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Fuzzy Rough Subgroups on Approximation Space
Get PDFFuzzy rough sets are a mathematical concept that combines fuzzy sets and rough sets to deal with uncertainty and incompleteness in data and information. In this study, different from the definition of Dubois and Prade (1990), the fuzzy rough set is defined within the framework of the rough group concept defined by Biswas and Nanda (1994), and some of its algebraic properties are discussed. Then, the concepts of fuzzy rough subgroup and fuzzy rough normal subgroup are introduced in the rough group. In addition, some basic features and examples of these concepts are given.
MSC (2010): Primary: 03E99, 20N99
Peculiarities of a Rarely Used Method of Measuring the Speech Transmission Index in Premises
Get PDFEvaluation of speech transmission index (STI) in premises allows for determining the speech intelligibility, and therefore the suitability of premises for speech communication. STI measurements using the speech transmission index for telecommunication systems (STITEL) method are rarely performed in rooms, possibly due to insufficient information on the accuracy of this method. In this paper, computer simulations were used to estimate the STI estimation errors by the STITEL method under conditions of noise and reverberation. The pink noise model and the room impulse response estimate of a real room with a reverberation time T60=0.8 s were used for the research. The duration of the test signals varied between 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 seconds, and the signal-to-noise ratio varied from minus 28 dB to plus 28 dB. The dependences of the bias, standard deviation, and total error of the STI estimate on the duration of the test signal and the signal-to-noise ratio are obtained. It is shown that the total error of the STI estimation is close to 0.03 when the duration of the test signal is 8 s. Under conditions of noise action, this error decreases with a further increase in the duration of the test signal. Under conditions of joint action of noise and reverberation, such a decrease was not observed, while the total error is within 0.03-0.04
A Study on Failure Rate, Reliability, and Collection Efficiency Trend of Bag Filters in a Cement Plant
Get PDFThis thesis presents a comprehensive study on the failure rate, reliability, and collection efficiency trends of bag filters in a cement plant over 15 years. Bag filters are vital pollution control equipment used in various industries, including cement plants, to maintain environmental compliance. Understanding their performance and failure patterns is crucial to ensure efficient and reliable operation while adhering to stringent pollution control standards. The research findings reveal that the failure rate trend of bag filters closely follows the bathtub curve, with an initial high failure rate, a period of lower failures, and a subsequent increase in failures as the equipment nears the end of its life cycle. Reliability trends align with Madhab's Hat curve, exhibiting higher reliability during the first 10 to 12 years of operation, followed by a decline in reliability. The collection efficiency of bag filters declines as the equipment ages, with the efficiency decreasing from 99.998% in the early years to 95.05% in the 15th year. This emphasizes the importance of maintenance and retrofitting for older dust collection equipment to maintain high collection efficiency. The study concludes that the typical life span of bag filters ranges from 10 to 15 years, after which major maintenance interventions are necessary to minimize failure rates. The research provides valuable insights for maintenance engineers, design engineers, and reliability engineers, enabling them to improve the performance of pollution control equipment, such as bag filters, reverse air bag houses (RABH), and electrostatic precipitators (ESP), to meet the pollution control standards set by regulatory authorities
Feasibility of CO2 Injection for Enhance Oil Recovery: A Case Study in the KMJ Layer of HKY Field
Get PDFCarbondioxide (CO2) injection is a very effective and proven technology for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) and oil swelling are two important factors of the CO2 gas displacement mechanism that occurs in the reservoir when CO2 injection is applied to enhance oil recovery. In this study, MMP determination between crude oil samples and CO2 gas has been conducted using three methods, i.e., empirical equation, correlations method, and laboratory experiment using slimtube. The determination of the swelling factor was conducted using a PVT cell, where recombined fluid is injected at the reservoir temperature. The MMP value from the empirical equation (2810 psig) is relatively close to the MMP value from the laboratory experiment (2807 psig), with a difference of 3 psig. The swelling test results show that the bubble point pressure and the swelling factor increase from 410 psig to 2200 psig and from 1.0 to 1.442, respectively, as the CO2 gas injection reaches 46.82% mole. Since the fracture pressure of the KMJ Layer in the HKY Field is 2200 psig and the MMP is 2807 psig, only immiscible CO2 flooding can be applied in the field because the CO2 MMP is higher than the fracture pressure
Renewable Energy Sourcing to Enhance Sustainable Manufacturing by Using Madhab’s EEE Impact Analysis Model
Get PDFThe world's increasing energy demand, coupled with the depletion of finite energy resources, necessitates a shift towards sustainable energy solutions. This research explores the multifaceted benefits of substituting conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources with renewable energy in industrial settings, with a focus on sustainable manufacturing. A case study was conducted at a printing and packaging factory in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, to analyze economic, environmental, health, safety, and efficiency factors associated with various energy options based on the Madhab’s EEE (Environmental, Efficiency, Economic) impact analysis method. The study identified solar power generation as the optimal energy source, boasting the lowest EEE impact index of 1.90. Wind energy ranked second, followed by conventional GRID power and DG (Diesel Generator) power sources, which were found to be less favorable due to their higher EEE impact indices. Feasibility assessments revealed that the factory had ample rooftop and vacant land space for solar power plant installation, making it self-sufficient in power generation. The return on investment (ROI) for the solar power project was calculated to be 5.54 years, making it a viable option from a sustainability perspective. Moreover, the solar system could be integrated with the GRID through a reverse metering system, enabling excess energy to be sold back to the GRID. This research underscores the significance of transitioning to renewable energy sources in industries for environmental sustainability, energy security, and economic benefits. It emphasizes the need for similar studies in diverse industrial settings to identify the most suitable energy sources, considering all relevant factors
Eco-friendly Architecture in Developing African Countries: Design and Self-construction of a Playground in Kenya
Get PDFDeveloping countries can seize the opportunity to direct their development by freeing themselves from the mistakes of already developed countries and rooting it towards environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The research has identified a method described in phases that becomes the guarantor of an eco-friendly architecture, which starts from the resources of the territory, enhances them, and returns cyclical processes to the territory that becomes the driving force of development. An initial phase of acquisition of knowledge about the territory is followed by an analysis of its criticalities and potential. Based on these results, the definition of the harvest map (tangible and intangible resources) is conducted, which also includes related construction solutions and the analysis of compatibility with the current production system, to improve it. This method was applied to a case study in Kenya, through the construction of a playground in the external area of a school located in an area adjacent to Makongeni Village, Malindi, Kenya. The playground was built with local wood and waste tires, involving the teachers and students both in the design and construction phases. Eco-friendly architecture can become a driving force for sustainable development. The development of a production system based on local resources makes it possible to produce jobs, with an increase in the well-being of the population, specializing local companies and workers to the detriment of foreign companies and imported materials.
