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Determinants of turnover intention in Gen Z employees in commercial banks in Nairobi, Kenya
No full textFull - text thesisAcross the globe and in Kenya, the labor market is experiencing the entry of Gen Z employees; however, their turnover rate is high. As a result, this study examined the factors affecting turnover intention in Gen Z employees in Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the effects of job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, and organizational commitment on turnover in Gen Z employees working in Nairobi. The study was based on Mobley’s Model of the Turnover Process (MTP) and the Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). Positivism philosophy with the descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The population for this research comprised of Gen Zs employed in banks in in Nairobi. The required sample size for this research is 389, which was obtained using judgmental sampling. the eligibility criteria that were employed included being a Gen Z (1997-2012), and being in the formal workforce. To collect primary data, self-administered structured questionnaires were used, which were distributed using email invitations, Google forms and paper-based questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed using correlations and multiple linear regression through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The findings revealed a strong and statistically significant positive correlation between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention, indicating that higher levels of emotional exhaustion were associated with increased intentions to leave the organization. Regression analysis further showed that emotional exhaustion was the strongest predictor of turnover intention. These results suggest that when employees experience mental exhaustion, job stress, fatigue, burnout and frustration, they are more likely to consider leaving their jobs. Therefore, organizations that fail to address emotional exhaustion risk losing their younger workforce to burnout-driven turnover. Secondly. The results showed a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention, meaning that as job satisfaction increases, the likelihood of turnover decreases. Regression results confirmed this relationship, indicating that job satisfaction significantly and negatively predicted turnover intention. These findings underscore the importance of cultivating job satisfaction through meaningful work, supportive environments, autonomy and work relationships as a way to minimize employees' intention to leave. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between organizational commitment and turnover intention, which suggests that employees who feel more emotionally connected and loyal to their organizations are less likely to consider leaving. Regression analysis further supported this finding by showing that organizational commitment was a significant negative predictor of turnover intention. Thus, strengthening commitment through enhancing employees’ pride in their organization, their emotional connection to the organization, sense of loyalty and responsibility, and reciprocity can be a key strategy for retaining Gen Z talent in the banking sector
Balancing acts: navigating the fine line between freedom of expression and incitement to violence in Kenya
No full textFull - text undergraduate research projectIn the evolving landscape of free expression, it has become increasingly imperative to strike a delicate balance between the freedom to express oneself and the need to ensure that one’s expression does not incite violence against others. In Kenya, the line between the two has often been blurred particularly during politically tense times such as election periods where certain statements have led to post-election violence. It is on this basis that the objective of this study is to examine the thin line that exists between the freedom of expression and incitement to violence in Kenya. Anchored on the liberalism theory, this study will employ the doctrinal research method where it will analyse primary sources such as statutes and case law, as well as secondary sources which include books, academic journals, and newspaper articles. The study seeks to provide useful insight through its recommendations to legal practitioners and policy makers on how to revise the existing laws and policies, by either amending them or enacting new legislation, to eliminate the use of freedom of expression as a harmful tool to incite others to violence
Cultivating sustainable capacity to build a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem in Kenyan universities
No full text[i] Dr William Murithi, a senior faculty member, researcher, and consultant at Strathmore Business School, specialises in entrepreneurship, strategy, and family business.
[ii] Dr Samuel Ebie, Lecturer in Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Swansea University and Deputy Director of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research Institute (IERI), has extensive experience in enterprise, small business, and higher education leadership.
[iii] Prof. David Pickenell is Professor of Small Business and Enterprise Development Policy at the Swansea University School of Management and the Director of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research Institute (IERI).
[iv] Dr Daniele Doneddu is a Senior Lecturer at Swansea University’s School of Management. He has a multidisciplinary background spanning engineering, medical technology, innovation, economic development and IP.
[v] Dr Edward Mungai, Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Partnerships and Development at Strathmore University, focuses on youth employment, family well-being, and ethical business practices.
[vi] Dr Patricia Gachambi, Director of Undergraduate Programmes at Strathmore Business School, specialises in strategic management and competitive advantage.
[vii] Morris Mbaluka, a statistician and policy researcher at KIPPRA, works on applied statistics, entrepreneurship, and innovation ecosystems to support sustainable development.
