International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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An expert consensus on managing allergic cough in the pediatric set-up
Get PDFAllergic cough frequently serves as a symptom of more comprehensive allergic conditions and is associated with a range of environmental and genetic factors. The presence of chronic conditions such as asthma, rhinitis, and sinusitis play a substantial role in the development of allergic cough in children. Allergic rhinitis affects up to 40% child population worldwide. Modified Delphi statements were prepared, and an agreement/disagreement was taken by12 expert paediatricians from India on these statements. The opinions of the expert panel were captured and documented. Consensus was predetermined to be obtained if more than 75% of the participants agreed (or remained neutral) on the statement. 12 pediatricians participated in the panel and provided opinions on 24 modified Delphi statements. All the statements were supported by the latest data from the literature search. 23 statements reached consensus after an agreement (agree + neutral) of more than 75%. In the event of non-agreement, 1 statement was amended as per the panel’s recommendation and sent for another round of deliberation. In the final phase, all the opinions from experts were consolidated and recommendations were framed. The present manuscript provides consensus recommendations for the pediatricians while addressing the allergic cough and related complications in the children. The key outline is to diagnose the proper cause of the cough and follow the proper treatment approach to avoid complications and have better management
A review on: nutraceutical and neuropotective approaches of Momordica charantia L. fruits against neurodegenerative disease
Get PDFThe Momordica charantia is a tropical plant, also known as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a crucial herbal remedy with a wide range of medicinal properties. People in Indian subcontinent and China consider, M.charantia as key components to treats variety of elements such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis etc. These diseases are described by degeneration or loss of selective neuron populations in a progressive manner. The two main characteristic of neurodegenerative illness are oxidative stress and inflammation, which have been studying using the variety of medicinal herbs and their derivatives. However, very few authors have reported the protective effects of M. charantia against neurodegenerative diseases. This short review focus on the neuroprotective effects of M. charantia. Based on their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the present study emphasizes to further explore the protective effects of M. charantia against neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases
Cost analysis study of price variation among the various brands of proton pump inhibitors available in Benghazi-Libya
Get PDFBackground: A large proportion of patients in developing countries have to pay out of pocket for their medications. The prices of different brands of the same medications vary considerably and may vary from one community pharmacy to another. This study was undertaken to evaluate the variation in costs of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists available in Libya.
Methods: Prices of various brands of PPI and various formulations were collected from four community pharmacies in the city of Benghazi. Both cost ratio and percentage variation were calculated and compared for various brands of the same strength and number of tablets, capsules, injections, or syrups.
Results: The highest cost ratio and percentage price variation were found with omeprazole 20 mg, followed by omeprazole 40 mg. Other significant cost variations (>100%) were seen with pantoprazole 40 mg, Downoprazol (omeprazole + sodium bicarbonate) 40 mg, and esomeprazole 40 mg. Ampoules of omeprazole, cimetidine, and ranitidine had cost ratios of 1:1.7, 1:1.7, and 1:1.8, and cost variation ratios of 71.4, 66.7, and 75, respectively. Variations in prices of PPI and histamine H2 antagonists from the same manufacturer between different community pharmacies were common. The highest percentage cost variation (100) was seen with omeprazole 20 mg.
Conclusions: Due to political instability, the prices of all drugs are controlled by importing private companies and the owners of community pharmacies instead of governmental authorities, that leads to cost variations. Therefore, the health authorities exert strict control on pricing of medications
Assessment of minimum inhibitory concentration to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, daptomycin, ceftaroline and mupirocin against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates by antibiotic gradient strips
Get PDFBackground: Staphylococcus aureus infections are one of the most common and serious hospital-acquired infections seen in developing countries. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen and normally colonized in body parts including skin, nose, perineum and throat. MRSA is resistant not only to all β-lactam groups but also other antibiotics including aminoglycosides, tetracycline and macrolides. In the present study the efficacy of agents used in the management of MRSA infections was determined by antibiotic gradient testing.
Methods: A total of 60 clinical isolates of MRSA strains were collected from various diagnostic labs in central Kerala. Clinical isolates were reconfirmed as MRSA by gram staining, yellow-coloured colonies on mannitol salt Agar (MSA). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method as recommended by CLSI guidelines. S. aureus isolates resistant to cefoxitin (30 µg) was identified as MRSA. Antibiotic gradient testing was performed to determine the MIC of vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, daptomycin, ceftaroline and mupirocin against MRSA isolates.
