International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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Drug utilization pattern in patients of upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common and frequently occurring infections in the pediatric population. These infections include conditions like common cold, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute rhinitis, acute rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media. Young children have an average of 6-8 colds per year, however 10 -15% of children have at least 12 infections per year. This study concentrates on prescription pattern of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in children. primary objective was to study the prescription pattern of drugs used in URTI in pediatric outpatient department and the secondary objective was to determine whether the drugs being prescribed comply with those listed in the National list of essential medicines.
Methods: This study was a Cross-sectional, observational study conducted at the Pediatric Outpatient Department in a tertiary care hospital, India. The data was collected from patients visiting Pediatrics OPD from June 2021 to December 2021 after taking written informed consent. Sample size was calculated to be 303.
Results: Total 943 drugs were prescribed for 303 patients with an average of 3.11±1.15 drugs per prescription. Most common class of drugs prescribed was Antipyretics of which Paracetamol was the most common drug. Antibiotics were prescribed for 19.80% patients & combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid was the most common antibiotic prescribed. 68.29% drugs were prescribed by generic name. 43.16% drugs were prescribed from National List of Essential Medicines 2015.
Conclusions: The study revealed that the majority of children suffering from URTI were below 5 years of age. Our study highlighted the prescribing
A review on food allergy: pathogenesis, diagnosis methods and treatment approaches
Get PDFAn exaggerated immune reaction to a food that takes place in a vulnerable host is referred to as a food allergy. The two main types of food-induced allergy diseases are those caused by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and those caused by non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. These reactions are frequently brought on by food allergens such as egg, seafood, fruits, milk, soy, peanut, etc. In India, roughly 26.5% of the population has been impacted by food-induced allergy diseases. Age, sex, heredity, and geographic location of the patient, as well as vitamin D deficiency and other allergic reactions, are risk factors that might result in life-threatening food allergies. Skin prick test, oral food challenge, component resolved diagnostic testing are the most widely used diagnostic tests for food allergy. Pharmacotherapy of food induced allergic reactions include epinephrine therapy and use of antihistamine drugs. However, the main stay of treatment is avoidance of responsible food and food desensitization. Some home remedies can also be used in order to control allergic reactions caused by food allergens. All these remedies directly or indirectly improve the health of immune system to prevent food induced allergic reactions. The objective of this study was to throw a light on the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods and possible treatment options for food allergy
Effects of Salacia Oblonga on aluminium induced changes on membrane ATPases of various organs in Wistar albino rats
Get PDFBackground: Aluminium, one of the abundant elements present in nature enters human body through diet, food packaging material and medication. Aluminium can induce toxicity by causing oxidative damage and by altering the function of membrane bound ATPases, Salacia oblonga, a woody climbing plant with vast geographical distribution in India possess various biological functions. Previous studies have shown a protective effect of S. oblonga on Al induced visceral toxicity. Our aim is to evaluate the effect of S. oblonga extract on aluminium induced oxidative organ damage and haematological changes
Methods: The experimental animals, Wistar albino rats, were divided into four groups of 6 per group. The four groups are divided into distilled water, Aluminium chloride, Salacia oblonga extract and aluminium and Salacia oblonga. On 37th day animals were sacrificed and organs and blood were collected for assessment of ATPase activity, protein levels and haematological parameters.
Results: Salacia oblonga increased the ATPase activity in the brain, heart and lungs, improved the protein levels and haematological parameters which were deteriorated by Al toxicity. Though statistically insignificant S. oblonga improved the ATPase enzymes and haematological parameters.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that Aluminium causes membrane damage in various organs by altering the membrane ATPases level as a result of oxidative stress and altered the haematological parameters. We demonstrated that S. oblonga ameliorates Al induced membrane toxicity and also confers hemoprotective effect
Analysis of voluntary reported adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFBackground: Adverse drug reactions are the major cause for increased hospital stay and it increases the economic burden of the patients. Reporting of ADR helps in signal generation and to ensure safe use of a drug. Present study was conducted to analyse the ADR reporting pattern and completeness of the ADR forms.
Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted for 6 months in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 330 ADR forms were analysed and completeness of ADR forms were assessed.
Results: A total of 330 ADRs were reported. 46% ADRs were reported in 2018, 23% in 2019, 11% in 2020, 8.9% in 2021 and 10.7% in 2022. 177 (53%) were males and 153 (47%) were females. Most occurred reaction was Hyponatremia 22 (6%), followed by Hypokalaemia 18 (5%). Neuropsychiatry cases were 62 (18.78%), Urinary system cases were 45 (13.63%). 122 (88%) patients were taking concomitant drugs whereas only 17 (12%) patients were not taking. Above 80% completeness were seen in 155 (46.96%) forms. Above 70% completeness in 292 (88.68%) forms.
Conclusions: ADRs occurrence was high in male compared to female. Most of the ADRs affected Neuropsychiatry followed by Urinary system. Antimicrobials are responsible for majorly reported ADRs followed by cephalosporins (17.6%) and Penicillin (11.76%). Overall completeness of reported ADR form was 80%, 67.87% of forms were not adequately filled with mandatory fields.
USG guided indices as a tool for prediction of difficult airway in obese: an observational study
Get PDFBackground: Now a days, Ultrasound has been the gold standard and an invaluable tool in the field of regional anaesthesia, especially for upper limb and truncal blocks where general anesthesia is associated with high risk and also in patients posted for general anesthesia with anticipated difficult airway. Recently, few studies have published the importance of Ultrasound in the evaluation of airway and related procedures. Aim of this study is to evaluate the use of USG guided indices for prediction of difficult airway in obese patients and correlating them with clinical parameters.
Methods: This study was a prospective observational study done in a tertiary health care center, Government General hospital, Kakinada over a duration of two months from August 2022 to September 2022. Eight Ultrasound parameters like tongue thickness, skin to hyoid distance, pre-epiglottic space, skin to midpoint of vocal cords, skin to thyroid isthmus, anterior soft tissue thickness at suprasternal notch, hyomental distance and thyromental distance were correlated with clinical evaluation (Cormacke-lehane grading) in this study and conclusions were drawn.
Results: Out of 30 cases studied, 20 (70%) were predicted to be difficult with Ultrasound airway examination and 16 (53.3%) were found to have difficulty in intubation clinically.
Conclusions: The following USG indices like pre-epiglottic space, Skin to midpoint of vocal cords, Anterior soft tissue thickness at Suprasternal notch, Hyomental distance in mid-extended position and thyromental distance were found to be clinically correlated to predict difficult airway and intubation in obese patients
Materiovigilance programme of India: a step towards patient safety
Get PDFMedical devices which are indispensable part of healthcare delivery system may cause serious events for patients and contribute to healthcare costs. The robust materiovigilance programme will lead to improve the safety of patients and users by reducing the reoccurrence of the incidents. Furthermore, the existing incidents advocate continuous monitoring of medical devices in use, in order to protect the patients’ health. Post marketing surveillance of medical devices is done in many countries, but it is still not as developed and robust as that of medicines. Materiovigilance program of India was launched, at Indian pharmacopeia commission to monitor the adverse events associated with the use of medical devices, to generate safety data, create awareness among the different stakeholders, and recommend the best practices and interventions to improve the patient’s safety. This article reviews regulations and guidance documents regarding medical devices focused on post market vigilance framework in India along with measures for robust implementation of the existing programme
Determination of the bioavailability and biodistribution of a single dose of oral cholecalciferol/Calcirol® soft gelatin capsule by pharmacoscintigraphy- CalSci study
Get PDFBackground: It is required to study the bioavailability and biodistribution of specific cholecalciferol formulation before prescribing. Pharmacoscintigraphy is an established radiological-imaging technique that is used to map various drug formulations as they traverses the human body (biodistribution) in real-time. We evaluated the bioavailability and biodistribution pattern, transit time, and gastrointestinal clearance of a single dose of Calcirol® soft gelatin capsule 60,000 IU [an oral cholecalciferol (vitamin D) formulation] using pharmacoscintigraphy.
