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Beyond the Binary: Reconstructing the Self in Naina Menon’s Memoir
No full textAmidst the discussions on identity and individuality, the question of gender identity has been in much discussion in the recent decades. After Judith Butler’s analyses on gender performativity in her work Gender Trouble, the very fluidity of gender as a category has come to the fore. With the publication of Queer literature and the understanding of the wide spectrum of gender identities, the LGBTQIA++ communities have begun embracing their true selves and publicly asserting their identities. The Pride Parades, Marches, various activist events organized by them and supported by other NGO’s are all attempts to sensitize the society of the needs and rights of the hitherto marginalized community for a life of dignity. These developments have further led to many of this community to open up their private lives which were hidden for the fear of social censure, and expose their inner urges and desires in the form of autobiographies and memoirs. A proliferation of the life narratives of these marginalized communities has definitely unraveled their traumatic realities. It is in this backdrop of an urgent need of comprehending the repressive repercussions of their stigmatized existences owing to their inability to fit into the binaries of masculine and feminine genders, that this paper is a close-reading of Naina Menon’s memoir titled Birthing Me: Memoirs of a Transwoman in order to analyse the typical problems of being a ‘transwoman’ in the contemporary Indian society. It presents Naina’s bold transformation not only in the literal sense of redefining her identity but also in claiming her space as a pilot, in the field of Aviation, which traditionally hasn’t been welcoming to women, much less transwomen. The insights gained from the memoir would help forge an egalitarian and inclusive society for all as envisioned in our constitution
Portraying Images: Reconstructing Man and Animal Relationship with Specific Reference to Stephen Alter’s Feral Dreams: Mowgli & His Mothers
No full textThe relationship between humans and nonhumans is ancient, with both being interrelated or interconnected in numerous ways. In literature, regardless of country, culture, or customs, the role of nonhumans remains significant. Whether in mythology, modern-day fiction, or movies, depictions of animals in human forms and images are common and popular. This illustrates that in human life, the relevance of nonhumans is inevitable, and this cohabitation or coexistence is the core ideology of an ecosystem. However, this ideological value is declining daily as nonhumans are increasingly viewed as fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). This highlights their vulnerability in terms of sustainability. In contrast, human beings, the inheritors of superior intellect, continually and predominantly alter their relationships with nonhumans in various ecological settings. As a result, the environmental balance suffers an irreparable loss, leading to a dismal ecological condition. This paper discusses a new approach to revaluing and reconstructing the relationship between humans and animals, as well as other natural entities within forest ecosystems. The question of how this relationship can progress is contentious; one of the central debates has engaged nearly all schools of thought in the humanities and sciences in searching for sustainable solutions for our planet, accommodating both biotic and abiotic worlds without compromising anyone’s rights and significance. In the current socio-political and socio-economic discourse, the concept of ‘you’ and ‘me’ prevails. In this critical condition, where the survival of ecosystems is in jeopardy, no literature can remain idle and ruminate solely on dry literary theory, overlooking the needs of the times. A balanced relationship between humans and nonhumans, as well as abiotic and biotic elements within their respective ecosystems, must be addressed. Stephen Alter’s Feral Dreams: Mowgli and His Mothers (2020), a modern fable, raises several questions advocating the inevitability of the relationship between man and nature, as well as between animate and inanimate entities from a deep ecological perspective. The narrative idealises the interrelation and interdependence of humans, animals, and landscapes in the forests of the Himalayan region, embodying both somberness and beauty. As the demands of humanity increase, cruelty towards animals has escalated to alarming levels. The widespread use of the anthropomorphic approach in literary works can vividly represent the minds of animals. In any ecosystem, the mutual relationship that grows from empathy and compassion is crucial. Voicing the voiceless in English literature is a long-standing practice, which has intensified due to the zeitgeist as humans increasingly neglect the rights of animals
Ephemeral Ink, Eternal Strength: Exploring the Symbolic and Therapeutic Dimensions of Tattoos in the Healing Process of Cancer Survivors
No full textThe age-old tradition of tattooing has transcended from its historical implications with deviance and criminality to emerge as a potent form for expressing oneself, cultural identity, and self-empowerment. Tattoos, which were at once restricted to the marginalized groups, have now become democratized and acknowledged across various social strata as symbols injected with the ink of individual autonomy, resilience, resistance, and personal meaning. In contemporary society, tattooing has found its place not only as an aesthetic tool of artistic expression but also as a means of emotional and psychological healing, particularly for those who have experienced traumatic events and illness. This paper aims to explore the various functions of tattoos, with a specific thrust on their therapeutic and transformative roles, particularly among cancer survivors. Tattoos are increasingly considered vehicles of reclamation of the body, offering the survivors a way to reinforce their control over their body after the medical procedures of the cancer treatments, including mastectomies. Tattoos are not just mere fashion tools; indeed, they hold a semantic load capable enough to function both as a healer and an instrument of