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The Porcupine: An Impartial Style of the Novel
No full textIn Urdu we can find many a novel relating to political issues. But it is being observed that all of the novelist tries to show their feeling towards any particular political theory or personality. It is necessary to introduce such novels in our language that has not any partiality so that tradition of Urdu novel can adopt this angle. The Porcupine by Julian Barnes is such a novel which can show us how to treat the narration with impartiality and make the horizon of novel vaster and broader
Pre-Christ Wisdom and Civilization in Aag Ka Darya
No full textQurratulain Hayder is a renowned fiction writer of the twentieth century. Her novel Aag ka Darya (also translated as River of Fire) is considered to be a classic in the tradition of Urdu fiction writing. This novel deals with Indian civilization and wisdom emanating from there in pre-Christ era. She has presented various constituting elements of Indian civilization through this narrative. Besides that, the thoughts and the teachings of the wise of that age, namely, Gautam Buddha, Mahavir, Kapil, Panini and Chankya have also been interwoven in the story. This article explores these themes and civilzational details in the novel
Reader Response Criticism: Background, Basic Concepts and Problems
No full textThe major division of literary theory is presented in a parable, which includes the author, the text and the reader. All critical theories are derived separately from the author, the text and the reader. The only way to understand the text is to understand the author.It ignored the text and the functionality of the reader. Critical theories that relied entirely on the text rejected the author and the reader. Discussions related to Reader response criticism have given rise to new questions. These questions have emerged as issues of reading.This article presents the ideas and concepts in the context of Reader Response criticism, interpretive angles, the importance of reader and the problems of reading. Questions have been raised which will make it possible to look at and understand this critical school of thought from a new angle
Leelawati aur Chandrawati ka Qissa (1868): Introduction, Analysis and Editing
No full textDuring the 19th century in India, women were often restricted from pursuing education beyond basic literacy and domestic skills. The prevalent belief was that a woman's primary role was to take care of the household and raise children, and therefore higher education for women was seen as unnecessary. However, there were individuals and organizations who recognized the importance of educating women and advocated for their right to receive a formal education. One of the key figures in the promotion of women's education during this time was social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who believed that educating women was essential for the progress of society. Despite these efforts, the curriculum for women's education during the 19th century was primarily focused on practical skills such as sewing, cooking, and childcare, rather than providing a well-rounded education. However, there were attempts to introduce subjects like literature, science, and social studies into the curriculum for girls, albeit on a limited scale. The status of women's education in 19th century India was marked by significant challenges and limitations. While there were efforts to promote female education by notable individuals and organizations, the prevailing societal norms and restrictions hindered the progress of women's education during this time. It was not until much later that significant strides were made in improving women's access to education and expanding the scope of their studies. By chosing a qissa of ninteenth century my aim here is to introduce the efforts by local scribes in female education. The story genre was used to pursuade females in didactic works. The qissa at hand “Leela wati o Chandrawati ka Qissa” was published from government press and in a short time its 2nd edition went out, which shows its populartiy. 
