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The impact of geopolitical risks on clean energy mineral prices: Does the Russia-Ukrainian war matter?
No full textThe transition to a low-carbon economy requires a steady and secure supply of minerals, which are susceptible to international tensions. In particular, the coronavirus pandemic in 2019 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 are two novel shocks affecting the clean energy market. Measuring the impact of increasing geopolitical risks due to these shocks on the clean energy sector is critical to the future of sustainable development. In this framework, this study uses wavelet coherence analysis and time-varying parameter VAR methods to examine the impact of geopolitical risks on the prices of aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, and nickel from January 1992 to August 2022. The results show that mineral prices decreased during the COVID-19 period and increased after the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The results also indicate that global geopolitical risk has a moderating effect on the prices of copper, aluminum, cobalt, and zinc, while geopolitical risk associated with Russia increases the prices of all minerals except cobalt. These results imply that the problems in Russia destabilize the prices of mineral commodities used in the renewable energy market, while the global geopolitical risks do not pose serious problems. Therefore, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict should be resolved in order to use clean energy minerals more effectively
Use of food industry wastes in meatball production
No full textTez çalışmasında; bir gıda işletmesinde ortaya çıkan artık baklagillerden (fasulye, bezelye, nohut, börülce) elde edilerek optimize edilen iki farklı un karışımının köfte üretiminde kullanılması incelenmiştir. Fasulye, nohut ve börülce unu içeren karışım (A) 2,20 ml su /5 g un, fasulye, nohut ve bezelye unu içeren karışım (B) 2,63 ml su/5 g un seviyesinde su tutma kapasitesi göstermiştir. Bu iki karışım köfte reçetesine %2, 4 ve 6 oranında ilave edilerek ürün özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Un ilavesinin çiğ örneklerde nem, kül ve yağ değerleri üzerinde anlamlı bir etki göstermediği (P >0,05), renk değerlerini ise değiştirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Çiğ örneklerin su aktivitesi değerleri un ilavesi ile anlamlı bir değişim göstermemiştir (P >0,05). Her iki un karışımının da artan oranda eklenmesi ile TBA değeri anlamlı bir artış göstermiştir. Özellikle neredeyse tüm un ilaveli örneklerin kontrol örneğinden yüksek (P 0,05). Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre un ilaveli tüm örneklerin kontrol örneğine göre daha yüksek skorlar aldığı görülmüştür.In this thesis study, the utilization of two optimized flour mixtures derived from surplus legumes (beans, peas, chickpeas, and green beans) in meatball production was examined. The mixture containing bean, chickpea, and green bean flour (A) exhibited a water retention capacity of 2.20 ml water per 5 g of flour, while the mixture containing bean, chickpea, and pea flour (B) showed a capacity of 2.63 ml water per 5 g of flour. These two mixtures were added to the meatball recipe at rates of 2%, 4%, and 6%, and the product characteristics were investigated. The addition of flour did not show a significant effect on the moisture, ash, and fat values of the raw samples (P >0.05), although it did alter the color values. The water activity values of the raw samples did not exhibit significant changes with the addition of flour (P >0.05). The addition of both flour mixtures at increasing levels resulted in a significant increase in the TBA (Thiobarbituric Acid) values. Notably, it was found that almost all flour-added samples had higher TBA values than the control sample (P 0.05). Sensory analysis results indicated that all flour-added samples received higher scores compared to the control sample
Effect of different cutting times on grass yield and quality of wheat and triticalle
