International Journal of Social Sciences and Scientific Studies
Not a member yet
336 research outputs found
Sort by
Comportements des acteurs en douane et performance organisationnelle de la direction générale de douane et accise/Kasumbalesa ET Luano
Get PDFCette étude aborde les comportements des acteurs en douane et performance organisationnelle de la direction générale de douane et accise/Kasumbalesa et luano, elle se fixe pour objectif, Identifier et décrire les comportements des acteurs en douane de la DGDA ;
Déterminer les facteurs qui sont à la base de ces comportements ;
Déterminer l’influence des comportements des acteurs en douane sur la performance organisationnelle de la DGDA/Lubumbashi ; élaborer une approche psychosociologique du civisme fiscal de renforcement de capacité du point de vue éthique et déontologique, professionnelle dans leurs fonctions pour la mobilisation et maximisation des recettes (civisme fiscal) en vue d’envisager la satisfaction des prestations douanières. Notre population de recherche est constituée de 196 personnes dont 128 hommes et 68 femmes, d’où nous avons extrait un échantillon de 160 participants dont 117 au poste frontalier de Kasumbalesa et 43 à l’aéroport de la Luano. La méthode d’enquête psycho-sociale est la méthode descriptive ont été employé en vue d’obtenir les informations à travers trois techniques suivantes : entretien, questionnaire, et la technique documentaireCette étude aborde les comportements des acteurs en douane et performance organisationnelle de la direction générale de douane et accise/Kasumbalesa et luano, elle se fixe pour objectif, Identifier et décrire les comportements des acteurs en douane de la DGDA ;
Déterminer les facteurs qui sont à la base de ces comportements ;
Déterminer l’influence des comportements des acteurs en douane sur la performance organisationnelle de la DGDA/Lubumbashi ; élaborer une approche psychosociologique du civisme fiscal de renforcement de capacité du point de vue éthique et déontologique, professionnelle dans leurs fonctions pour la mobilisation et maximisation des recettes (civisme fiscal) en vue d’envisager la satisfaction des prestations douanières. Notre population de recherche est constituée de 196 personnes dont 128 hommes et 68 femmes, d’où nous avons extrait un échantillon de 160 participants dont 117 au poste frontalier de Kasumbalesa et 43 à l’aéroport de la Luano. La méthode d’enquête psycho-sociale est la méthode descriptive ont été employé en vue d’obtenir les informations à travers trois techniques suivantes : entretien, questionnaire, et la technique documentaire.  
ATTRACTIVENESS OF POTENTIAL CANDIDATES TO POLICE OFFICER PROFESSION IN THE CITY OF LUBUMBASHI
Get PDFThe present research, concerning the HR Marketing field, cared about the notion of organizational attractiveness (OA) defined as the candidate intention to apply or to accept potential offers from a particular employer (Rampl & Kenning, 2014), and sought to identify the factors explaining the low attractiveness of candidates having the study level required by the law (at least six years of secondary studies). It is about attractiveness towards police officer profession.
A survey, using an electronic questionnaire, was carried out among a sample of 267 persons living in Lubumbashi city (potential candidates for the profession of police officer), at the end of which the results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between employer brand equity (EBE) and organizational attractiveness (otherwise, the negative brand image of the national congolese police is a significant determinant of the potential candidates low attractiveness). Regarding the specific dimensions of the EBE, only the factor named « Interest value » could appear as a significant determinant of organizational attractiveness. The desires of potentials candidates are therefore turned towards an organization encouraging innovation and creativity. This can be explained by the fact that most of them are young people born during a period and in a context corresponding to a lot of technological innovations.The present research, concerning the HR Marketing field, cared about the notion of organizational attractiveness (OA) defined as the candidate intention to apply or to accept potential offers from a particular employer (Rampl & Kenning, 2014), and sought to identify the factors explaining the low attractiveness of candidates having the study level required by the law (at least six years of secondary studies). It is about attractiveness towards police officer profession.
