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The Central Bank of Iraq’s Management of the Exchange Rate as a Tool to Control Inflation: An Administrative Approach to Analyzing the Impact of Monetary Policy and Government Spending on Exchange Rate Stability (2004–2023)
Get PDFThis study investigates the Central Bank of Iraq’s (CBI) strategy of using exchange rate pegging as a key monetary policy tool to control inflation from 2004 to 2023. Utilizing annual time series data and applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model alongside Granger causality testing, the research empirically examines both the long-run and short-run relationships between the official exchange rate, inflation, and government expenditure. The findings confirm a statistically significant long-term relationship, with the exchange rate acting as an anchor for inflation expectations. Moreover, results reveal that the causal direction primarily runs from the exchange rate to inflation, validating the effectiveness of the peg in stabilizing price levels—particularly in the absence of robust alternative monetary tools. Government expenditure is also found to have a notable influence, occasionally offsetting the positive effects of exchange rate stability. The study concludes that successful inflation control in Iraq is contingent upon greater coordination between monetary and fiscal policies and increased institutional credibility. These findings provide practical insights for Iraqi policymakers and contribute to the literature on monetary policy in rent-dependent, transitional economies
EMBODIED WORSHIP: THE THEOLOGICAL AND PASTORAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GESTURES AND POSTURES IN THE CATHOLIC LITURGY
Get PDFThis article argues that gestures and postures in Catholic liturgy are essential sacramental actions, not mere ceremonial elements. Outward signs instituted by the Church prepare participants to receive grace and embody ecclesial faith. The study analyzes actions such as standing, sitting, kneeling, bowing, genuflecting, making the sign of the cross, participating in processions, and exchanging peace, demonstrating that worship involves both the body and the spirit. Each gesture is rooted in Christ's Paschal Mystery and draws meaning from specific aspects of His passion, death, and resurrection. For example, standing during the Gospel expresses participation in His Resurrection, while kneeling reflects Christ's humility during the Passion. These connections make liturgical actions expressions of Christ's salvific work. Drawing on the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Sacrosanctum Concilium, and relevant scholarship, the article shows that these acts foster reverence, unity, humility, and openness.
However, there are ongoing debates regarding the extent to which embodiment in liturgy should incorporate local cultural expressions without compromising their universal significance. Critics argue that excessive adaptation might lead to superficiality, potentially detracting from intended spiritual engagement and diluting the universal message of the liturgy. Some scholars express concern that certain gestures might risk being reduced to empty rituals rather than meaningful spiritual expressions, questioning their effectiveness in fostering genuine participation. Addressing these critiques, this article maintains that gestures and postures, as sacramentals, are foundational to ecclesial identity, spiritual formation, and active participation in the Church, provided they are approached with intentional theological education and cultural sensitivity.
The article recommends renewed catechetical initiatives to prevent ritualism, promote inclusivity, and enhance the spiritual lives of the faithful across diverse contexts. The main sections address the historical and theological foundations of liturgical gestures, their communal and spiritual dimensions, and catechetical and pastoral implications. Together, these sections provide a comprehensive account of the significance of embodied worship in Catholic liturgy. This study contributes to post-Vatican II liturgical renewal by offering insights into embodied prayer and the relationship between earthly and heavenly worship. It presents practical catechetical and pastoral strategies to address ritualism. For instance, implementing a catechetical program where parishioners engage in workshops that focus on the theological meanings behind liturgical gestures can deepen understanding and participation. Additionally, parish leaders might establish a mentorship system pairing experienced congregants with newcomers to guide them through the liturgical practices and their significance. By integrating theological, biblical, and pastoral perspectives, the article shows that gestures and postures are central to Catholic liturgy and spiritual formation. In doing so, it supports full, conscious, and active participation in the liturgy
Famines et crises alimentaires au Sahel, cas du Niger : chronologie
Get PDFPlusieurs famines et crises alimentaires ont sévi au sahel en général et au Niger en particulier. Elles sont préoccupantes aussi pour les populations que les décideurs politiques. L’étude de ces phénomènes est faite dans une perspective historique. En effet, notre analyse s’est appuyée sur une brève chronologie des famines et crises alimentaires connues au Niger du XIXe au XXIe siècle. Elle aborde les différentes causes : conjoncturelles, structurelles des crises alimentaires et catastrophes en Afrique sahélienne.
Au cours de notre analyse, nous nous sommes évertués à montrer que les populations ont fait face à une multitude de crises alimentaires et nutritionnelles. Ces famines et crises ont été ont étudiées dans une démarche chronologique privilégiant : une approche de période précoloniale, coloniale et post coloniale. L’étude montre que les crises alimentaires sont plus ou moins cycliques. D’un intervalle de 25 ans au cours de la période précoloniale à une crise tous les 10 ans pendant la période coloniale à une crise tous les 5 ans voire tous les deux au cours de la période post coloniale.
