associated with maintaining the most essential covid appropriate behaviour, masking. This study aimed to determine general public attitudes and perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine in India.
Method: A pan-India cross-sectional analysis was conducted at RUHS college of medical sciences, Jaipur, between October 20, 2022, and December 15, 2022. Through web-based links, a self-administered and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data.
Results: Of the total responses received (n=391), 55.6% were males, and 43.8% were females. 63.2% have received two doses of the vaccine, while 33.8% have received three doses. 50.9% of respondents were willing to take the fourth dose of the vaccine, 20.5% were utterly unwilling, and 28.6% were undecided. 10.7% of our respondents were utterly reluctant to wear masks, whereas 26.6% always did.
Conclusions: Based on the findings, vaccination acceptance in India remains high with 50.9% of applicants willing to take the fourth dose. Furthermore, the pandemic has resulted in the incorporation of face masks into our lifestyles, with the majority of people using a face mask in at least one setting
A retrospective study on the clinical picture of COVID-19 patients associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in India
Get PDFBackground: The clinical characterization of COVID varies from mild to severe. In the initial phases of the disease, symptoms like fever, cough, and dyspnea can occur. The severity and outcome of COVID vary with preexisting conditions, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective of current study was to assess the clinical presentation and laboratory derangements of COVID-19 patients associated with T2DM.Methods: The present retrospective study was started after the approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. Various clinical (Sp02, final diagnosis, co-morbidity, and outcome) and biochemical parameters (CBC, LFT, RFT, LDH, Trop I, CK-MB D-dimer, CRP, ferritin levels, RBS, HbA1c) of Covid-19 patients were collected from Central Laboratory and & Medical Record Department of our institution. Patient names were anonymized and data were analyzed. The results are expressed in percentages.Results: A total of 24 COVID-19 patients (with T2DM) details were collected from the medical record department and central laboratory. Out of 24 patients, 16 (66.6%) were male, and the remaining 08 (33.3%) were female. Out of 24, 05 patients had mild covid, 02 were moderate and the remaining 17 suffered from severe COVID. The mean values of oxygen saturation, LDH, D-dimer, Troponin-I, CRP, Ferritin, Procalcitonin, and CK-MB were 76%, 797.3 U/l, 1614.2 ng/ml, 6.93 ng/ml, 72.6 mg/dl, 521.2 µg/l, 2.33 µg/l and 40.59 ng/ml respectively. The average random blood sugar level and glycosylated hemoglobin were 308.8 mg/dl and HbA1c 10.22%. Mean values of 42.5 mg/dl and 1.54 mg/dl were recorded for blood urea and S. creatinine. Regarding liver function test, mean values of 0.87 mg/dl, 0.37 mg/dl, 0.49mg/dl, 344.8U/l, 115.6U/l,108U/l respectively noted for total bilirubin, direct, indirect, SGOT, SGPT and ALP. Regarding patient outcome, 09 (37.5%) patients recovered and 15 (62.5%) died due to COVID. The values of glycosylated Hb and random blood sugar among the 15 patients who died due to covid infection suggested uncontrolled diabetes Mellitus in 7 of them with associated hypertension and died due to septic shock. Conclusions: Though the laboratory mean values of the liver function test and renal function test shows moderate variations the mean values of CRP, LDH, Procalcitonin, and Ferritin which are the acute inflammatory markers are highly disrupted when compared to normal ranges.
Knowledge, attitude, and practices among clinically exposed medical students and interns towards COVID-19 vaccine in a tertiary care hospital, Kanyakumari district: a cross-sectional survey
Get PDFBackground: Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved against coronavirus disease and its distribution to different countries. The study is mainly done to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice among clinically exposed medical students and interns toward COVID-19 vaccine.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2022 in a tertiary care hospital. Using questionnaires, the knowledge, attitude, and practice among medical students and interns were assessed, and they were then analysed and categorised accordingly. Then the students were given awareness regarding COVID-19 vaccine.Results: The questionnaires were distributed among students and interns, and responses were collected. A total number of participants (n=300), out of which the majority of responders were second-year students 89 (29.6%). Overall, 39.75% had high-grade knowledge, 43.5% had a positive attitude and 37.5% had good practice regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. The results show that 81.2% of interns had high-grade knowledge, 76.6% possess a positive attitude and 71.9% of good practice and preventive measures towards COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: Our study concludes that there were certain gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice among second and third-year medical students when compared with final-year medical students and interns