A survey, using an electronic questionnaire, was carried out among a sample of 267 persons living in Lubumbashi city (potential candidates for the profession of police officer), at the end of which the results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between employer brand equity (EBE) and organizational attractiveness (otherwise, the negative brand image of the national congolese police is a significant determinant of the potential candidates low attractiveness). Regarding the specific dimensions of the EBE, only the factor named « Interest value » could appear as a significant determinant of organizational attractiveness. The desires of potentials candidates are therefore turned towards an organization encouraging innovation and creativity. This can be explained by the fact that most of them are young people born during a period and in a context corresponding to a lot of technological innovations
IMPACT DES ORDURES MENAGERES SUR LA SANTE DE LA POPULATION DE LA ZONE DE SANTE DE MATADI EN RDCONGO
Get PDFLa gestion des déchets solides ménagers se pose avec acuité dans la Ville de Matadi, en raison notamment de la croissance démographique. Aujourd’hui, la filière se caractérise par un manque d’acteurs et organisations, une insuffisance de moyens adéquats et une absence des stratégies durables. Faisant suite à cela, nous nous sommes posé la question de savoir si ces déchets ménagers jetés çà et là ont un impact négatif sur la santé de la population. La présente étude a pour but identifier le circuit de gestion de déchets ménagers, son impact sur la santé et analyser les stratégies de gestion durable de ces déchets solides ménagers dans la ville de Matadi afin de réduire tant soit peu le taux de morbidité lié à ces déchets mal gérés. La méthode utilisée est descriptive, analytique transversale qui s’est appuyée sur la technique d’enquête auprès de 420 ménages, appuyée par l’observation directe et indirecte dans quatre avenues de l’aire de santé Makindu, Zone de santé de Matadi. Les données collectées ont fait l’objet d’un traitement informatique à l’aide des logiciels SPSS, Excel. Les résultats de l’étude ont révélé le manque d’acteurs dans ce domaine dans la ville de Matadi. Par conséquent, les principales pathologies observées sont : le paludisme 75%, la salmonellose ou fièvre typhoïde et diarrhées sanglantes (20%). Ces pathologies sont aggravées par la mégestion des déchets ménagers car, 50% de nos enquêtés déversent leurs déchets dans les caniveaux et 50% les jettent dans les cours d’eaux, parcelles abandonnées et voisines.
Abstract in English
Solid household waste management is a major issue in the city of Matadi, particularly because of population growth. Today, the sector is characterised by a lack of players and organisations, inadequate resources and a lack of sustainable strategies. As a result, we wondered whether the household waste dumped here and there is having a negative impact on people\u27s health. The aim of this study is to identify the household waste management circuit, its impact on health and to analyse sustainable management strategies for solid household waste in the city of Matadi in order to reduce to some extent the morbidity rate associated with this poorly managed waste. The method used was descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional, based on a survey of 420 households, supported by direct and indirect observation in four avenues of the Makindu health area, Matadi Health Zone. The data collected was processed using SPSS and Excel software. The results of the study showed that there is a lack of players in this field in the city of Matadi. As a result, the main pathologies observed were malaria (75%), salmonellosis or typhoid fever and bloody diarrhoea (20%). These diseases are exacerbated by the over-management of household waste, with 50% of our respondents dumping their waste in gutters and 50% throwing it into streams, abandoned plots of land and neighbouring areasLa gestion des déchets solides ménagers se pose avec acuité dans la Ville de Matadi, en raison notamment de la croissance démographique. Aujourd’hui, la filière se caractérise par un manque d’acteurs et organisations, une insuffisance de moyens adéquats et une absence des stratégies durables. Faisant suite à cela, nous nous sommes posé la question de savoir si ces déchets ménagers jetés çà et là ont un impact négatif sur la santé de la population. La présente étude a pour but identifier le circuit de gestion de déchets ménagers, son impact sur la santé et analyser les stratégies de gestion durable de ces déchets solides ménagers dans la ville de Matadi afin de réduire tant soit peu le taux de morbidité lié à ces déchets mal gérés. La méthode utilisée est descriptive, analytique transversale qui s’est appuyée sur la technique d’enquête auprès de 420 ménages, appuyée par l’observation directe et indirecte dans quatre avenues de l’aire de santé Makindu, Zone de santé de Matadi. Les données collectées ont fait l’objet d’un traitement informatique à l’aide des logiciels SPSS, Excel. Les résultats de l’étude ont révélé le manque d’acteurs dans ce domaine dans la ville de Matadi. Par conséquent, les principales pathologies observées sont : le paludisme 75%, la salmonellose ou fièvre typhoïde et diarrhées sanglantes (20%). Ces pathologies sont aggravées par la mégestion des déchets ménagers car, 50% de nos enquêtés déversent leurs déchets dans les caniveaux et 50% les jettent dans les cours d’eaux, parcelles abandonnées et voisines.