No full textFen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışma buğday ve tritikalede biçim zamanlarının verim ve kaliteye olan etkisini araştırmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ülkemiz farklı bölgelerinde farklı toprak ve iklim çeşitlerine sahip olduğu için birçok yem bitkisinin yetiştiriciliğine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Günümüzde kaba yem ihtiyacı her geçen gün artmakta ve nitelikli şekilde karşılanamamaktadır. Kaba yem açığını kapatmak için Buğdaygiller iyi bir alternatiftir. Bu çalışmada Buğday ve Tritikalenin en yüksek verimli ve kaliteli ot ürettiği dönemler araştırılmıştır. Araştırma Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi uygulama alanında 2022-2023 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilip tesadüf blokları deneme deseni uygulanarak 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede Ekmeklik Buğdayın (Triticum aestivum) Stoyana ve Prima çeşidi ile Tritikale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) kullanılmıştır. Bitkiler Zadoks43-45, Zadoks50-57, Zadoks60-69, Zadoks75 ve Zadoks83 olmak üzere 5 farklı dönemde hasat edilmiştir. Hasat edilen ot örneklerinde bitki boyu, KOV, YOV, KMO, HK, selüloz oranı, ADF, ADL, ve NDF değerleri incelenmiştir. En yüksek yeşil ot verimi 3726 kg/da ile 3. Biçim döneminde Stoyana çeşidinde gözlemlenmiştir yine en yüksek kuru ot verimi 4. Biçim döneminde Stoyana çeşidinde 1300 kg/da'dır. En yüksek ham protein oranı %18,45 ile Prima çeşidinde 1.biçim döneminde gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırmamızda en düşük yeşil ot verimi 1.biçim döneminde 1860 kg/da ile Prima çeşidinde olduğu görülmüştür, en düşük kuru ot verimi yine Prima çeşidinde 1. Biçim döneminde 413,3 kg/da olarak ölçülmüştür. En düşük ham protein oranı 5. Biçim döneminde biçilen Tritikale çeşidinde %9,66 olarak ölçülmüştür. ADF oranları karşılaştırıldığında en yüksek ADF oranı %28,06 ile 5. Biçim döneminde Stoyana çeşidinde ölçülürken en düşük ADF değeri %22,48 ile Stoyana çeşidinin 1. Biçim döneminde gözlemlenmiştir.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of harvest times on yield and quality in wheat and triticale. Due to diverse soil and climate conditions across different regions in our country, Turkey hosts cultivation of numerous forage crops. The demand for roughage is increasing daily but cannot be met with sufficient quality. Cereal crops, including wheat, are a promising alternative to fill this roughage deficit. In this study, optimal periods for highest yield and quality of wheat and triticale were explored. The research was carried out between 2022-2023 at the experimental fields of Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum) Stoyana and Prima, and triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) were used in the experiment. Plants were harvested at five different growth stages: Zadoks 43-45, Zadoks 50-57, Zadoks 60-69, Zadoks 75, and Zadoks 83. Plant height, fresh yield per unit area, dry matter yield per unit area, crude protein, hemicellulose , cellulose, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, and neutral detergent fiber values were analyzed in harvested samples. The highest green forage yield of 3726 kg/ha was observed in the 3rd harvest period with the Stoyana variety, while the highest dry matter yield of 1300 kg/ha was recorded in the 4th harvest period with the Stoyana variety. The highest crude protein content of 18.45% was observed in the Prima variety during the 1st harvest period. The lowest green forage yield of 1860 kg/ha was recorded in the 1st harvest period with the Prima variety, and the lowest dry matter yield of 413,3 kg/ha was also measured in the 1st harvest period with the Prima variety. The lowest crude protein content of 9.66% was measured in the 5th harvest period with the triticale variety. When comparing ADF ratios, the highest ADF content of 28.06% was measured in the 5th harvest period with the Stoyana variety, while the lowest ADF value of 22.48% was observed in the 1st harvest period with the Stoyana variety
The effects of flower and leaf water extracts of photinia x fraseri (red robin) on the germination of seeds of some cultivated plants
No full textFen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, Bitki Fizyolojisi Bilim DalıSürdürülebilir tarımda, özellikle yabancı ot mücadelesinde yararlı bir strateji olan allelopati artan insan nüfusunu besleyecek yeterli ve güvenli gıdanın sağlanmasında dikkati çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Photinia x fraseri Dress'in çiçek ve yaprak su özütlerinin altı test bitkisinin (buğday, mısır, mercimek, marul, turp ve semizotu) tohum çimlenmesi üzerindeki allelopatik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Stok özütün (%5) farklı derişimlerinin (%1, %25, %50, %75 ve %100) çimlenme oranı üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek için in vitro çimlenme deneyleri yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlarımız her iki özütün derişimi arttıkça tüm test bitkilerinin çimlenme oranlarının azaldığını göstermiştir. Çiçek özütünün çimlenmeyi en fazla önlediği tohumlar azalan sırayla marul (%18,62-94,08), turp (%24,96-90,77), mercimek (%15,57-72,41), semizotu (%3,99-56,47), buğday (%5,30-37,85) ve mısır (%11,48-25,27) tohumlarıdır. Benzer şekilde, Yaprak özütünün çimlenmeyi en fazla önlediği tohumlar azalan sırayla aynı şekilde olmuştur: Marul (%13,54-95,69), turp (%0,10-76,40), mercimek (%0,07-69,02), semizotu (%5,00-37,87), buğday (%0,57-19,75), mısır (%4,58-14,62). Sonuçlardan çiçek özütünün allelopatik etkisinin yaprak özütüne göre daha güçlü olduğu görülmektedir. Turp yabancı ot olarak kabul edilirse, bulgularımız P. x fraseri'nin özellikle yüksek derişimli çiçek özütünün bu yabancı otun kontrolünde etkili biyoherbisit olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.In sustainable agriculture, allelopathy, particularly in the control of weeds, is highlighted as a beneficial strategy for providing sufficient and safe food to meet the increasing human population. This study investigates the allelopathic effects of flower and leaf water extracts of Photinia x fraseri Dress on the germination of seeds of six test plants (wheat, corn, lentil, lettuce, radish, and purslane). In vitro germination experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations (1%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of the stock extract (5%) on the germination rate. The results show that as the concentration of both extracts increases, the germination rates of all test plants decrease. The seeds most inhibited by the flower extract in decreasing order are lettuce (18.62-94.08%), radish (24.96-90.77%), lentil (15.57-72.41%), purslane (3.99-56.47%), wheat (5.30-37.85%), and corn (11.48-25.27%). Similarly, the seeds most inhibited by the leaf extract have followed the same decreasing order: Lettuce (13.54-95.69%), radish (0.10-76.40%), lentil (0.07-69.02%), purslane (5.00-37.87%), wheat (0.57-19.75%), and corn (4.58-14.62%). It is observed from the results that the allelopathic effect of the flower extract is stronger than the leaf extract. If radish is considered as weed, our findings suggest that high-concentration flower extract of P. x fraseri could be effective bioherbicide in controlling this weed
Yapay Zekalı Robotlar Sanatçının Rolüne Bürünebilir mi?
No full textDeğişen dünyada, teknolojinin yaşamımızın içine hızla ve çok etkin bir şekilde girmesi sonucu; sanat anlayışında da değişimler yaşanmış ve yaşanmakta, insanların sanatçıdan beklentisi artmaktadır. Sanatçı için özgün olabilmek, daha önce yapılmamış olanı yapmak hiç de kolay değildir. Günümüz sanatında multi disipliner, teknoloji ve sanatın bir arada kurgulandığı çalışmalar, her geçen gün izleyici tarafından daha çok ilgi görmektedir. Gelişen teknoloji ile sanatçılar farklı arayışlara girmiş, insanın, insan bedeninin sınırlarını zorlayan, aşan işler üretmeye başlamıştır. Öyle ki üretilen bu işler o kadar ilgi görmekte, bazen sanatçıyı arka plana itmektedir. Bu çalışmada; insan bedenini sorgulayan, sınırlarını test eden, robot teknolojisini kullanan işler üretmeye sanatçıyı iten nedenler neler olabilir ve bir süre sonra bu üretilen robotlar, rollerini sorgulayabilir ve sanatçının yerini alabilir mi, sorularının cevapları aranacaktır
What Is Aggro? Situationist Aesthetics in the Plays of Howard Brenton
No full textGuy Debord's Situationist theory, developed in the 1950s, analyzed how consumable goods increasingly express and mediate social relations in capitalism. Debord supported the understanding that art should no longer be privileged and asserted that it should be included in a single unified revolutionary practice. British playwright Howard Brenton is among the playwrights who were most affected by the Situationist movement. Brenton is known to have had sympathy for (or been sympathetic to) French Situationist political thought, especially in his early works. This study focuses on Brenton's plays Magnificence (1973) and Sore Throats (1979), examining the resonance of Situationist political theory in shaping Brenton's creative output while also considering the incorporation of the aggro effect in his narratives
Evaluation of some landscape irrigation systems in Thrace-Turkey
