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The Discourse of Silence as a Testimony of Resistance: A Study with Reference to Select Poems by Imtiaz Dharker
Get PDFThe present paper aims to inquire the synthesis of resistance in Imtiaz Dharker’s poetry and how she invokes the concept by using silence as a core element to convey it. Through the select poems, the question of whether resistance in her poems is recognized and intentional shall be addressed. It also intends to move beyond the definitional spectrum of resistance and analytically find the lines of dissent which Dharker incorporates. This endeavor shall resolve the conceptual parameter of resistance and how silence can also be a crucial part of it. There shall also be an attempt to find how silence is entrapped and plays an important role in the formulation of active protest against oppressive regimes. The poems represent both intentional and unintentional silence, and through the lens of resistance, the paper facilitates a critical introspection of the same to find if it originates from long term acculturation of methodologies of rebellion or simply embodies an innovative inquiry
Exile as a Timeless Problem for Humankind – Mirrored Through Pre-Modern German and Other Literary Texts
Get PDFTragically, human history has always been determined by the experience of being exiled. This has been discussed in historical documents and especially in literary texts throughout time. The present essay first reflects on the wide range of examples for this topic, and then illustrates it through a critical reading of the Old High German heroic poem, “Hildebrandslied,” and the Middle High German heroic epic, Nibelungenlied. Each time, the experience of exile is described in moving, horrific terms and utilized as a metaphor of the tragedy of the human existence. Insofar as these two medieval examples strike us as so timeless and universal, we can recognize here, once again, the great significance of medieval literature for the exploration of fundamental aspects in our lives, particularly in extreme cases
The Role of Women Characters in the Select Novels of Salman Rushdie
Get PDFSalman Rushdie, a postmodernist immigrant, is considered as one the greatest novelist of the 20th century. His apt use of magical realism, incorporates mythology, religion, history, fantasy, and humor into the real world. He narrates his life story and relates it to the national history of India. Rushdie uses the magical realist technique to deal about the postcolonial people of India, and various postcolonial issues. His writing focuses on India’s history, politics, and identity as seen through his narrators. There is a blending of fantasy and reality with his fantastical fiction. Salman Rushdie presents women as strong characters to break free from their oppressive roles through his works. He develops strong female characters who face life with great fortitude and strength rather than meek personality. This research article critically investigates the role of women characters in selected novels by the acclaimed author, Salman Rushdie. A corpus of three major works—Midnight’s Children, The Satanic Verses, and Shame—has been selected for detailed analysis. The study aims to illuminate the varying dimensions of women’s representation, their influence, and the evolution of their roles in these narratives, serving as mirrors to the sociopolitical realities of their time. The article applies a combined theoretical framework of feminist literary criticism and postcolonial discourse to unpack the intricate characterizations and their wider implications. Findings reveal that Rushdie’s women characters are often depicted as multi-dimensional, complex individuals who actively influence the plot and resist conforming to traditional roles. They embody strength, resilience, and liberation in the face of cultural, political, and religious adversities, breaking the mold of passive feminine stereotypes. Despite being enmeshed within patriarchal societal structures, these characters often subvert normative constraints, highlighting the intersection of gender, power, and resistance in Rushdie’s novels. Through the use of magical realism, Rushdie juxtaposes reality with the fantastical, further challenging conventional expectations of women in literature. Rushdie’s depiction of women provides significant insights into the complexities of postcolonial feminist identities, societal norms, and cultural heritage. His novels, while being grounded in their specific contexts, resonate on a universal scale, enriching the discourse around the representation of women in literature
Atomism In Vaisheshik Philosophy: An Analysis of the Fundamental Building Blocks of The Universe
Get PDFThis research paper explores the concept of atomism within the Vaisheshik philosophy, one of the six orthodox schools of ancient Indian philosophy. Vaisheshik, propounded by sage Kanada, postulates that the universe is composed of discrete, indivisible entities known as atoms, ('anu' in Sanskrit). The discussion focuses on the conceptualization of these fundamental entities, their classifications, and their combinations resulting in the composite universe. This paper delves into the fundamental principles of Vaisheshik philosophy, examines the nature and characteristics of atoms according to this school of thought, and discusses their significance in understanding the structure of the universe. The article provides a critical analysis of atomistic theory in relation to modern scientific understandings, highlighting the Vaisheshik system’s relevance and compatibility in contemporary philosophical and scientific discourse. It examines the philosophical implications of atomism, probing how these atomic theories contribute to the broader understanding of reality, perception, and the inherent order or 'dharma' governing the universe. Moreover, the article explores the interplay between the microcosmic atomic realm and the macrocosmic universal phenomena. Through a meticulous examination of this ancient philosophy, the article underscores the enduring nature of Indian philosophical thought and its intersection with modern science. By exploring the atomistic perspective of Vaisheshik, this research aims to contribute to a broader understanding of ancient Indian philosophical systems and their approach to cosmology