therapy, thereby helping in resilience and survival. This paper scrupulously analyzes the significant role of tattoos as vehicles for personal healing and empowerment, particularly within the context of cancer survivorship. The primary objectives of this study are to examine and evaluate the evolving cultural and psychological functions of tattoos and their role in the reconstruction of identity during the post-cancer treatment and how symbols of tattoos aid in contributing to the process of emotional and psychological healing. By analyzing the case studies of cancer survivors, the paper will investigate the relationship between the art of tattooing and how the tattoos helped in the reclamation of the body of the cancer survivor. The paper uses qualitative research, including a review of academic literature on tattooing in medical humanities, case studies of individual cancer survivors, and psychological perspectives on body art in the context of therapy. These case studies include the personal narratives of the survivors and demonstrate the role of tattoos in reclaiming both emotional and psychological balance, thereby claiming the ownership and control over the body
The Tower and the Seven Stars: Archetypal Symbols in the Poetry of W.B. Yeats and Jibanananda Das
No full textThe poetry of Jibanananda Das shows a remarkable similarity with that of W.B. Yeats when one considers, apart from other thematic and aesthetic resemblances, the unique tendencies of both when it comes to the creation of archetypal symbols and the use of images. Regarding the creation of images and the power of imagination, Yeats signifies, through the power of imagination, the ancient and the Surreal; Jibanananda uses the same to explain ‘kalpana-manisha’ (‘imaginative sensibility’). Both Yeats’s and Jibanananda’s affinity for symbols reveal a unique mobility in their respective poetical canons – one which distinctly contributes towards the ushering in of modernism in their own respective poetic traditions while imbibing possibilities of greater meaning and contextual expansion of the same by blending uniquely the traditional, the mythical and the familiar. This article shall, therefore, attempt a comparative study of Jibanananda and Yeats as regards their conception and treatment of archetypal symbols. Beginning with a short introduction which observes the similarities in the poetic deliberations of the two, this article will try to locate the poetic consciousness of Jibanananda as well as Yeats as regards their relationship with and renditions of symbolism. Finally, this article will examine the unique relationship of archetypal symbols with the poetic canons of Jibanananda and Yeats
Crippled Mentalities and Debilitated Family Structure in Mahesh Dattani’s Tara
No full textMahesh Dattani’s Tara is an exploration of gender discrimination, societal pressures and familial misfunctioning quite prevalent in the Indian society. Dattani has been one of those playwrights who has voiced and addressed many social concerns with conscientiousness and empathy. Likewise, his play, Tara revolves around the lives of the conjoined twins, Tara and Chandan who are prey to the fatal social customs. The play also explores how the deeply rooted patriarchal dominance designs their bleak futures. This paper delves into the psychological struggles of nearly all prominent characters who directly and overtly contribute in the broken family dynamics. It also foregrounds the impact of societal expectations on individual psychological stability and personal identities. By analysing the play’s themes, character development and narrative structure, this study highlights how Tara critiques a society that cripples its own children both physically and emotionally through its prejudices thereby sabotaging their familial harmony
A Clash of Cultures: Secularism and Islamism in Orhan Pamuk's Snow
No full textThis present research article depicts the complex cultural and ideological conflicts in Turkey. It is qualitative research; that uses textual criticism as a mode of interpretation. By examining key characters, themes, and symbols, such as the headscarf and the setting of Kars, the paper investigates how Pamuk portrays the tension between secularism and Islamism. The major finding of the study reveals that Snow reflects the cultural divide in modern Turkey. Secular and Islamic values conflict. It analyzes how the protagonist, Ka, navigates political and religious divides in the Turkish town of Kars, reflecting broader societal conflicts. The article examines Pamuk’s nuanced portrayal of these conflicting ideologies, highlighting the complexities of identity, belief, and societal transformation amidst a backdrop of political upheaval. These conflicts have affected not just politics but also the lives of common people in Turkey. Personal and collective identities have been shaped by this duality that has been a fundamental trait of Turkish culture and nationalism. As this research uses an interdisciplinary approach combining cultural, political, and theoretical readings, it is significant because it contributes to a deeper understanding of how secularism and Islamism intersect with cultural identity and modernity, not only in Turkey but across the Muslim world
Colonial Nostalgia and Reflective Memory in Zitkala-Sa’s American Indian Stories
No full textThis paper explores the complex dynamics of nostalgia within literature, focusing on colonial nostalgia and its implications for identity and memory in Zitkala-Ša’s American Indian Stories. By juxtaposing Svetlana Boym’s theory of nostalgia as a “longing for a home that no longer exists or has never existed” with Derek Walcott’s insights on colonial amnesia, this study examines how Zitkala-Ša’s reflective nostalgia serves as a form of resistance against cultural assimilation. Zitkala-Ša uses her autobiographical essays and fictional narratives to challenge colonial narratives that sanitize the past, instead highlighting the trauma and cultural dislocation caused by forced assimilation in boarding schools. The paper argues that Zitkala-Ša’s work not only critiques the romanticization of the colonial past but also asserts the richness of her Dakota heritage, transforming her nostalgic longing into a powerful act of cultural reclamation. Through her storytelling, she preserves Indigenous traditions and values, resisting the erasure of her identity while challenging contemporary neo-colonial attitudes. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that Zitkala-Ša’s reflective nostalgia is not merely a wistful look backward but a critical engagement with history, one that upholds the resilience of Indigenous identity in the face of colonial oppression
