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The Journey of the Dalit Refugees in Bengal: A Comparative Study of Allen Ginsberg and Jatin Bala’s Poetry
Get PDFDalit literature seeks to present the struggles and experiences of the oppressed. Bengali Dalit literature has become a powerful tool for social and political action. It provides counter-narratives that talk about their experiences and realities. Bangla Dalit literature depicts the lives of refugees with sensitivity and empathy, emphasizing the struggles and resilience of those displaced from their homes and communities due to political, social and economic factors. The term “refugee” refers to a person who has been forced to flee their country of origin. A large part of the population had to leave their homes and migrate from East Bengal to West Bengal as part of the Partition of Bengal, mainly due to the communal tension. However, most of the refugees who migrated to West Bengal during the Bangladesh Liberation Movement in 1971 were mainly Dalits or other marginalized communities who faced discrimination and oppression in their homeland. Jatin Bala, one of the eminent Dalit writers and one of the refugees, himself reflected the pain and suffering of these Bengali Dalit refugees, on the other hand, Allen Ginsberg, the famous American writer Ginsburg, who visited Bangladesh amid the conflict, he also paints a sad picture of the loss of these Bengali refuges in his long poem “September On Jossor Road”. This study aims to carry out a comparative study of the representations of the two authors about these refugees
Reading and Its Reflection: A Clinical Diagnosis
Get PDFReading is a process of inception and introspection. Reading is the way through which a reader can dream any dreams either in day or in night. Reading makes settings in affirmative form contrary to negativity. Reading is an evolution of consideration of any reflections either within the text or outside the text. Cognition is that road leads reading to acknowledgement of meanings and signs. Reader can serve it to demonstrate everything having read the text of life that leads to the real journey from beginning to ending ahead of upcoming events or upheavals. Reading is a replica of interaction that seeks to impart an effective communication. Reading can produce anything through the production of itself. Reading can deem things in order to reproduce the text ahead of consideration for evaluation. The clinical order of reading process is sustained with the serene and sheer contemplation of signs from production to evaluation. The objective of reading reflection is to state the inculcation of new insights to figure out upcoming ideas regarding the future recommendation. Reading inculcates new standards, new models and new doctrines to point out requisite validation, sovereignty and regularity. Reading can be observed as a replica of conception, reception, formulation and realization regarding the contents. The reflection of reading is a way of pealing new inspirations to the relevant texts as a mirror exhibits the clear scenario of truth and reality
Social and Sexual Exploitation of Women in Vijay Tendulkar’s Sakharam Binder
Get PDFVijay Tendulkar's dramatic piece, Sakharam Binder, stands out as a critical examination of the sociocultural paradigms that perpetuate the exploitation of women. This article delves into the multiple layers of oppression and discrimination faced by the female protagonists and situates the play within the broader context of postcolonial Indian society. Tendulkar, through his audacious characters and narratives, throws light on the deep-rooted patriarchal norms that dictate female subjugation. The central figure, Sakharam Binder, is both a product and propagator of these entrenched societal beliefs. As a man who provides shelter to destitute women in exchange for domestic and sexual services, Sakharam becomes the embodiment of male entitlement and dominance. The women in his life, including Laxmi and Champa, become representative of the countless women whose identities are stifled by a male-centric worldview. Laxmi, the submissive, and Champa, the defiant, are instrumental in demonstrating the spectrum of female experiences under the weight of patriarchal constructs. While Laxmi's meek surrender highlights the internalization of patriarchal values, Champa’s rebellion underscores the dire consequences women face when challenging the status quo. Tendulkar masterfully juxtaposes these characters to critique the ways in which society polices and punishes deviance from gendered expectations. The spatial dynamics within Sakharam's house serve as a potent metaphor for the wider societal space where women are confined, controlled, and commodified. The narrative underscores how economic dependency and cultural conditioning become tools of subjugation, forcing women into cycles of exploitation. Tendulkar’s sharp, unflinching portrayal of the social and sexual exploitation of women demands introspection and reform, making the play a significant contribution to postcolonial Indian literature and feminist discourse. The play provides the various themes and concerns related the middle-class psyche
Lifting the Veil: A Study of Ismat Chughtai’s “Lihaf”
Get PDF‘Queer’ is defined as anything which is against the ‘normal’, ‘biological’, ‘God-given’ or ‘natural’. Queer theory is a field of study within gender and sexuality that challenges normative understandings of gender, sexuality, and identity. It emerged in the late 20th century and seeks to deconstruct traditional notions of binary gender and heterosexual norms, questioning societal assumptions about sexuality and identity. Queer theory broadens the scope of its analysis to include all types of behaviors that entail “queer” forms of sexuality because it is concerned with all kinds of sexuality which are “queer” in this regard. It rejects the notion that one’s sexuality is a fundamentalist in nature, something defined by genetics or assessed by immutable moral and truth standards, in line with feminist theory and gay/lesbian studies. The most controversial & popular work of Ismat Chughtai, “Quilt,” or “Lihaf” was authored in 1941 and released by Adab-e-Latif, a literary magazine sometime later in 1942 voicing a woman’s sexual desires and setting an example of liberation of women from the shackles of the society which suppresses their need to be vocal about their sexual needs. The present research article aims at evaluating Ismat Chughtai’s short story, which delves deeply into a woman’s sexual needs and focuses on female sexuality. It also goes a long way towards examining a woman’s conscious decision to choose an alternative sexuality over her naturally heterosexual behavior