[viii] Phylis Korir is a quantitative researcher and Monitoring and Evaluation specialist at iBiz Africa.Kenyan universities face a dual challenge in their aspirations to be both centres of quality education and sources of innovation and economic development. This policy brief is based on extensive research into the universities’ academic curricula. The study reveals that although some institutions, such as Strathmore University, have established effective and multi-tiered entrepreneurial programmes, many barriers exist. These include limited funding, faculty member training, and a lack of follow-up after students graduate. With an emphasis on curricular integration and continuous review, as well as improved industry-government partnerships and the introduction of specific faculty support mechanisms, universities are better positioned to convert academic research into practical policy and discover a new generation of job creators, thereby complementing national development objectives. In the long run, when most graduating students can create jobs for themselves and others, it could help reduce Kenya's 8.4% youth unemployment rate.
Keywords: Kenyan universities, academic curricula, entrepreneurial programmes, job creatio
Social innovation practices, entrepreneurial ecosystems and sustainable performance of social enterprises in Kenya
No full textFull - text thesisSocial enterprises in Kenya face growth and sustainable performance challenges with more than 50% not attaining their third birthday after inception. Besides, most social enterprises lack involvement of beneficiaries or stakeholders in decision-making, fail to serve the intended target population or marginalized groups and engage in activities that result in excessive waste production, energy consumption, or water usage without efforts to reduce or offset these negative impacts. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of social innovation on the sustainable performance of social enterprises in Kenya. The study’s objectives were to examine the influence of co-creation, impact investing, community-led development, and open innovation on the sustainable performance of social enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya. The research also assessed the moderating influence of entrepreneurial ecosystems on the association between social innovation practices and the sustainable performance of social enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya. The research was based on the social innovations’ theory, cluster theory and triple bottom-line framework. This study used the post-positivism philosophy and a quantitative research design which values scope, statistical description, and generalization. The population for this study was 51,000 social enterprises in Nairobi Kenya and a sample of 394 enterprises selected using quota sampling. Data was gathered during the months of March and April 2025 using a questionnaire and analysis was through descriptive statistics, correlation, and ordinal regression analysis. The research findings determined that the main social innovations practices by social enterprises in Nairobi Kenya were impact investing, community led development, open-innovation, co-creation, and partnerships. Those that were rarely practiced included behavioural insights, collaborative consumption. crowdfunding and crowdsourcing. The findings also determined that co-creation, impact investing, community-led development and open innovation have a significant effect on the sustainable performance of social enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya. The study however, determined that entrepreneurial ecosystems have no significant moderating influence on the link between social innovation practices and the sustainable performance of social enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya. The study recommends to management in social enterprises to enhance their interaction with universities, research labs, and even rivals. Further, social enterprises should keep emphasising communities as the centre of their creations by including beneficiaries in the design and execution of solutions to guarantee relevance and ownership but also foster long-term sustainability and confidence inside the society. For policymakers, the study recommends that they should have programs for capacity-building that should concentrate on improving localised development plans and participative innovation. Further a policy framework should support knowledge sharing platforms with regular forums, innovation centres, and digital platforms which help to promote peer learning, copy-on-demand of successful models, and cross-sector alliances
Effect of integrated risk management on financial performance of commercial parastatals in Kenya moderated by risk maturity
No full textFull - text thesisThis study investigated how integrated risk management (IRM) affects the financial performance of Kenyan commercial parastatals and moderating role of risk maturity. Commercial Parastatals in Kenya contribute to the economic development of the country, through their contributions in various sectors such as Transport, Agriculture, Energy and public services. However, these organizations face several challenges which threaten their performance and sustainability. While risk management practices, such as risk1 identification, analysis, and mitigation, are known to impact financial outcomes in various sectors, the application of IRM within Kenyan parastatals remains underexplored. The objectives of the study were to assess the influence of risk identification, risk analysis and risk mitigation on financial performance of commercial parastatals in Kenya and to establish the moderating influence of risk maturity level on the association between IRM and the financial performance of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The study was based on Resource based view (RBV) and contingency theory and adopted a descriptive correlation research design. The target population for this study consists of all the 30 commercial state parastatals in Kenya with a total of 1813 employees. A purposive sampling technique was employed for senior management to ensure that key decision-makers with relevant expertise are represented. For each of the 30 commercial parastatals, three purposive respondents were selected from senior management thus a sample size of 90. Structured questionnaires and a data collection sheet were used in data collection. Data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that risk identification and risk analysis have a positive and statistically significant impact on financial performance of commercial parastatals in Kenya. Risk Mitigation was also statistically significant thus a key driver of financial performance in commercial parastatals in Kenya. The study confirms that risk maturity is a significant moderator in the relationship between integrated risk management and financial success in commercial parastatals. The study recommends that the commercial parastatals should implement structured mechanisms for employee input, such as anonymous suggestion systems and regular feedback forums. They should institutionalize risk analysis frameworks such as scenario analysis and quantitative scoring across all departments. Management of the commercial parastatals should conduct regular internal audits to assess adherence to mitigation strategies and effectiveness of control measures. Parastatals should also implement targeted capacity-building programs
Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility strategies on corporate performance in the food and beverage industry in Kenya
No full textFull - text thesisThe fundamental concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is conducting business in a way that satisfies or goes beyond societal norms in terms of ethics, law, commerce, and public perception. Corporate performance is the sum total of financial, operational and social responsibility performance. Several studies have been conducted on CSR, however, there are limited studies focusing on CSR in food and beverage industry in Kenya. The main objective of the study is: To establish the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility strategies on corporate performance among food and beverage companies in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study are: To determine the effect of environmental strategies on the corporate performance of food and beverage companies in Kenya. To establish the effect of social strategies on the corporate performance of food and beverage companies in Kenya. To find out the effect of economic practices on the corporate performance of food and beverage companies in Kenya. The study provided firms that aimed at maximizing their corporate social responsibility policies with useful insights by elucidating the distinct impacts of environmental, consumer, employee, and community interactions on performance. The study was anchored on social exchange theory, and stakeholder theory. It was an examination of the corporate social responsibility strategies implemented by food and beverage companies in Nairobi as given by KAM (2019). This included 86 companies in the food and beverage industry. The study took one respondent per company targeting a total of 86 participants. The research philosophy to be adopted in this study was the positivist approach. Positivist researchers follow highly structured methodology in order to facilitate the hypothesis as was followed in this study. The research utilized a descriptive cross-sectional research design as a result of the ability of the design to accurately portray the characteristic of a phenomena. The sample size was composed of 86 respondents selected from the 86 identified organizations where only head of department or deputy head of department was given a chance to participate in the study. Data collection method incorporated structured questionnaires. The study adopted quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Data entry was done using SPSS software to generate the descriptive statistics like standard deviation for each study variable. Content analysis was used whereby information collected would be categorized in text, verbal or behavioral information with the purpose of classifying, summarizing and tabulating. Pearson Product-Moment correlation was calculated to establish the relationships between the variables. Regression analysis test was utilized to give the linear relationship between the predictor and dependent variable. The findings underscored the significant role of CSR in enhancing corporate performance. A majority of respondents (72%) indicated that CSR initiatives, such as green procurement positively influence corporate performance by reducing operational costs and fostering innovation. Similarly, CSR such as education support was established that it created shared valued by advancing social and corporate agenda
Factors influencing the financial performance of SACCOs in Kenya: a comparative analysis of regulated Deposit Taking SACCOs versus Non-Deposit Taking SACCOs
No full textFull - text thesisSavings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) are a vital component of Kenya’s financial system, fostering financial inclusion by extending credit and savings services to underserved populations. However, performance disparities between Deposit-Taking (DT) and Non-Deposit-Taking (NDT) SACCOs remain underexplored. While previous studies have predominantly focused on regulated DT SACCOs, limited comparative analysis exists on how selected financial ratios and operational strategies influenced financial performance across both categories. Anchored in Agency Theory and Asymmetric Information Theory, this study sought to fill that gap by examining key determinants of performance and strategic differences between DT and NDT SACCOs in Kenya. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of panel data from 357 regulated SACCOs between 2020 and 2023 using a fixed effects model, with qualitative insights from thematic analysis of primary data collected from 43 SACCOs. Financial performance represented by return on assets (ROA) was assessed using ratios from financial indicators, capital adequacy, liquidity, efficiency, and asset quality. The study also incorporated management perspectives on operational strategies to contextualize quantitative findings. The findings revealed that DT SACCOs exhibited superior financial performance in terms of capital adequacy, liquidity, and profitability, largely due to stronger regulatory oversight and access to deposits. However, they also experienced operational inefficiencies attributed to high compliance and administrative costs. In contrast, NDT SACCOs, though limited in capital mobilization and external funding, benefited from leaner structures, greater cost-efficiency, and closer member engagement, particularly in managing credit risk and asset quality. These results affirm the relevance of Agency Theory, highlighting how regulatory governance enhances financial stability in DT SACCOs but can also introduce inefficiencies. At the same time, Asymmetric Information Theory explained how NDT SACCOs leverage trust-based lending and informal governance mechanisms to maintain stable operations despite resource constraints. The study contributes to literature in cooperative finance by offering empirical insights into the differential performance drivers of DT and NDT SACCOs and underscores the need for targeted policy reforms to enhance operational efficiency, financial sustainability, and regulatory responsiveness in Kenya’s SACCO sector.