Enfin, l’étude montre la multitude des conséquences socio-économiques et politiques qui accompagnent les crises alimentaires. Au Niger, les différentes famines et crises alimentaires ont laissé des traces indélébiles sur les populations urbaines, mais aussi rurales : agriculteurs, pasteurs nomades transhumants, chasseurs, pêcheurs, cueilleurs, etc
POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVES ON THE UKRAINE CRISIS: A FRAMING AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (2013-2025)
Get PDFThis study examines the political communication and political psychology dimensions of the Ukraine crisis during 2013-2025 through the perspectives of framing theory and discourse analysis. The crisis demonstrates that in a period of reshaping global power balances, interstate conflicts are conducted not only through military means but also through the control of information flows and manipulation of public perception. The research aims to reveal how Russia, Ukraine, and Western actors construct their political communication strategies through specific frames and discursive practices. The methodology encompasses content analysis of digital and traditional media materials, critical discourse analysis of leadership speeches and policy documents, and psychopolitical emotion-frame mapping of public responses. The central hypothesis posits that actors' discourses are systematically structured around security, legitimacy, and victimhood-based frames, which shape public perceptions through media and social media dissemination. Findings reveal that Russia transitioned from historical rights claims to security concerns; Ukraine shifted from independence emphasis to democracy discourse; while Western actors moved from international law-centered narratives to humanitarian framing. The study emphasizes the decisive role of political communication in shaping societal threat perceptions, emotions, and identity constructions, demonstrating the strategic importance of information superiority in modern conflicts. Consequently, discursive competition in the Ukraine crisis is identified as a central arena reflecting the structural transformation of international relations
INCLUSIVE GROWTH THROUGH HUMAN RESOURCES COOPERATIVES: IDENTIFYING BEST EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES IN NAGA CITY
Get PDFThis study aimed to identify the best employment practices of a selected cooperative in Naga City and examine their contribution to inclusive growth and decent work. It addressed the problem of limited research on how cooperatives implement fair, equitable, and inclusive employment systems, particularly in local contexts where marginalized groups face persistent barriers to economic participation. Using a descriptive-evaluative research design, the study gathered data through surveys, key informant interviews to assess practices on recruitment, employee development, job security, inclusivity, innovation, and working conditions. The findings revealed that cooperatives demonstrated strong organizational commitment to human capital development and inclusive governance. Recruitment practices were aligned with cooperative values, employee development was supported through training programs, and job security was prioritized. Inclusivity and innovation were actively promoted, while areas such as career advancement communication and member participation in innovation required further improvement. The study concluded that cooperatives in Naga City had matured in their human resource systems, reflecting principles consistent with the Diversity Management Maturity Model (DMMM), Strategic Human Capital Theory, and Stakeholder Theory. These practices enhanced employee satisfaction, organizational resilience, and long-term sustainability. It recommended strengthening communication on career pathways, expanding inclusive innovation programs, and deepening collaboration with the Naga City Cooperative Development Office. These efforts would help institutionalize inclusive employment and position cooperatives as models of participatory development and decent work in the region
RISK FACTORS AND IMPACT OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AMONG ROAD CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN PORT HARCOURT; A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Get PDFThis systematic review and meta-analysis examined the risk factors and impact of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among road construction workers in Port Harcourt. The pooled prevalence of MSP ranged from 58% to 73%,significantly impacting productivity, attendance, and overall worker health. Musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in physically demanding occupations and have been identified as leading causes of work absenteeism, disability, and reduced productivity. A total of 22 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The majority were cross-sectional surveys (n=16), with the remainder comprising qualitative studies (n=4) and cohort studies (n=2). Studies were conducted in Nigeria (n=15), with 5 specifically based in Port Harcourt or the Niger Delta region, and 7 from other LMICs with comparable occupational conditions.The study adopted PRISMA guidelines and involved a systematic search of scholarly databases including PubMed, Scopus, and African Journals Online (AJOL) for peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2024. A total of 38 relevant articles were analyzed. The review identified key risk factors such as awkward postures, repetitive motions, vibration exposure, long working hours, and inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Psychosocial stressors, poor work ergonomics, and lack of proper safety training were also significantly associated with MSP. The most commonly affected anatomical sites were the lower back, shoulders, knees, and neck. The impact of MSP ranged from mild discomfort to severe disability, significantly impairing job performance, increasing healthcare costs, and reducing workers’ quality of life. Interventions such as ergonomic modifications, safety training, job rotation, and wellness programs were recommended to mitigate risks.The study concludes with policy and practice recommendations aimed at improving occupational health standards in Nigeria’s construction sector
THE COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ANTICANCER DRUGS AND LC–SYNAPSES AS THE LANGUAGE–MECHANISM USING MARKOS PROGRAM
Get PDFFrom prior work have been elucidated the followings:
A. Quantum and Atomic Theory:
“Electron–Nutation–Energy” and atoms connecting via “Pins”.