Abstract in English
Solid household waste management is a major issue in the city of Matadi, particularly because of population growth. Today, the sector is characterised by a lack of players and organisations, inadequate resources and a lack of sustainable strategies. As a result, we wondered whether the household waste dumped here and there is having a negative impact on people\u27s health. The aim of this study is to identify the household waste management circuit, its impact on health and to analyse sustainable management strategies for solid household waste in the city of Matadi in order to reduce to some extent the morbidity rate associated with this poorly managed waste. The method used was descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional, based on a survey of 420 households, supported by direct and indirect observation in four avenues of the Makindu health area, Matadi Health Zone. The data collected was processed using SPSS and Excel software. The results of the study showed that there is a lack of players in this field in the city of Matadi. As a result, the main pathologies observed were malaria (75%), salmonellosis or typhoid fever and bloody diarrhoea (20%). These diseases are exacerbated by the over-management of household waste, with 50% of our respondents dumping their waste in gutters and 50% throwing it into streams, abandoned plots of land and neighbouring area
CONSOMMATION DES STUPEFIANTS CHEZ LES JEUNES ADOLESCENTS DES QUATIERS KIMWANGA ET WENZE DE LA VILLE DE KIKWIT, PROVINCE DU KWILU EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO.
Get PDFLe monde moderne est pour le moins que l’on puisse dire accablé de bon nombre des fléaux sociaux, parmi lesquels nous pouvons citer le phénomène de consommation abusive des substances psychoactives notamment : le tabac, l’alcool et le cannabis qui constitue un véritable problème de Santé publique en RDC, d’autant plus qu’elle engendre non seulement des maladies non transmissibles, mais aussi l’usage de ces substances est facteur favorisant la propagation des maladies transmissibles et surtout à l’origine des phénomènes indésirables. Par la méthode d’enquête, la technique d’interview, Nous avons trouvés les résultats auxquels 76,4% fument ou consomment de l’alcool de toutes sortes;72 adolescents, soit 52,6% consomment les substances psychoactives.
Abstract in English
Drug use among young adolescents in the KIMWANGA and WENZE neighbourhoods of Kikwit: causes, consequences and preventive measures’. The modern world is, to say the least, plagued by a number of social scourges, including the abuse of psychoactive substances, in particular tobacco, alcohol and cannabis. This is a real public health problem in the DRC, especially as it leads not only to non-communicable diseases, but also to the use of these substances and factors that encourage the spread of communicable diseases and, above all, to undesirable phenomena.Le monde moderne est pour le moins que l’on puisse dire accablé de bon nombre des fléaux sociaux, parmi lesquels nous pouvons citer le phénomène de consommation abusive des substances psychoactives notamment : le tabac, l’alcool et le cannabis qui constitue un véritable problème de Santé publique en RDC, d’autant plus qu’elle engendre non seulement des maladies non transmissibles, mais aussi l’usage de ces substances est facteur favorisant la propagation des maladies transmissibles et surtout à l’origine des phénomènes indésirables. Par la méthode d’enquête, la technique d’interview, Nous avons trouvés les résultats auxquels 76,4% fument ou consomment de l’alcool de toutes sortes;72 adolescents, soit 52,6% consomment les substances psychoactives.