Methods: Six male healthy adult volunteers were administered a single oral dose of Calcirol® soft gelatin capsule labelled with technetium-99m. Post-dosing, serial venous blood samples were collected till day 27 for the estimation of the plasma levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels. Different pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Sequential static gamma imaging was performed to evaluate the biodistribution of Calcirol® soft gelatin capsule. Descriptive statistics was used. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the concentration-time curves. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student’s t-test. Suitable multivariate analysis was performed based on the distribution of data. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS® Software (v 9.4).
Results: The overall absorption of Calcirol® soft gelatin capsule was 93.23%, which was fully from the small intestine. It led to achieving a sufficient level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (>60 ng/ml) within 6 hours of oral intake. The levels of plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increased (maximum around 6 and 18 days, respectively). The small intestinal residence time was around 16 hours. No adverse event was noted.
Conclusions: This was the first pharmacoscintigraphy study in the world which demonstrated the favourable bio-distribution of the Calcirol softgels supporting its role in vitamin D supplementation
Effect of pharmacist counselling on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in reducing blood sugar levels: a systematic literature review
Get PDFType 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, and one approach to managing T2DM is through patient counselling. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic literature review to identify the impact of pharmacist counselling on patients with T2DM in reducing blood sugar levels. This research utilized the systematic literature review method. Research data were sourced from published literature, retrieved from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. The collected data were then qualitatively analysed. The results show that, based on 15 journal literatures reviewed, pharmacist counselling in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus significantly impacts the reduction of blood sugar levels (both glucose and HbA1c levels). The average blood sugar level decreased from 225.69 to 190.98, while another study reported fasting blood glucose levels dropping from 274.5 mg/dl to 239.8 mg/dl. However, there was one study that indicated counselling only managed to slow down the rate of glucose level increase in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Overall, these findings underscore the vital role of pharmacist counselling in the management and control of blood sugar levels in T2DM patients, contributing to better diabetes care and potentially reducing direct medical costs associated with the condition
Phocomelia: is it time to retrospect, regulate and rescue? a case report
Get PDFPhocomelia is an extremely rare congenital anomaly which presents as, the proximal part of the limb (humerus or femur, radius or tibia, ulna or fibula) being absent or markedly hypoplastic, with normal or near normal hand or foot. True phocomelia presents as the total absence of the intermediate segments of the limb, with the hand or foot directly attached to the trunk. Presented here is a case of phocomelia in an aborted foetus, with no maternal history of thalidomide exposure in her pregnancy and for whom evaluation of other family members/ siblings failed to reveal any substantial abnormality. The differential diagnosis and the significance of reporting of serious adverse drug reactions are discussed
A study of assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic stewardship among healthcare providers in a tertiary care hospital of Sangli
Get PDFBackground: Antimicrobials are routinely used for variety of clinical conditions but are also misused leading to drug resistance bacteria in clinical practice. Consultants can gain the knowledge about it and can also have the depth of problem faced, their prescribing behavior mainly depends on their attitude and understanding of condition. Our aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and beliefs about antibiotics prescribing among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital of Sangli.
Methods: Our present study was conducted in the Bharati hospital, BV (DU) medical college and hospital, Sangli. Ethical clearance from the institutional ethics committee was obtained and it was, cross-sectional questionnaire-based study carried out in the form of a survey in which a pretested, semi-structured, validated questionnaire was provided to junior residents, senior residents and faculty of different specialties and responses were recorded. Questionnaire comprises of 9 in knowledge, 10 in attitude and 10 in practice section.
Results: Out of all participants 84.5% believed that no need of antibiotics for running and blocked nose. Majority 89.6% were expressed that sample culture should be sent before starting antibiotics. 90.4% participants believed that education of patients will help. Only 76.8% strictly adhere to the antibiotic policy of our hospital.
Conclusions: The present study on antibiotic usage gives useful information about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of prescribers and help plan suitable educational modifications that aim at improving the antimicrobial prescribing and minimizing the development of drug resistance in our developing country