Bunyad: A Journal of Urdu Studies
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معاصرپاکستانی اردو سفرناموں میں ایرانی تہذیب کے نقوش
No full textIn the last four decades, many travelogues of Iran have been written by Pakistani tourists in Urdu. These travelogues narrate a whole range of features of the Iranian society. Conspicuously, the Iranian culture seems to intrigue Pakistani travellers, for many reasons. Comments are made about the cleanliness, customs, behavior, and temperament of Iranian people. Though there is a general disliking for few Iranian food items, the Iranian cinema never goes unappreciated. The clothing of the Iranian women has also been discussed as a cultural indicator. The data from these travelogues and the praise for Iranian culture points towards many similarities between the two neighboring countries and sharing a surfeit of religious and cultural values. This article analyses and explains these impressions from an Iranian viewpoint
وبا:حقائق اور فکشن (کورونائی عہد میں لکھے گئے اردو فکشن کا خصوصی مطالعہ)
No full textThe theme of epidemics has been traced in the world literary works since antiquity. In ancient times, epidemics were considered as a divine punishment to men for their sins. Identifying pandemic as a spatial phenomenon, the Greek historian Thucydides delineated its social and psychological stimuli. The pandemics have been considered to have been extremely impacting the social norms and collective psyche of respective land. However, the literature created quite amid a pandemic is, in most of the cases, incidental. Apart from slew of incidental writings, few great works have been emerged out the of sheer theme of pandemic. This article takes stock of fictional writings produced during COVID-19 pestilence in Urdu. One novel and a fairly good number of short stories were published by Urdu writers. Though most of them are incidental, they depict social, psychological, and political meanings attached to or drawn from pandemic
اقبال اور شوقی کی شاعری میں موسم بہار: ایک تقابلی مطالعہ
No full textIn spite of their separate homelands and distances, the two poets Muhammad Iqbal and Ahmad Shawqi belong to the same generation. They were born in the last quarter of the 19th century and their poetic production continued beyond the first third of the 20th century. They were educated in the West; Iqbal studied in London, Shawqi in France. Both of them occupy a prominent place in their homelands; Iqbal is undisputedly the poet of the Orient while Shawqi is unanimously the prince (Emir) of the Arab poets. Iqbal calls for a different poetic horizon, mixing spectra of the elements of nature and its beautiful scenery, between the beauty of language and delicacy of vocabulary, as well as the accurate expressions in a colorful form of the subcontinental environment. Iqbal’s songs teeming with warm sincerity will remain immortal, and so will his hymns, venerating nature, purity and beauty. Shawqi, on his part, reacted in many of his poems to the elements of nature, his poems are the fruit of hot temper and explosive mood where reason does not interfere to spoil the poetic image. This is why his poems do not lose the childhood spirit we feel in his humility before images of nature and its charm; like the Nile that embraced the ancient Egyptian civilization, nocturnal life, the crescent and vernal flowers
لسانی مطالعات کی تاریخ: ایک مختصر جائزہ(ابتدا تا اٹھارویں صدی)
No full textThe earliest relic that shows humankind’s interest in language is a glossary of words prepared in Mesopotamia some 5,500 years ago. This article describes in brief the history of linguistic studies since its inception and traces it from the earliest to the 18th century. It narrates the studies related to language that were taken up in different eras and different parts of the world, such as Mesopotamia, ancient India, Iran, China, the Arab world and the West. Though today the West is way ahead of the rest of the world when it comes to linguistics, the article attempts to show that this glory could not have been achieved without the early efforts carried out by scholars in eastern parts of the world, notably India where the earliest known grammar of Sanskrit was written by Panini
خالدہ حسین کے افسانوں میں نفسیاتی و وجودیاتی عناصر
No full textKhalida Hussain was an eminent Urdu short story writer. In her stories, she values self-awareness and introspection. This article attempts to analyze her short stories in the perspective of existentialism and psychological realism. Female characters of her stories are dominated by the patriarchy, yet contain a real sense of life. Some of the characters appear to be standing at the final destination of enlightenment through the phase of self-actualization. Interior monologue, stream of consciousness, free association of ideas and symbolic style are the prominent features of Khalida Hussain’s fiction
ثقافتی نفسیات اور پریم چند کا ناول گئودان
No full textHuman psychology is not only embedded in instincts but cultures too. Rather, in some cases, the influence of society becomes so powerful that it begins to reign the cognition of an individual. Diversity in their history, geography, environment, norms and values causes difference in lifestyle, cultural manifestations, codes of conduct and styles of expression. On this basis, each individual gets their own unique cultural recognition. This article attempts to analyze the psychological behavior of the characters of Munshi Prem Chand’s novel Gaodān and to unravel how this behavior sprouted from cultural patterns of the early twentieth century. This may delineate some aspects of Indian culture that can be helpful in understanding the present Indian society
ناصر کاظمی کے خیالات، غالب کے بارے میں
No full textNasir Kazmi’s overwhelming applause of Mir Taqi Mir’s poetry, great urdu poet of classical period, is well known in the literary circles. But it is less known that Nasir Kazmi offers some insightful remarks about Ghalib too. This article seeks to analyze such writings included in his book Khushk Chashmē kē Kinārē and tries to explore how Nasir Kazmi envisages Ghalib as compared to Mir. Though Nasir Kazmi praises Ghalib’s ṯilism -- an enviable artful use of words -- he terms his poetry lacking earthly association. From beginning to end, Kazmi keeps resorting to the canon of Mir
اردو نثر کے فروغ میں مسیحی مبلّغین کا کردار(انیسویں صدی کے نصف اول میں)
No full textIt is a little-known fact that Christian preachers played a significant role in the growth of Urdu prose at the beginning of nineteenth century. At that time, the British rulers had (forcefully) established political stability in major areas of subcontinent. This provided an opportunity to Christian preachers to preach their religion with complete freedom. First, they got command over Urdu language. Many missionaries translated different versions of Bible into Urdu. Moreover, they indulged themselves into polemics with clerics of different religions, especially with Muslims. These activities spurred advancement of various new expressions and styles in Urdu prose, like presenting arguments in logical way and choosing proper morphemic and syntactic framework to convince addressees. This article reviews such efforts, which enhanced expressive ability of Urdu prose
انگریزی سے اردو مبنی برکار پس مشینی ترجمے کے مراحل: ایک توضیحی مطالعہ
No full textThis study aims to explain the processes of corpus-based Machine-Assisted Translation (MAT) from English to Urdu. It asserts that Translation Tools are of great significance for making the process of translation fast and systematic. It is a fact that the use of technology in the phenomenon of translation is of great importance in this global situation where the demand of translated texts is highly increased. It is also a reality that human hands seem inadequate to fulfill the present-day requirement of this IT-based global world where inter-human communication is playing a pivotal role for various purposes. The study also focuses on the importance of translation as theoretically and conceptually driven phenomenon. This paper helps in understanding the processes involved in MAT especially dealing with big translation projects where human translators feel time constraints and accuracy issues
مجالسِ جہانگیری: مغل دور میں برصغیرکی درباری تہذیب کا ایک اہم ماخذ
No full textMajalis-e Jahangiri is a chronicle written by Abdus Sattar, a courtier of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. The book is based on the minutes of day-to-day proceedings of Jahangir’s darbār. The table of contents mentions 122 sittings but the text contains 114. This article analyzes the content and themes of these sittings and highlights the important aspects such as literary, religious and jurisprudential debates. Of the debates mentioned in the book, the following has been discussed in this article: The debate between Christianity and Islam, defended by Jerome Xavier, the author of ‘Āina-e Haq Numā and Islamic scholars of Jahangir's court respectively