“Programming the Atoms and Compounds” and “The Unification of Physics and Chemistry”.
Planck’s dual angular momentum as gravity and antigravity waves.
The origination mechanism of the fundamental particles into Planck’s confinement.
B. Cosmology and Geometry: 5. The EPR argument under the critic of material geometry and space–energy universe. 6. The dual quaternion momentum as the existing universe and black holes. 7. Big Bang or the eternal rolling glue bond of space and anti-space.
C. Applied Science / Medical: 8. The comparative results of the effectiveness of anticancer drugs using an electronic program. 9. The comparative results of the effectiveness of anticancer drugs and LC circuit as the language mechanics of atoms via the Markos Program
Assessment of the impact of human resource management practices on staff performance in Federal Medical Center, Asaba, Delta State
Get PDFThe health sector is the fulcrum of the economic development of any nation because only healthy people work to advance a nation. The sudden drift of health professionals to other countries indicates possible gaps in the system that should be addressed. This study therefore assessed the impact of Human Resource Management practices on staff performance in Federal Medical Center (FMC), Asaba, and Delta State. The descriptive survey design was adopted in the study. Five research questions and four research hypotheses guided the study the population for the study consisted of all 1392 staff at the Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, and Delta State. The sample for the study comprised of 311 staff selected from different units of the FMC. The multistage sampling technique was adopted for the selection of the sample size. The purposive sampling technique was used to determine the units and departments to be used for the study. The stratified sampling technique was then used to determine the number of staff to be selected from each unit while the convenience method of selection was used for the final selection of the respondents. The instrument for data collection was a researcher’s developed questionnaire titled; Human Resource Management and Health Staff Performance Questionnaire (HRMHSPQ). The instrument was a 37-item four-point rating instrument divide into two sections of ‘A’ and ‘B’. section ‘A’ made provision for respondents’ biodata while section ‘B’ provided statements that elicited responses from the respondents. The statements were grouped into clusters in line with the research questions. The instrument was validated by two experts while 0.73 consistency value was established after a trial test was conducted to determine the reliability. 330 copies ofthe instrument were administered, while 311 (94%) were returned and used for the study. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis while t-test statistical tool was used for the test of the hypotheses. Findings from the study revealed among other things that the Human Resources Management Practices of FMC, Asaba has clear stated goals aimed at enhancing staff performance and productivity but lacked strategies on how to motivate the staff to improve the quality of care and the level of customer satisfaction and build a strong reputation for the institution as it does not make adequate provision for compensation and benefits packages along with its health and safety policies; which affects the overall performance of staff. Based on the findings, the study recommended among other things thatthe Federal Government of Nigeria in partnership with the Hospital Management Board of the Federal Medical Centre Asaba should ensure the provision of the hospital with contemporary and adequate facilities/equipment that will make the system functional endeavour to create a conducive working environment that will foster staff performance, effectiveness, and efficiency
Retraction: Examine Soil Erosion Mitigation and Adaptation Techniques Adopted in Mubi North and Mubi South LGAs of Adamawa State, Nigeria
No full textThis article titled "Examine Soil Erosion Mitigation and Adaptation Techniques Adopted in Mubi North and Mubi South LGAs of Adamawa State, Nigeria" authored by Ahamefula Kingsley Nnanguma, Aishatu Muhammed Mubi, and Abdullahi Liman Tukur has been retracted from the GPH-International Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 8 Issue 01, Year 2025, due to the authors' formal request for withdrawal after the article was already published without completion of the required publication process, including the payment of article processing charges (APC). The editorial team has reviewed the request and approved the retraction in accordance with our journal’s policy on publication ethics and integrity. The article will no longer be available in the public domain and should not be cited as part of the scientific record
The acquisition of emotional intelligence by children through African indigenous play
Get PDFThis paper sought to examine the acquisition of emotional intelligence in children through the lens of African indigenous play. Indigenous play, characterized by traditional games, storytelling, and communal activities, serves as a vital medium for socialization and emotional development in many African cultures. This study highlights how these playful interactions facilitate the understanding and expression of emotions, empathy, and interpersonal skills among children. Through participation in indigenous play, children learn to navigate complex social dynamics, recognize emotional cues, and develop resilience in the face of challenges. The communal nature of these activities fosters a sense of belonging and encourages cooperative behaviour, allowing children to practice conflict resolution and emotional regulation in a supportive environment. Furthermore, the integration of cultural narratives and moral lessons within play enhances children’s ability to connect their experiences to broader social values. The findings suggest that African indigenous play is not only a source of entertainment but also a crucial framework for nurturing emotional intelligence, thereby contributing to the holistic development of children. This research advocates for the recognition and incorporation of indigenous play practices in educational settings to promote emotional and social competence in diverse cultural contexts.