Author: Poststructuralist Discourse (and the Concerns of Intizar Hussain)
No full textThis article begins by discussing the author's intention in relation to Russian formalism and new criticism, and then proceeds to explore the ideas about the author in post-structuralist discourse. It alludes to the social, political, and philosophical aspects of the differences between Western and Urdu criticism on this matter. Intizar Hussain, an important Urdu writer, expressed reservations in this regard, so his concerns are presented alongside a detailed analysis of the views of Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, and Michel Foucault. This is done to clarify the author's concept in the words of these Western intellectuals and to elucidate the nature of the concerns raised by Urdu writer
Ecocriticism: Basic Concerns
No full textThe main concern of Ecocriticism is to explore the relationship between literature and the physical environment. It analyzes the nature of expressions made in literary texts about nature and external environment. At its core, it is a reflexive study of literary texts, which foster anthropocentric power-based narratives. This paper describes the philosophical, ethical and political epistemology of Ecocriticism. In the Philosophical section, the arguments of Spinoza and Bacon are used, while in the Ethical section, the philosophies of Erne Naees are elaborated. In the political context, two sub-schools of Ecocriticism have been interpreted, Ecofeminism and postcolonial environmentalism. This is intended to show that the spread of Ecocriticism discussions in various academic and intellectual dimensions is not only an affirmation of its multidisciplinary approach. But also an argument for Ecocriticism to be a stable field of knowledge and literary Criticism
The Theatre of the Absurd With Reference to Modernism
No full textA reasonable introduction to the theater of the absurd is available in Urdu literary and scholarly circles, especially of Samuel Beckett's world-renowned play Waiting for Godot, which has had at least two translations in Urdu and one in Punjabi. One Urdu translation was done by Krishan Chandra which was published in Shab Khoon. The second rendering was made by Shafiq Naz, which was published in 2006. Most of the English graduate syllabuses at Pakistani universities include Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot. This play has becom a source of introducing theatre of the absurd here in Pakistan and there is no doubt that this play is representative of this theater, however, The Chairs by Eugene Ionesco is another good example of the theatre of the absurd. The importance of The Chairs is not less but today its importance has come out more openly because of its clearer and direct talks on the issues of communication and language
Parbala: An Important Dramatic Character
No full textUrdu litreture has many genres like Gazal Nazam, Novel, short story and Drama.Sadarshan is one of the earlier renowned short story writers in Urdu, having potential of drama writing equally. His stories have romantic aura. Parbala is one of his importent charector of his drama Parbal.He wrote this dramma in 1925. In This article using the close reading methods, the salient features of this characters are brought forth. It is argued that despite the social and cultural bounds of his time, Sudrashan has created a feminine character that has courageous personality and who had the capcity to turn the tables. In Parbla we can find a balance between hard core femininism and sublime qualities of traditional culture.  
Analytics of Some English Translations of Rashid’s Poem Saba Viraan
No full text Abstract: Nazr Muhammad Rashid is a reliable name in Urdu poetry. The themes of his poems cover political and social issues apart from traditional romance. These problems are not the problems of any one region, but their nature is global. The journey of eastern nations from rise to decline, the reasons for this decline, the dominance of western colonialism and the possible aspects of escape from this situation are the special themes of his poems. At the same time, his poems justified their translation from Urdu language to international language due to their nobility. When English translations of his poems came out, his poetry became widely read. English translations of a few of his poems appeared in English journals, and this continued to grow until regular books of English translations of his poetry appeared. However, there is no real research about the standard of these translations. Based on this justification, this research has been done. "Saba Viran" is one of Rashid's most famous poems which has been translated by different translators in their own style. The paper presents a critical review of five English translations of this poem.  
Eco-Feminism and contemporary Urdu Novel
No full textEco-Criticism is related not only to nature but also it has its connection with science and humanities. According to ideological discourse, ecofeminism is an extension of feminisms. A thing which common in woman and nature is that both possess motherhood in themsleves. Basic philosophical tenets of ecofeminism believe that the powers which exploit on the basis of race, gender, and social and physical differences, they exploit the nature as well. Ecological philosophy holds the human centered dualism responsible for anti environmental beliefs and factors. Similarly, ecofeminism holds the man centered dualism responsible for exploitation of women. The first methodical novel which is based on ecology is "Bahao" written by Mustansar Hussain Tatar. In this novel man and women are not considered as dual instead they emerge as a unit of society. Urdu novel- "Neeli Baar" and "Graan" written by Tahira Iqbal are also significant regarding ecofeminism. In these novel woman is depicted closer to the nature. Moreover, "Bahar Gali" by Arshad Chahal and "Kohe Giran" by Khalid Fateh Muhammad are also important in this regard. These novels depict the dualism of man and woman.In the article the study of above mentioned novels is presented according to ecofeminism