Concern for Human Rights Violation: A Study of Mahasweta Devi
Get PDFIn the literary landscape, Mahasweta Devi stands out as an illustrious writer who, with precision and visceral detail, traces the saga of tribulations and societal marginalization experienced by tribal communities. Upon a comprehensive reading of Devi’s body of work, an observer might be inclined to conceive of her as a metaphorical celestial emissary, descended upon the terrestrial plane with the sole purpose of assuaging the sorrows of the voiceless; those who, being bound by their fear, were rendered unable to raise their voices against the oppressive landlords and zamindars. Devi, in her profound humanity, contemplates deeply on the circumstances of the impoverished dalits and tribals, who were deprived of basic human rights. The balance of power was tipped in favor of the affluent and zamindars, thereby allowing the latter to exploit the disenfranchised at their discretion. The tribal and dalit communities were victims of both physical and sexual harassment, and they were effectively silenced, stripped of their right to protest their own subjugation and oppression. In the context of the societal framework, these communities were marginalised, excluded from the mainstream discourse of life. Devi, with her empathy and indignation, assumed the role of their voice, tirelessly advocating for their plight. She strived to disseminate information about their gruesome conditions through her research papers and books, which subsequently evolved into a form of literature that voiced the experiences of these communities. During her era, the governmental structure was steeply biased against the indigent. Their interests and welfare were disregarded, and policies largely favored the prosperous. Devi’s work serves as a critique of this system, shedding light on the grim reality of social stratification and advocating for an inclusive society that upholds the dignity and rights of every individual. The present research article draws vivid details of the sufferings and marginalization of the tribals as represented by Mahasweta Devi in her works
Exploring Folklore and Fantasy: Eudora Welty’s Interpretation of The Robber Bridegroom
Get PDFEudora Welty, a celebrated American novelist renowned for her deft literary touch, prominently positioned herself within literary tradition with her famous novella, The Robber Bridegroom, which was published in 1942. This work, uniquely situated within the cultural tapestry of Mississippi, integrates elements drawn from American mythology and historical figures of the American South, weaving them into the fascinating tale of the gentleman robber Jamie Lockhart. The present research paper embarks on an exploratory journey into the complex tapestry of The Robber Bridegroom, offering a multifaceted analysis that bridges the gap between folklore, fantasy, and reality. It investigates the peculiar confluence of wisdom, seriousness, mysterious wilderness, amusement, and disenchantment—ingredients often found in traditional fairy tales. This synthesis resonates with the timeless quality of myth and resonates with a contemporary audience. Central to this exploration is an analysis of Welty’s intricate character portrayals and her deft use of irony and humor. These literary devices, alongside her nuanced evocation of the setting, serve to underscore a profound reflection on the transient nature of human connections. Moreover, this paper delves into Welty’s portrayal of the Western civilization’s impact on the indigenous Natchez tribe, a theme that lends the story historical depth and sociocultural relevance. In examining the dualities that permeate the narrative, such as enlightenment and ignorance, civilization and wilderness, the study highlights Welty’s ability to transcend simple dichotomies, presenting a fairy tale-like narrative that also fosters critical inquiry into the development of writing skills and artistic expression. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into how Welty’s narrative functions as a metaphorical bridge, connecting historical realities with a broader human experience, thus reinvigorating classical motifs with modern sensibilities. The present research article reveals a rich and multifarious literary landscape that bears witness to Welty’s masterful command of her craft. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of her work, and by extension, the intricate web of cultural, historical, and personal relationships that define our collective human experience
Truth Unmasked: The Voice of an Indian Transwoman in The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story
Get PDFThe present research article delves deep into the autobiography, The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story, to unmask the intricate tapestry of challenges, prejudices, and triumphs faced by Revathi, an Indian transwoman. Revathi’s autobiography transcends the boundaries of a mere autobiographical narrative, as it assumes the role of a seminal work that enriches our comprehension of the intricate dynamics pertaining to gender, caste, and social marginalization within the context of India. It serves as a poignant testament to the resilience and defiance of an Indian transwoman amidst socio-cultural adversities. Through the utilization of a narrative approach characterized by a combination of intimacy and directness, Revathi effectively elicits emotional and intellectual engagement from the reader, thereby transforming her story into a compelling and evocative plea for action. The author’s emphasis on topics such as intersectionality and social stigma renders this piece essential for individuals with an inclination towards gender studies, social justice, and Indian culture. The present article critically examines Revathi's voice as an instrument of both resistance and revelation. On one hand, her story confronts and critiques the entrenched societal norms that perpetuate discrimination against the hijra community. On the other, it illuminates the internal struggles and moments of epiphany that define her personal journey of self-realization. The article sheds light on the sociocultural dynamics that intertwine with Revathi's identity as a hijra, her caste background, and her positioning within the broader Indian sociopolitical milieu. This research article accentuates the autobiography's significance in amplifying marginalized voices, thereby contributing to the broader discourse on gender, identity, and human rights in the contemporary Indian context