Results: All the 60 MRSA isolates tested were sensitive to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, daptomycin, ceftaroline and mupirocin (100%) and none of the MRSA isolates show resistance.
Conclusions: Results of present study indicates that these agents may be used alongside vancomycin in management of infection caused by MRSA
Evaluation of antimicrobial, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities of ethanol flower extract of Bauhinia acuminata
Get PDFBackground: To develop the herbal drug with the least side effects, there are superior opportunities to discover the medicinal and other biological properties. Natural products serve as sources of beneficial chemical molecules. For this study, Bauhinia acuminate (Family: Fabaceae) having some pharmacological activities was chosen. The present studies was designed for the antimicrobial, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic flowers extract of Bauhinia acuminata.
Methods: The antimicrobial effect of the extracts was evaluated by Disc-Diffusion Assay Method and the cytotoxic activity was determined by brine shrimp lethality test. The thrombolytic activities of the plant extracts were evaluated by a method using streptokinase as a reference standard.
Results: The extract has mild antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, enteropathegenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio mimicus. The zone of inhibition of the extract was measured comparing with standard Tetracycline. Thrombolytic activity of flowers of Bauhinia acuminata showed mild (14.57%) clot lysis while the standard streptokinase showed (90%). Having moderate cytotoxic activities, the mortality rate of brine shrimp was observed in increasing order with the increasing of concentration of extract. In the present study of the ethanol extract LC50=3.251 µg/ml and LC90=286.57 µg/ml. However, Standard control LC50=0.0036 µg/ml and LC90=0.75 µg/ml were found respectively.
Conclusions: Through the studies, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of Bauhinia acuminata could be used in drug formulation or pharmaceutical application. Hence, the plant may further be explored for its various pharmacological activities
Effect of add on therapy of SGLT 2 inhibitors on glycaemic parameters
Get PDFBackground: Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus can be difficult to attain, even with a combination of multiple oral agents as well as Insulin. SGLT2 inhibitors are potential novel agents inhibits the sodium glucose co transporters operated in the kidney tubules independent of the action on insulin resistance or secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the effect on the mean reduction of HbA1c levels. Also, to evaluate the effect of gliflozins on the mean reduction of FBS and PPBS values at the end of 3rd and 6th months and to find out the ADR profile over 6 months.
Methods: Prospective observational study conducted on the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with HbA1c >7% not controlled on metformin in the outpatient over a period of 15 months. An initial visit and thereafter follow up visits at 3rd and 6th month. HbA1c, FBS and PPBS was noted. ADR profile was also noted.
Results: Significant mean reduction in the glycemic parameters among 90% study population with 0.5% reduction in mean HbA1c from the baseline. Also, the reduction in FBS and PPBS were statistically significant by 3rd month of the treatment. Incidence of genital itching was more compared with conventional drugs. Hypotension and polydipsia were rare.
Conclusions: SGLT 2 inhibitors are found to be a promising new category of antidiabetic medications with better control of FBS, PPBS and HbA1c
Antibacterial effectiveness test and characterization of ethanol extract of bandotan herba against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Get PDFBackground: The bandotan plant has been officially recognized by the world health organization (WHO) as a traditional medicinal medicine. The Chinese government has officially recognized the bandotan plant as having health-promoting and longevity-enhancing properties. The content of several secondary metabolites of this bandotan plant, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins, makes this plant have significant potential as an alternative to traditional therapy. This research aims to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of the ethanol extract derived from the bandotan herb against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.
Methods: The test was conducted using agar diffusion and streaking methods, with the test sample concentration being taken into account. The test results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of herba bandotan, at a dosage of 300 mg/mL, possesses inhibitory effects on the development of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.
Results: The concentration required to kill Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by 50 mg/mL is achieved with a percent reduction of 98.27%. Similarly, a concentration of 75 mg/mL is needed to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with a percent reduction of 96.36%. Lastly, a concentration of 100 mg/mL can effectively eliminate Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a percent reduction of 99.24%.
Conclusions: The study's findings indicate that the ethanol extract derived from the bandotan plant had bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria
Assessment of frequency and factors associated with low back pain among undergraduate medical students in Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute: a cross-sectional study
Get PDFBackground: A large percentage of young adults suffer from low back pain. Due to their demanding curriculum, medical students are most susceptible. This study aims to assess the frequency and factors associated with low back pain among undergraduate medical students at a college in Bangalore.