Mulk Raj Anand’s Portrayal of the Discrimination Against Untouchables in the Novel Untouchable
No full textThis research article explores Mulk Raj Anand’s seminal novel Untouchable (1935), renowned for its empathetic portrayal of societal injustices faced by the downtrodden. Anand, known for his profound sensitivity to the plight of the oppressed, eloquently depicts the multifaceted challenges confronting India’s impoverished lower castes. Untouchable meticulously exposes the pervasive grip of casteism and social marginalization that relegates the lower caste populace to lives fraught with despair and indignity. The novel vividly illustrates the profound impact of untouchability, casting a stark light on the abject poverty and systematic oppression endured by these marginalized communities. Through poignant narratives, Anand underscores how caste-based discrimination subjects individuals to relentless exploitation, humiliation, and unequal treatment within a stratified society. Central to the narrative is the theme of resilience amidst adversity, as Anand imbues his characters with a palpable sense of pathos and dignity. Despite enduring systemic injustices, the protagonists’ resilience emerges as a testament to the human spirit’s endurance in the face of adversity. Anand’s narrative acquires a transformative dimension with the introduction of Mahatma Gandhi’s character, symbolizing hope and advocating for the empowerment of the underprivileged. Through Gandhi’s presence, Anand subtly proposes avenues for societal reform and the upliftment of marginalized communities, echoing themes of social justice and equality that resonate throughout the novel. In essence, Untouchable stands as a poignant critique of entrenched social inequities and a compelling call to action for a more inclusive and just society. Anand’s narrative mastery and compassionate storytelling serve to illuminate the enduring struggles and aspirations of those relegated to the margins, leaving an indelible impression on readers and scholars alike
Fading Footprints: The Lasting Legacy of British Colonialism and Indian Influence on the Great Andamanese Tribe
No full textDocumented in literature and research, the five distinct languages spoken by the Great Andamanese tribes have largely receded, if not entirely extinct as a result of British colonization, followed by increasing Indian dominance. Adding to the cultural conundrum, the Indian government faces the challenge of preserving these disappearing languages while ensuring the community's survival in contemporary society. Juxtaposing the contemporary status of the Andamanese people with their pre-colonial years elucidates the profound paradigm shift induced primarily by the remnants of British colonialism and escalated by the Indian influence. The Great Andamanese tribe, once a lively group with thriving diversity in language and traditions, stands at the brink of losing its distinct identity, linguistics, and cultural richness. Dismantling centuries-old cultures and languages never fails to leave a profound vacuum within societies. While British colonization has undoubtedly left an indelible mark on the Andaman Islands, the continuous imposition of the dominant Indian societal norms further jeopardizes the remaining traces of the tribe’s distinct identity. Established as part of the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located southeast of the Indian subcontinent in the Bay of Bengal, the community finds itself under Indian jurisdiction and isolated by the Andaman Sea from the Malay Peninsula. The islands’ remoteness influences their linguistic and cultural diversity, making them a haven for multiple distinct languages. However, under the imposing influence of Indian society, Hindi has become an essential element for survival, contributing to the dilution of linguistic diversity. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the enduring impact of British colonialism on the culture, language, and traditions of the disappearing Great Andamanese tribe residing on these islands. British colonialism, coupled with later geopolitical changes, saw a significant and concerning decrease in the Great Andamanese population, leading to the inevitable erosion of their unique cultural identity
The Unseen Struggles: Examining Disability in Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day and Bhapsi Sidhwa’s Ice Candy Man
No full textGlobally, disabled people are widely recognized as one of the most disempowered and undeserved groups. Disabled people have historically faced alienation. Individuals get banished from the community if they are determined to be incompetent. Our society’s ignorance, bigotry, and lack of awareness are major causes of this discrimination. Disability is frequently stigmatized within society, shaping negative perceptions and attitudes. The research paper explores the complex representation of disability in two important literary works, Ice Candy Man by Bapsi Sidhwa and Clear Light of Day by Anita Desai. The paper uses a critical perspective to examine how these novels negotiate the complex aspects of disability within the socio-political landscapes of post-colonial India, with a focus on the intersectionality of disability and culture. Through a close examination of characters, stories, and social perspectives on disability, this paper seeks to illuminate the complicated issues surrounding the portrayal of people with disabilities in the two selected texts. In addition, the study delves into how cultural, historical, and societal elements influence how people see disability and provides insights into the difficulties that handicapped people encounter in various literary contexts. The paper emphasizes the value of genuine and nuanced depiction in promoting inclusivity and advances a larger knowledge of the role literature plays in influencing societal attitudes regarding disability