Investigating the Impact of Pores on Rock Damage during Thermal Spalling Drilling
Get PDFNumerous microcracks and pores in geological rock formations cause early flaws. High temperatures increase these fractures and pores, thermally damaging reservoir rocks and changing the rock failure mechanism. However, research on pores' high-temperature thermal spalling and fragmentation effects on heterogeneous rocks is sparse. This study built a finite element numerical model of heterogeneous granite rock thermal damage with pores based on rock thermal fracture theory and the Voronoi method and explored the mechanism under varied pore settings. The research's findings indicate that the application of high temperatures to local heterogeneous porous rocks results in a higher proportion of tensile damage. The proportion of shear damage and tensile damage constantly varies due to the changing position and shape of the pores. The rock's porosity has the effect of decreasing temperature in the direction of heat transfer while increasing the extent of temperature transfer along the pore parallel to the heating surface. The potential degree of damage increases as the density of pores increases, the distances between them decrease, and the pore lengths increase. The thermal damage resulting from heating in the vicinity of the pore is primarily localized in the area between the pore and the heated surface. This effect becomes more significant as the distance between them decreases. The findings of this study can serve as a theoretical framework for understanding the impact of rock pores on rock thermal fracturing and fragmentation in the thermal spalling-assisted development of deep oil and gas resources
Priming Bean Seedlings to Boost Natural Plant Defenses Against Common Bacterial Wilt: Gas Exchange, and Fluorescence Results (Part 2)
Get PDFThis greenhouse study evaluated the effects of two chemical primers for kidney bean seedlings against a bacterial wilt (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. Flaccumfaciens) (CFF). The premise of this study was that the oxidant primers would mimic the signaling properties of radical oxygen species and initiate a cascade of molecular defenses. The factorial study included two levels for the foliar chlorine dioxide treatment, and two levels for the bacterial wilt inoculation treatment, plus two supplemental chemical treatments. The foliage response variables were gas exchange and fluorescence. There was a 36, 154, and 70% reduction in Pn, gs, and E, respectively, at 39 DAT when comparing the inoculated control to the non-inoculated control. The chlorine dioxide primers lowered leaf temperatures and leaf vapor pressure deficit in the CFF wilt inoculated plants. The chlorine dioxide primers improved gas exchange at 39 DAT when compared to the water treatments. Part 1 and 2 of this series conclude that the chlorine dioxide primers can activate a long-term, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response in kidney bean plants infected with the CFF wilt. The Part 2 article also concludes that the EB treatments caused several inexplicable correlations among the gas exchange responses. A structured water premise was proposed as an explanation for the gas exchange anomalies due to the EB treatments. Intuitively, this study suggests that chlorine dioxide primers can initiate a series of ROS and salicylic acid signals that activate a suite of mechanisms that provide universal, multifaceted plant immunity that is sustained across a crop season
Tracing the Historical Development of Architecture in Cyprus and its Resilience to Seismic Hazards
Get PDFCyprus is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, with a rich and varied history of architecture. Located within a seismically active zone, Cyprus has experienced a number of earthquakes over the centuries, with some of them being particularly destructive. This initiative examines the evolution of architecture in Cyprus from 1489 to present, and how this evolution is related to seismic risk. Specifically, the work will register structural elements by time period, and analyze how these elements contribute to seismic response. Further it will explore the development of architecture in Cyprus, from the Venetians to the Ottoman Empire to the British Colonial period, the Greek-Cypriot period, and the modern era, and the structural elements of each time period. The paper describes how the structural elements of each time period affect seismic risk, and what modifications may be necessary in order to improve seismic risk in Cyprus. This paper will provide useful insight into the evolution of architecture in Cyprus and its effects on seismic risk
A New Approach of Milne-type Inequalities Based on Proportional Caputo-Hybrid Operator
Get PDFIn this study, we first offer a novel integral identity using twice-differentiable convex mappings for the proportional Caputo-hybrid operator. Next, we demonstrate many integral inequalities related to the Milne-type integral inequalities for proportional Caputo-hybrid operator with the use of this newly discovered identity. Also, we present several examples along with their corresponding graphs in order to provide a better understanding of the newly obtained inequalities. Finally, we observe that the obtained results improve and generalize some of the previous results in the area of integral inequalities.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 26D07, 26D10, 26A3