Methods: An online cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was conducted among undergraduate medical students at Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data with a significance level of p <0.05.
Results: Of the 250 students enrolled, 45.6% had low back pain. Long hours of sitting were the common factor aggravating the pain. The logistic regression analysis revealed that Phase 3 (part 2) MBBS (OR=2.53, 95% CI: 1.34 - 4.66), overweight (BMI>25) (OR=3.03, 95% CI: 1.42-6.50), coffee consumption regularly (OR=1.761, 95% CI: 1.007-3.009), Family history of LBP (OR=5.900, 95% CI: 3.182-10.939), duration of exercise/sports 1-2 hours per week (OR=1.691, 95% CI: 1.023-2.794), spending >8 hours for electronic gadgets daily (OR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.14-3.59) were found to be independently associated with low back pain. These results demonstrate an increased risk of low back pain among medical students with high BMI, lack of physical activity and increased electronic device usage.
Conclusions: It highlights the necessity of focused treatments to control stress, minimize extended periods of sitting, enhance physical activity, and support proper posture among medical students. By preventing and managing low back pain, medical students can improve overall performance and quality of life
Study of prescribing pattern of drugs in the management of migraine with psychiatric comorbidities at integral institute of medical science and research
Get PDFBackground: Migraine headaches, a prevalent and serious brain condition, often coincide with mental health issues. This study aims to explore drug prescribing patterns for migraine patients with psychiatric comorbidities.
Methods: Over six months, a prospective observational study was conducted at the psychiatric department of IIMS&R Hospital. 100 prescriptions were analyzed based on specific criteria.
Results: Total 14 different drugs were prescribed. NSAIDs were most common (87%), followed by multivitamins (50%), benzodiazepines (30%), and tricyclic antidepressants (23%).Naxdom (NSAIDs) was frequently used (87%). Patients aged 31-45 years had higher prevalence. Comorbidities associated are depression (18%), anxiety disorder (10%), insomnia (5%).
Conclusions: The study highlights various orally administered drugs, including anti-migraine meds, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and more. Patients within the 31-45years age group were significantly affected. Migraine correlated with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The most common medication was naxdom 250mg taken orally
Comparison of safety and efficacy of silodosin versus mirabegron in medical expulsive therapy for lower ureteric stone: a prospective, open label and randomized controlled trial
Get PDFBackground: Urolithiasis the most common condition affecting genitourinary tract and affect 5 to 10% of population worldwide. Almost all ureteric stones are symptomatic, and patients need to receive immediate evaluation and pain relief treatment. Passage of stone is facilitated by medical expulsive therapy (MET). Overall, 71-98% for stones in the distal ureter that are 5 mm or smaller passes with MET while 29-98% for stones in the proximal ureter that are 5 mm or smaller passes with MET. Silodosin (alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist) and mirabegron (β-3 agonist) were compared for stone expulsion and analgesic effects for symptomatic relief.
Methods: The study was conducted in the department of pharmacology and the department of urology at Dr. R. P. G. M. C., Kangra at Tanda Himachal Pradesh, India which is 700 bedded multispecialty tertiary health care from August 2023to May 2024 and follow-up was done for 4 weeks after initiation of treatment, to compare the safety and efficacy of silodosin versus mirabegron in medical expulsion therapy for lower ureteric stone of size≤10 mm in adults.
Results: In our study patients in silodosin treatment arm had a smaller number of colick episodes (mean 1.65±1.02) during MET as compared to group (mean 2.23±1.07) receiving mirabegron (p=0.011). Patients in silodosin group had significantly lower analgesic requirement (mean 2.10±1.58) as compared to patients in mirabegron (mean 3.30±1.96) which is also statistically significant (p=0.002). Patients in silodosin group had highly significant lower time for stone expulsion (mean 10.0±5.3) as compared to that in patients in mirabegron group (mean 15.7±7.1) (p=0.0004). Overall, incidence of side effects was similar in both groups.
Conclusions: Silodosin demonstrated superior efficacy over Mirabegron in terms of reducing colic episodes, analgesic requirement and stone expulsion time in the management of ureteric calculi. No significant adverse events were reported in either group during the study perio