Abstract in English
Drug use among young adolescents in the KIMWANGA and WENZE neighbourhoods of Kikwit: causes, consequences and preventive measures’. The modern world is, to say the least, plagued by a number of social scourges, including the abuse of psychoactive substances, in particular tobacco, alcohol and cannabis. This is a real public health problem in the DRC, especially as it leads not only to non-communicable diseases, but also to the use of these substances and factors that encourage the spread of communicable diseases and, above all, to undesirable phenomena
HAMARTOMA OF THE NASAL CAVITY: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
Get PDFThe authors report the first case of nasal hamartoma observed in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo). The patient was a 12-year-old girl admitted with a tumor on the right side of the nasal pyramid that extended to the infraorbital region. The mass had recurred 3 years after initial removal and the patient was referred to our hospital. She presented with chronic rhinitis and nasal obstruction for several months. The maxillofacial CT scan suggested a benign process with no calcification lesions or signs of osteolysis. The tumor was completely removed via the paralateronasal approach and the post-operative course was straightforward. The histopathological diagnosis was that of a hamartoma. This is a rare, benign tumor consisting of a proliferation of one or more specific components of a given tissue. The majority of hamartomas are found in the lungs, kidneys and intestine, while their presence is exceptional in the ENT sphere, and especially in the nasal cavity. A correct differential diagnosis with other ENT tumours is essential because of the different therapeutic approaches.
 
Facteurs comportementaux associés au taux élevé de la fièvre typhoïde dans le milieu urbain
Get PDFTyphoid fever, a major global public health problem and the deadliest scourge in history after malaria. This study is conducted to identify the behavioral factors associated with the high rate of typhoid fever in Kinshasa. The Cité des Anciens Combattants district of the Commune of Ngaliema served as material, having a total population of 36,540 inhabitants. And the target population aged 18 to 62 represents 46.6% of the population. This study used the survey method using the interview technique using an interview guide questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. After analysis and processing of the data, among the behavioral factors associated with the high rate of typhoid fever, there is the presence of an associated disease (30.9%), poor domestic hygiene (30.4%). , the existence of intra-family contamination (59.9%), a comfortable latrine in their household (27.2%), lack of a water point in their household (24.3%), not wash your hands (25.7%), not use soap for hand washing (26.4%), consume contaminated water (49.2%), consume contaminated raw fruits and vegetables (52. 4%), consuming water and food from street vendors (73.8%), not evacuating feces (59.4%), rinsing food only once before cooking (29.3 %) and finally, the presence of flooding in their neighborhood (37.2%). Improvements in living conditions and the introduction of antibiotics will lead to a drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality attributable to typhoid fever.La fièvre typhoïde, un problème majeur de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale et un fléau le plus meurtrier de l’histoire après le paludisme. Cette étude est conduite en vue d’identifier les facteurs comportementaux associés au taux élevé de la fièvre typhoïde à Kinshasa. Le Quartier Cité des Anciens Combattants de la Commune de Ngaliema a servi de matériel, ayant une population totale de 36 540 habitants. Et la population cible de 18 à 62 ans représente 46,6% de la population. Cette étude a recouru à la méthode d’enquête par la technique d’interview au moyen d’un questionnaire guide d’interview. Les statistiques descriptives et inférentielles ont été utilisées. Après analyse et traitement des données, parmi les facteurs comportementaux associés au taux élevé de la fièvre typhoïde, il y a la présence d’une maladie associée (30,9%), une mauvaise condition d\u27hygiène domestique (30,4%), l\u27existence d\u27une contamination intra familiale (59,9%), une latrine confortable dans leur ménage (27,2%), manque d’un point d’eau dans leur ménage (24,3%), ne pas se laver les mains (25,7%), non utilisation du savon pour le lavage des mains (26,4%), consommer de l\u27eau contaminée (49,2%), consommer des fruits et légumes crus contaminés (52,4%), consommer de l\u27eau et des aliments provenant de vendeurs de la rue (73,8%), non évacuation des matières fécales (59,4%), rincer une seule fois les aliments avant leurs cuissons ( 29,3%) et enfin, la présence des inondations dans leurs Quartier (37,2%).
L’amélioration des conditions de vie et l’introduction des antibiotiques entraîneront une baisse drastique de la morbidité et de la mortalité imputables à la fièvre typhoïde. 