No full textFen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyosistem Mühendisliği Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışmada, Trakya yöresinde üç farklı ilde dikkate alınan 9 adet rekreasyon alanında mevcut sulama sistemleri, proje, aplikasyon ve işletme açısından incelenmiştir. Bu alanlarda mevcut iklim, bitki, su kaynağı, toprak ve topografya özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, her bir alan için mevcut koşullar dikkate alınarak ön projeleme faktörleri hesaplanmış, sistem tertibi yapılmış ve boyutlandırılmıştır. Elde edilen çözümler, mevcut koşullarda kullanılan sulama sistemleri ile kıyaslanarak farklar belirlenmiştir. Sonuçta, mevcut sulama sistemlerinin çoğunun bilimsel ilkelere göre projelendirilmediği, malzeme seçimi ve uygulamanın sağlıklı biçimde yapılmadığı, işletme safhasının hiçbir veriye dayandırılmadığı belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen hataların tekrarlanmaması için; sulama sistemlerinin uzman kişiler tarafından bitki desenine uygun olarak planlanması, bu süreçte detaylı kaynak araştırması yapılarak ön projeleme faktörlerinin belirlenmesi, projeleme aşamasında sistem tertibinin doğru yapılarak unsurların doğru boyutlandırılması, aplikasyonun projeye uygun olması ve işletmenin doğru yapılarak alanın sürekli izlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi gereklidir. Bu amaçlara çok fazla su ve enerji harcamaksızın ulaşabilmek için, peyzaj mimarları ve sulama mühendislerinin birlikte çalışmasının kritik öneme sahip olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Damla Sulama Sistemi, Peyzaj Sulama Sistemleri, Toprak Altı Damla Sulama Sistemi, Yağmurlama Sulama SistemiIn this study, existing irrigation systems in 9 recreation areas considered in three different provinces of Thrace region were analysed in terms of project, application and operation. The existing climate, plant, water source, soil and topography characteristics of these areas were determined. Then, taking into account these values collected for each area, preliminary design factors were calculated, the system layout was arranged and dimensioned. The results were compared with the current irrigation systems and the differences between them were tried to be revealed. As a result, it was determined that most of the current irrigation systems were not designed according to scientific principles, material selection and application were not made properly, and the operation of system was not based on any data. In order to prevent the repetition of the identified mistakes; irrigation systems should be planned by experts in accordance with the plant pattern, pre-projecting factors should be determined by making detailed resource search in this process, system layout should be done correctly in the projecting phase, correct sizing of the irrigation components could be managed, application should be in accordance with the project, operation should be done correctly and the area should be continuously monitored and evaluated. In order to achieve these objectives without spending too much water and energy, it is emphasised that for landscape architects and irrigation engineers working together has critical importence. Keywords: Drip Irrigation System, Landscape Irrigation System, Subdrip Irrigation System, Sprinkler Irrigation Syste
Chocolate microstructure: A comprehensive review
No full textChocolate is a food with complex microstructure properties. In this study, chocolate surface and internal microstructures are discussed considering final product quality and stability. In addition, the effects of the solids and continuous phase components and the interactions between them, and also process effects on the microstructure were reviewed. Irregularities in the internal microstructure affect the surface and cause problems such as unstable cocoa butter crystals, a whitish, streaky appearance, chewy especially fat bloom in this layer and in general, a low quality and sensory in final product. Optimization of the particle size and cooling conditions of the solids is required to modify the surface topography for roughness and pores morphology. Reducing surface porosity can increase fat bloom resistance. For this purpose, reducing surface hydrophobicity by considering proteins with di-sulfide bonds and their concentrations and the use of different bulk sweeteners should be taken into consideration. The morphology of the surface microstructure may be used for product characterization as well as to investigate the environmental conditions exposed during processing and storage. It should be noted that chocolate has a three-phase microstructural system, considering the air present in the gaps at the interface. The importance of the third phase for continuous phase mobility is critical. Additionally, this phase affects behavior in the oral cavity due to melting and release of volatile components
