Journal Of Advanced Zoology
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Covid-19 Induced Neuroinflammation
Get PDFThe respiratory illness COVID-19 started a global pandemic in 2019 and continued until 2020. Globally, the epidemic claimed the lives of around 480,000 persons and affected 9.5 million people. SARS-CoV-2 is the primary cause of this outbreak. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that is encapsulated and can infect multiple organs. It can enter the host through spike proteins. This epidemic had a serious impact on the brain as well. The recovered patients experienced neurological problems following COVID-19, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and difficulty concentrating. Nonetheless, the primary cause of all these clinical disorders or changes in psycho-behavioral patterns is consistently neuroinflammation. The neurological characteristics of COVID-19 patients and the neuroinflammatory effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection will be the main topics of this review. Studies have indicated that the brain inflammation caused by COVID-19 may be partly attributed to the overproduction of free radicals such as ROS and NO as well as the downregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, cytokine storm, which is brought on by inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-6, may be the cause of major depressive disorder (MDD). Thus, it is clear from this analysis how critical it is to manage the harmful neuroinflammatory effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which ultimately result in the death of neurons and neurological impairment. Considering all the information, it is possible to conclude that controlling these inflammatory effects effectively may be a useful tactic for preserving normal brain function
A Review: Suppressed Activity Of Respiratory System After Covid-19
Get PDFPeople\u27s lifestyles and health have undergone significant changes globally in the post-pandemic, or post-Covid-19, era. Those who took drugs during the epidemic have recovered from the negative impact that SARS COVID 2 had on their respiratory systems. Individuals have taken a variety of precautions to keep themselves safe from the infection. As a result, they realized from studying respiratory physiology that common people underwent a number of alterations during the pandemic. A number of them have noticed that when they run or perform any demanding job, their breathing becomes difficult, they pant because of respiratory issues, their heart becomes profound, and they huff because their stability is compromised. The several strategies and mechanisms employed by COVID-19 to modify respiratory conditions in humans following the pandemic have been discussed in this article
Effect Of Selenium In Altering Hypertension Within Indian Population: A Review
Get PDFNowadays Hypertension is a most common Cardiovascular disorder throughout the world. It causes many underlying disease such as pathological condition of heart, blood vessel damage, myocardial infarction, stroke etc. Our review shows that the effect of a micronutrient Selenium (Se), in altering hypertension in Indian population irrespective of age, sex, life-style etc. Selenium is a natural anti-oxidant, has potential role in development and progression of cardio-vascular disease. Se maintains normal functioning of smooth muscle & heart. Experimental evidence shows Selenium level has significant negative relationship that is when Se level decreases, blood pressure increases as oxidative stress increases. Glutathione peroxidase, a selenoprotein, is a protein containing Se have the capacity to protect vascular smooth muscle. Therefore low Se intake leads to severe changes in blood vessel wall. In athlete’s & body-builders strenuous exercise produce free radicals which also contributes on oxidative stress. So balancing of serum Se level is too much necessary for vascular system as it prevent CVD by lowering oxidative stress and inflammatory response. But the studies varied greatly in terms of study population & Se level measured in subject. Therefore repeated trials & Se levels are needed to fully finalized the relationship between Se and Hypertension
A Review On Safety And Tolerability Of Telmisartan
Get PDFEssential hypertension can be treated with telmisartan, a strong, long-acting nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) receptor. Without influencing other receptor systems involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, it specifically blocks the activation of the AT1 receptor by angiotensin II. When combined with high volume of distribution and telmisartan’s distinctively high lipophilicity, the molecule provides the clinically significant benefit of strong tissue penetration. Additionally, it causes an increase in the protein level of adiponectin in adipocytes and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor c (PPAR-c). They might increase insulin sensitivity in this way. According to the BCS classification, it is class II medication because of its high permeability and low solubility. To increase the telmisartan solid dispersion’s aqueous solubility and dissolution rate, various techniques were prepared and studied. One of the main issues with this medication is its low solubility in biological fluids, which leads to poor bioavailability after oral administration. Telmisartan’s solubility was shown to be enhanced when the medication was dispersed solidly utilizing carrier such poly vinyl pyrrolidonek30, poly ethylene glycol 6000, βeta-cyclodextrin, Gelucire 43/01, Poloxamer 407, PVP K30 and HPMC E4, PEG 6000, and NaHCO3
In Vivo Antidiabetic Potential Of Niosome Naringin Nanoconjugate In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Mice
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus remains a significant global health concern, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the in vivo antidiabetic potential of Niosome Naringin Nanoconjugate, a nanoformulation designed to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of naringin, a naturally occurring flavonoid with reported antidiabetic properties. Male Wistar rats were induced with diabetes mellitus using streptozotocin and treated with Niosome Naringin Nanoconjugate orally for a specified duration. The effects of the nanoconjugate on glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and lipid profile were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that Niosome Naringin Nanoconjugate significantly improved glucose tolerance, reduced fasting blood glucose levels, and ameliorated insulin resistance compared to diabetic control groups. Additionally, the nanoconjugate exhibited enhanced bioavailability and prolonged circulation time, suggesting potential for sustained therapeutic effects. These findings highlight the promising antidiabetic efficacy of Niosome Naringin Nanoconjugate and underscore its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes mellitus. Further investigations, including long-term safety assessments and clinical trials, are warranted to fully elucidate its clinical applicability. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the development of innovative nanomedicine approaches for diabetes management, with Niosome Naringin Nanoconjugate emerging as a promising candidate for future therapeutic interventions
A Comparative In Vitro Antioxidant Potential Of Various Extracts From Aerial And Underground Parts Of Dalbergia Sissoo.