Expériences, perceptions, facteurs contributifs à la sexualité précoce chez les élèves mères et leurs implications pour la santé reproductive dans les écoles catholiques et protestantes de la ville de Kalemie, Tanganyika/RDC
Get PDFThis research aims to analyze the experiences of student mothers and their perceptions of early sexuality in Catholic and Protestant schools, by identifying contributing factors and their implications for education and reproductive health. Using a qualitative and exploratory approach, the study is based on non-probabilistic sampling (convenience and snowball techniques) involving student mothers from various religious institutions. The results reveal that 59.6% of participants experienced significant school rejection, and 31.64% felt isolated by their peers. More than half of the respondents reported insufficient family support, as well as a lack of support from teachers, which negatively affected their reintegration into school. Motherhood is widely perceived as a major source of stress (67.42%), financial hardship (78.8%), and school dropout (54.54%). The girls identified poverty (56.6%), lack of family dialogue (58.8%), peer pressure (69%), and religious norms (72.72%) as key contributors to early sexuality. Nevertheless, they expressed strong support for the involvement of religious leaders (74.49%), better sexual guidance in schools (60.6%), and the use of contraception (72.72%).Views on abortion were divided, with 54% opposed to recommending it. In conclusion, the lived experiences of these student mothers—marked by rejection, stigma, and resilience—represent a valuable resource for rethinking educational strategies related to reproductive health. Their perspectives can and should be actively included in awareness-raising, prevention efforts, and the development of tailored programs, involving them as agents of change among their peers, in order to promote a more realistic, inclusive, and preventive sexual education within faith-based schools.This research aims to analyze the experiences of student mothers and their perceptions of early sexuality in Catholic and Protestant schools, by identifying contributing factors and their implications for education and reproductive health. Using a qualitative and exploratory approach, the study is based on non-probabilistic sampling (convenience and snowball techniques) involving student mothers from various religious institutions. The results reveal that 59.6% of participants experienced significant school rejection, and 31.64% felt isolated by their peers. More than half of the respondents reported insufficient family support, as well as a lack of support from teachers, which negatively affected their reintegration into school. Motherhood is widely perceived as a major source of stress (67.42%), financial hardship (78.8%), and school dropout (54.54%). The girls identified poverty (56.6%), lack of family dialogue (58.8%), peer pressure (69%), and religious norms (72.72%) as key contributors to early sexuality. Nevertheless, they expressed strong support for the involvement of religious leaders (74.49%), better sexual guidance in schools (60.6%), and the use of contraception (72.72%).Views on abortion were divided, with 54% opposed to recommending it. In conclusion, the lived experiences of these student mothers—marked by rejection, stigma, and resilience—represent a valuable resource for rethinking educational strategies related to reproductive health. Their perspectives can and should be actively included in awareness-raising, prevention efforts, and the development of tailored programs, involving them as agents of change among their peers, in order to promote a more realistic, inclusive, and preventive sexual education within faith-based schools
ACCESS TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE FOR DISPLACED WOMEN AND GIRLS LIVING IN URBAN TOWNS AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Get PDFThis paper seeks to show the stakes faced by displaced women and girls from conflict-affected areas as they try to seek reproductive health care services in their new setting. Normally, reproductive health possess defies to both health providers and consumers in pre conflict settings due to some social and cultural norms. The displacement of women from the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon as a result of the on-going conflict has worsened the reproductive health situation of these women. Reproductive health problems have always been at the centre of healthcare provision in Cameroon with much money invested in it. Since the outbreak of social unrest in the two English speaking regions of Cameroon, many women and young girls have been displaced to other towns to seek refuge. Faced with the risk of displacement, most women and girls find it hard to access health services on issues relating to reproductive care.
In carrying out this study, A qualitative research method was used. Information was gotten from 30 people who were made up of 20 women and 10 men, with the help of in-depth interview and focus group discussion. These informants were contacted at the hospital where they come for consultation and at their homes. The theory used for this study is the health system theory. Coming from different cultural background as a result of displacement, these women have different reproductive health needs and challenges. With this, they are force to deploy various culturally perceived ways to solve these problems which with time, it becomes dangerous to their health.This paper seeks to show the stakes faced by displaced women and girls from conflict-affected areas as they try to seek reproductive health care services in their new setting. Normally, reproductive health possess defies to both health providers and consumers in pre conflict settings due to some social and cultural norms. The displacement of women from the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon as a result of the on-going conflict has worsened the reproductive health situation of these women. Reproductive health problems have always been at the centre of healthcare provision in Cameroon with much money invested in it. Since the outbreak of social unrest in the two English speaking regions of Cameroon, many women and young girls have been displaced to other towns to seek refuge. Faced with the risk of displacement, most women and girls find it hard to access health services on issues relating to reproductive care.