Green Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives Catalyzed by Molecular Sieves: DFT, ADMT, and Molecular Docking Investigations
No full textA new synthetic methodology for the preparation by a different alternative method of five aryl pyrrole derivatives is produced from the corresponding ketoximes, giving diverse five-membered N-heterocycles in satisfactory yields. For the first time in literature, the synthetic catalyst molecular sieves were described. The simplicity and high response yield of this procedure are its standout qualities. Additionally, spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis) were used to confirm the structures of all synthesized compounds. FT-IR and NMR computations with B3LYP/6-311G** level by utilizing the G09 W package were performed to compare with observed data and evaluate the structural confirmation of novel pyrrole derivatives. Then, the lipophilic characterization and water solubility were computed to enlighten the physicochemical attitude. The ADMT properties were calculated to elucidate the possible bioavailability tendencies of the compounds and the adverse behaviour in terms of both medicinal and environmental. FMO analyses were also conducted to indicate/show the reactivity tendencies and possible regions. The molecular docking analyses of the optimized molecules were performed against Bovine Serum Albumin and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor. In conclusion, this study underscores the crucial role of green chemistry principles in developing novel synthetic methodologies, using environmentally benign catalysts like zeolite 3 angstrom. Green synthesis of substituted pyrroles via molecular sieves-catalyzed coupling was performed and characterized by spectroscopic tools. The DFT, lipophilicity, water solubility, molecular dockings, and ADMT computations were utilized to evaluate physicochemical and drug-likeness properties. imageScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey; [112T503]The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey provided funding for this study (TUBITAK Project No. 112T503). The authors acknowledge Namk Kemal University for its study of the composition of our work. At TUBITAK ULAKBIM ' s High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TR-Grid e-Infrastructure), all computations have been completed
Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts from Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.)
No full textPurslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) has been known as a medical herb with valuable nutritional and pharmacological properties. Herein, water, methanol, and acetone extracts were prepared from two morphologically different purslane samples, thereafter their content of ?-carotene, chlorophyll a and b, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids, and total flavonols was evaluated. Additionally, DPPH• scavenging activity and ferrous iron (Fe+2) chelating activity of these extracts were also measured. The acetone extract had the highest amounts of ?-carotene (14.16 mg g-1 DW), chlorophyll a (40.46 mg g-1 DW), chlorophyll b (9.94 mg g-1 DW), TPC (51.01 mg GAE g-1 DW), flavonoids (133.23 mg RE g-1 DW), and flavonols (46.94 mg RE g-1 DW). Whereas the lowest values were observed in the water extract, as 0.03 mg g-1 DW, 0.03 mg g-1 DW, 0.06 mg g-1 DW, (34.24 mg GAE g-1 DW, 10.98 mg RE g-1 DW, 3.28 mg RE g-1 DW, respectively. The acetone extract also showed higher DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50 = 57.23 µg mL-1) compared to methanol (IC50 = 65.80 µg mL-1) and water (IC50 = 71.47 µg mL-1) extracts. Regarding the ferrous iron (Fe+2) chelating activity, methanol extract exhibited the highest value followed by water and acetone extracts, being 12.78, 10.20 and 6.08%, respectively. A positive correlation was detected between the DPPH• scavenging activities of the purslane extracts and their content of TPC, flavonoid, flavonol, ?-carotene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between chelating activity of the extracts and their content of ?-carotene, chlorophyll a, TPC, flavonoids, flavonols, and DPPH scavenging activity. Purslane extracts could be suggested as a natural antioxidant substance for many pharmaceutical and food applications