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of aerial and underground parts of Dalbergia sissoo extracts.
Methods: Shed dried and powdered plant parts were initially extracted in methanol and subsequently partitioned in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol successively. Antioxidant and radical scavenging potential of methanol extracts and fractions of each parts were evaluated using Total phenolic content (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’ –azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation radical scavenging, reducing power (potassium ferricyanide-trichloroacetic acid system), ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and total antioxidant activity assays.
Results: TPC and TFC values for methanol extracts and various fractions ranged from 0.23- 4mg/L gallic acid equivalents and from 30-545 mg/L rutin equivalent respectively, Methanol extracts and all fractions of roots and aerial parts showed higher TPC and TFC values. Methanol extracts and aqueous fractions of roots and aerial parts and n-butanol fractions of root showed lower EC50 values for 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging than the other plant extracts. The 2, 2’ –azinobis , radical scavenging, total antioxidant potential and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential values confirmed the presence of potent antioxidant potential values confirmed the presence of potent antioxidant principles in the methanol extract of roots. All the extracts of the roots showed high antioxidant and radical scavenging activities
Molecular Insight Of Q126P PINK1 Mutation Parkinson\u27s Disease
No full textInnate Gene alterations affecting PARK2 and PARK6 are mostly responsible for Parkinson\u27s disease. These genes encode the protein kinase PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Cooperation between Parkin and PINK1 regulates the mitophagy pathway, which recycles damaged mitochondria following oxidative stress. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin belongs to the RBR family. Parkin protein\u27s C terminal edge is home to the IBR domain. The IBR domain maintains the shape and adjustability of RING domains and displays zinc ion-dependent folding, having two zinc-binding sites. Therefore, a parkin protein mutation in a zinc-binding site may result in inappropriate folding, which ultimately impairs the structure as well as function of the protein. Parkin that has been phosphorylated has worse autoinhibition because the phosphoserine group\u27s altered surface electrostatics interfere with its intramolecular interaction. Early-onset Parkinsonism has been linked to homozygous PINK1 gene variants. A novel homozygous mutation (Q126P) in the PINK1 gene was reported in two German sisters diagnosed with a clinical presentation resembling Parkinsonism. The structural aspect of (Q126P) mutation was studied here. Furthermore, we show how a PINK1 mutation in the Parkinson protein family activates parkin, resulting in the expanded structure needed for E2-ubiquitin binding. All of these results emphasize the significance of the parkin activation process via the PINK1 phosphorylation signal and offer a structural view of the parkin and E3 ubiquitin ligase interaction method
Reviewing the Performance of Mutual Funds in India- A Literature Review
Get PDFMutual funds have emerged as the top investment choice for small investors due to their potential for high returns and lower risk levels. They provide an opportunity for small investors to participate in the securities market, thus enabling them to grow their wealth while mitigating risk. Consequently, studying mutual funds has become crucial in today\u27s financial landscape, as it offers valuable insights necessary for making informed investment decisions. With the increasing popularity of mutual fund investments, it is also essential to analyze the associated risks and the significant returns they offer. This paper aims to enhance understanding of the Indian mutual funds industry
A Morphological Study On Shapes Of Pterion And Its Clinical Importance.
Get PDFBackground: The pterion is an important anatomical landmark of the skull where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bones are articulated. The pterion is the thinnest and the weakest spot of the skull. and can be used as an anatomical landmark of the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery, lateral sulcus of brain and especially Broca’s motor speech area. It is also an important approach point to the sphenoid ridge during optic cancer surgery. Therefore, the position of the pterion is of vital importance in neurosurgery.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to findout the shapes of pterion in adult human dry skulls. 96 adlut dry skull were included for the study. We have observed 192 sides and classified the pterion shapes according to Murphys`s classification in to 4 types namely, sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate and epipteric suture. We have collected the skulls from routine classes of medical, dental and departmental stock also used.
Results: The present study was conducted in 96(192 sides) adult dry skulls, out of 52(104 sides) identified as male skulls and 44(88 sides) found as female skulls. We observed 4 types of pterions in present study that includes Spenoparital, Frontoparietal, Stellate and Epipteric. In males 75(72.11%) sides identifies as spenoparital, 15(14.42%) sides identified as frontoparital, 8(7.69%) sides as stellate and 2(1.92%) as epipteric.
Conclusion: The present study findings may be helpful in practice of forensic medicine, anthropology. The pterion site very important for neurosurgeons as it is site for middle meningeal vessels and important areas of cerebrum like Broca`s area