In carrying out this study, A qualitative research method was used. Information was gotten from 30 people who were made up of 20 women and 10 men, with the help of in-depth interview and focus group discussion. These informants were contacted at the hospital where they come for consultation and at their homes. The theory used for this study is the health system theory. Coming from different cultural background as a result of displacement, these women have different reproductive health needs and challenges. With this, they are force to deploy various culturally perceived ways to solve these problems which with time, it becomes dangerous to their health
OVER THE COUNTER STOCKS DATA ACQUISITION & ANALYSIS WITH TIME SERIES PREDICTION
Get PDFOver-the-counter (OTC) stocks are securities that are traded outside of traditional exchanges and are usually issued by smaller companies. These stocks can be risky and volatile compared to exchange-listed stocks, but they also have the potential for higher returns. In this study, we aim to acquire and analyze OTC stock data and use time series prediction techniques to forecast future price movements. To acquire the OTC stock data, we use a data API approach provided by otcmarkets.com to gather information about the company, industry trends, and historical price and volume data. We then apply an LSTM - CNN time series prediction model for technical analysis and a fine-tuned BERT model for fundamental analysis to forecast future price movements. Our results show that time series prediction techniques can be useful tools for analyzing OTC stock data and making more informed investment decisions.  
Proportion des femmes enceintes diabétiques et facteurs associés à l’accroissement du diabète gestationnel dans le milieu urbain
Get PDFDiabetes is a major public health problem on a global scale, not sparing pregnant women considered a vulnerable population. This study is conducted to research the proportion of pregnant women with diabetes and to identify the factors associated with the increase in gestational diabetes in urban areas.
This study is carried out in the Kintambo maternity ward in the city province of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The target population consisted of all pregnant women followed at the prenatal consultation. To achieve the results, the survey method by interview technique using an interview guide questionnaire was used.
After analysis and processing of the data, a total of 138 pregnant women served as observation. The proportion of pregnant women with diabetes was 0.312 out of 1 or 31.2%. Among the factors associated with gestational diabetes, there is overweight (56.5%), lack of physical activity (39.1%), lack of time to move (14.5%), history of diabetes gestational (18.8%), history of diabetes in a first-degree relative (29.7%), history of delivery of a large baby (19.6%).
In conclusion, gestational diabetes is present in the city of Kinshasa and continues to attract recourse. In view of our results, therapeutic education must be considered, because it intervenes in the relationship between the diabetic parturient and her caregiver, medical or paramedical, from the diagnosis of diabetes for a lower risk maternity.Le diabète est un problème majeur de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale, n’épargne pas les femmes enceintes considérée comme une population vulnérable. Cette étude est conduite en vue de rechercher la proportion des femmes enceintes diabétiques et d’identifier les facteurs associés à l’accroissement du diabète gestationnel dans le milieu urbain.
La présente étude est réalisée au sein de la maternité de Kintambo dans la ville province de Kinshasa en République démocratique du Congo. La population cible était constituée de l’ensemble des femmes enceintes suivi à la consultation prénatale. Pour parvenir aux résultats, la méthode d’enquête par la technique d’interview au moyen d’un questionnaire guide d’interview a été utilisée. .
Après analyse et traitement des données, un total des 138 femmes enceintes a servi d’observation. La proportion des femmes enceintes diabétiques était de 0,312 sur 1 soit 31,2%. Parmi les facteurs associés au diabète gestationnel, il y a le surpoids (56,5%), manque d’activité physique (39,1%), manque du temps pour se mouvoir (14,5%), l’antécédent du diabète gestationnel (18,8%), l’antécédent du diabète de parent au premier degré (29,7%), l’antécédent d’un accouchement de gros bébé (19,6%).
En conclusion, le diabète gestationnel est présent dans la ville de Kinshasa et continue à battre le recours. Au vue de nos résultats, une éducation thérapeutique doit être envisagée, car elle intervient dans la relation entre la parturiente diabétique et son soignant, médical ou paramédical, dès le diagnostic du diabète pour une maternité à moindre risque