Key Words: Deposit-Taking SACCOs, Non-Deposit-Taking SACCOs, Financial Performance, Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Efficiency, Liquidity, Operational Strategie
Effects of mobile transactions on revenue collection in public transport business in Nairobi County
No full textFull - text undergraduate research projectThis research sought to investigate the effects of mobile money transactions on revenue collection in public transport business in Nairobi County by establishing how owners of public transport business can eliminate or minimize theft of the revenue collected through use of cashless or digital money transactions. The study targeted 272 PSV matatu SACCOs in Nairobi County. A standardized questionnaire with closed-ended, structured questions built on a five point Likert scale was used to collect data and was given to the Nairobi offices ofPSV Matatu SACCOs. Inferential statistics like correlation and descriptive statistics like means and standard deviation and linear regression analyses, where used in the data analysis process. Software called the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 and Microsoft Excel was also used to analyze the data. Regression analysis shows that the use of mobile money solutions accounts for 14.2% of the variation in transparency, with transactions using mobile money significantly contributing to improved transparency (R2=0.142 p<0.001R"2 =0.142, p < 0.001R2=0.142p<0.001). Additionally, the study shows that mobile transactions are moderately effective in reducing theft (R2=0.206p<0.001R"2=0.206p<0.001R2= 0.206p <0.001) and handling costs (R2=0.224p<0.001R"2=0.224,p< 0.001R2=0.224,p<0.001). The results also confirm that the relationship between these variables is statistically significant and devoid of multicollinearity concerns, affirming the reliability of the findings. Future studies should explore additional factors that may impact the effects of mobile money transactions in public transport. These include technological literacy among the operators, the role of customer trust in digital transactions, and the impact of mobile money on operational costs. Moreover, longitudinal studies could provide insights into how mobile money adoption evolves over time and its long-term effects on the transport businesses.
Key words: Mobile Transaction, Transparency, Reducing Theft, handling cost vehicle matatu SACCOS, Nairobi City Count
Assessing the adequacy of enforcement mechanisms for local employment and skill transfer under Kenya’s Mining Act 2016
No full textFull - text undergraduate research projectThe problem of inadequate local employment and skill transfer in Kenya's mining sector persists despite Section 47 of the Mining Act 2016 providing for employment local content. This study investigates the sufficiency of the current legal framework and explores how and why enforcement challenges have emerged. The study will be anchored on the social contract theory. The methodology adopted for the study is doctrinal, drawing from primary sources such as Constitutions and the Mining Acts, and secondary sources including academic articles and reports. The conclusion aims to provide recommendations for improving the enforcement of local content laws, drawing on best practices from resource-rich countries like Ghana. The findings will contribute to the discourse on local content enforcement and inform policymakers and persons of interest on maximising benefits in the mining sector
Pet animal welfare: a critique of the legal framework
No full textFull - text undergraduate research projectThis research delves into the intricate legal landscape that governs the protection of animal welfare in Kenya, specifically companion animals, examining the nation's commitment to safeguarding the welfare of pets within its borders. The study thoroughly analyses the existing Kenyan legal framework, regulations and international commitments that contribute to the protection and promotion of animal welfare. It proves that the legal framework is grossly underwhelming and ineffective in addressing contemporary challenges facing the state of companion animal welfare in Kenya. Ultimately, this analysis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the weaknesses within the legal framework governing animal rights in Kenya through constructive criticism, providing insights for policymakers, legal practitioners and advocates working towards the enhancement of animal welfare in the country