“Where are you going?”: Investigating Spatiality from a Translocal Perspective in Forrest Gander’s Core Samples from the World
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An illustrious poet, editor and translator Forrest Gander probes into the conditions of modern human existence with a remarkable sensitivity towards the contemporary environmental challenges. The finalist for Pulitzer Prize 2012, Gander’s Core Samples from the World (2011) recounts his experience of distant, exotic places like China, Mexico, and Bosnia-Herzegovina from the perspective of an ecopoet writing in the Anthropocene. Composed from the objective viewpoint of a traveller the book exploits the Japanese Haibun form to juxtapose poetry, essays and photographs taken by his collaborators— Raymond Meeks, Graciela Iturbide and Lucas Foglia. Together the detached prose pieces, the disorienting poetry and the evocative photographs shed light on the severity of current ecological crisis and raise critical questions regarding one’s ecological self and identity. The present study aims to explore how Gander’s singular conception of space simultaneously instigates the readers to open dialogue regarding such pivotal questions and plays a seminal role in the evolution of his ecopoetic vision. This paper further aspires to analyse the ways in which Gander exploits his inclusive spatial engagement as a traveller to portray the world as a shared, connected space permanently altered by the reckless exploitation of nature and natural resources. It also intends to enquire the subsequent deterioration of the bond between human beings and their surroundings which ultimately results in a sense of fragmentation along with a loss of identity. The present study also scrutinizes how Gander’s unconventional imagination and delineation of translocal space which is essentially an open-ended, mobile and multilateral concept rather than a static geographical locale influence his engagement with contemporary environmental issues on various levels
A.K. Ramanujan: A Poet of Different Cultures and Languages
Get PDFThe paper explores the impact of different cultures and languages in the poetic writings of A. K. Ramanujan. He has a full command over Indian culture, scriptures and rituals. Tamil, Kannad, Sanskrit and English languages are well known to him. Language is a very important tool in the formulation of a culture and its aesthetics, as it is a medium of expression. Without language no human culture can be imagined. Culture is a manifestation of the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular group of human society. It is a code of conduct which guides and control a certain human society. Ramanujan was deeply rooted in Indian culture and tradition, which is evident in his work. However, his exposure to Western education, particularly his studies in the United States, also influenced his literary style and themes. As a result, Ramanujan's work reflects a unique blend of different cultures and languages, and he is known for bridging the gap between Indian and Western literary traditions. Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary defines culture as “the customs and beliefs; ways of life and social organization of a particular country or group” (373). The cultural and linguistic influences are evident in the literature of any nation, therefore, it always becomes a perfect source of information. Literature of any nation keeps the record of its history, geography, culture and tradition. For instance, we have to study Leo Tolstoy to know the history and geography of nineteenth century Russian literature; similarly, if we want to know something about the English culture, we have to study English literature as literature is a part of culture. In the same way, there are several languages and cultures that are observed in India and each of them are closely connected with the theme of Indianness and this is how it paves the way of unity in diversity
From Individuality to Universality: A Critical Exposition of ‘Self’ of Women in Dalit Movement and Literature in India
Get PDFThis scholarly research article delves into the conceptualization of ‘Self’ of women in the Dalit movement and literature in India, providing a critical analysis that bridges the gap between individuality and universality. It initiates a discourse on the often-overlooked narrative of Dalit women in a predominantly patriarchal and caste-dominated society, underscoring the experiences they encapsulate, extending from personal narratives to shared universality. Through the examination of an assortment of primary sources, including autobiographies, literary texts, speeches, and interviews of Dalit women, this study unveils the complexities in their identities, informed by the intersection of caste, gender, and class. It further explores how these experiences, entrenched in oppression and resistance, shape the ‘Self’ and communal identity of Dalit women. The article advances a unique theoretical framework that combines intersectional feminism and subaltern studies to decipher the nuances of Dalit women’s selfhood. The framework enables a systematic exploration of the convergences and divergences in the perception of ‘Self’ amongst Dalit women, aiding in the understanding of their position within the wider socio-political discourse. In unearthing the shared collective consciousness arising from individual struggles, the research sheds light on the universality of Dalit women’s experiences. Simultaneously, it exposes the evolution of the Dalit women’s movement from a regional force to a global voice, forging an essential link between local experiences and universal human rights discourses. This study conclusively asserts the need for broader recognition and comprehension of Dalit women’s narratives, not as a marginal story but as a central one that intersects with various global feminist and human rights movements. It proposes that the understanding of Dalit women’s ‘Self’ is pivotal in moving towards an inclusive and equitable society, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of social justice in India and beyond