The Exhilaration of Translation: The Epitome of Literary Culture
Get PDFTranslation can be an emulation of written statements extracted from the original thoughts and notions that could be acknowledged throughout the whole literature of earthly culture. As far as Indian translated literature is concerned, there is a road of accomplishing the task of literary culture on a larger scale such as translation of several texts. Some regional translations into English are stipulated across the whole India such as stories of Munshi Premchand titled Panch Parmeshwar for The Divine Arbiter, Kafan for The Shroud and so forth. The works of Munshi Premchand are translated into English and Russian after his demise. At the world level, we can get an example of Kahlil Gibran and Rumi whose works are translated from Arabic and Persian respectively into English and other European languages. The main resolution is to ensure that each and every member of society can perceive the fragrance of the culture with the translation from one language to the source language. This paper holds descriptive, qualitative and experimental findings to ratify translation as a big concept of literary culture. The objective of this paper invokes translators to translate the texts or any reading platforms as much as possible to convey parameter of culture to the readers, audiences and common authorities by which they come to know the realization of situations either catastrophic or placid. Translation is basically a new trend of the concept of culture
The Unhealing Scars: ‘Her’ Narratives of Partition
Get PDFLiterature reflects society in various ways. Displacement implies crisis of identity. The history of colonialism has occupied a large space in portraying the displacement of individuals across cultures. It has left a wound in everybody’s heart since driving an individual away from his/her native land is synonymous to deprive him/her of the right to breathe. Partition narratives form the part and parcel of displacement as a separate branch of studies. When a nation is fractured the trauma of losing one’s land creates a wound in the psyche and it has been contextualized by various writers during the pre and post phases of partition. They have focused on the physical, mental, social and above all the psychological wounds of individuals who have lost their native land. The documentation of partition narratives is of various layers and gender discourse is a significant component of this. Partition has revealed the hidden wounds of women’s bodies which have always been the site of oppression. They were abducted, raped, mutilated and they have been left as mere living beings. The present paper attempts to explore the effect of partition on women through the analysis of short stories written by Shobha Rao. Urvashi Butalia, Nivedita Menon, Kamla Bhasin have been extensively exploring the displacement of women in the context of partition and their narratives focus on the traumatic experiences of displacement and how that reduce their identities since they are merely considered as ‘bodies’. Shobha Rao, known as an American novelist immigrating from India has extensively focused on women’s oppression in various contexts. In the collection of short stories called An Unrestored Woman Rao is concentrating on the abducted women being returned to their own lands in the context of the Abducted Persons (Recovery and Restoration) Act in 1949. The proposed paper is going to examine Rao’s texts in the context of partition to trace the nature of displacement, trauma and quest to find their own identity
Counter-Narrative as a Powerful Narrative Technique for the Voice of the Voiceless in The Palace of Illusions
Get PDFIndia is a land of myth and legends. Indian epics are archives of our history and precedent culture which depicts what happened in the times of yore. They tell us about the events and developments that shaped our culture. Epics dole out as a testimony of our culture. Many Indian writers craft their plot from epics of Hindu mythology which is used as a literary device. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni uses Hindu mythology in her works broadly to instill audacity in her woman protagonists. She tries to demonstrate how myths steer women to surmount their conflicts in life. Her novels explicate how myths instruct humanity to lead a virtuous life. Draupadi, the heroine of The Mahabharata is presented through a fictional perspective in Divakaruni’s novel The Palace of Illusions, (2008). It is a retelling of The Mahabharata, from the perspective of Draupadi. She breaks the stereotype of a conventional heroine in Indian literature. Counter-narration is a method of telling the stories of those people whose experiences are not often misrepresented or untold. It is also a tool for uncovering, examining, and stimulating mainstream historical texts. The author uses counter-narrative techniques in the novel to counter the position of women in The Mahabharata era addressing the prejudice, difficulties, and the male dominance that they had experienced. A descriptive analysis enumerates upon the author’s use of the counter-narrative technique in the novel through a detailed description of plot, settings, and characterization. Divakaruni midst of suffering has overcome the predicaments she faced challenging the old age convention that women must accept tradition and society without questioning. Draupadi could endeavour the subversion where most women would have given up. Narrative technique is the art of narrating a story in a literary work by using various techniques. The narrative technique is vastly an aesthetic enterprise. The feature of the narrative includes characters with clear personalities or identities and integrated dialogues. Through Draupadi’s life author dispels outdated notions about what it means to be a woman. The author explores the ancient and personal experiences of Draupadi, as distinct from the original Mahabharata. Draupadi ends up being the most nuanced and divisive female character in Hindu literature. Draupadi is an archetypal representation of the pain and humiliation a woman experiences in a patriarchal society. The lives of women have not changed over time, whether it is the ancient or the modern era. There are still challenges to overcome the situations that call for specific actions. The novel The Palace of Illusions demonstrates the hardships a princess-born woman had to endure
Dynamics of Rationality and Irrationality in The Painter of Signs
Get PDFR. K. Narayan occupies a significant place in the Indian literary scene. He remains one of the most read, cherished, and appreciated novelist and is an integral part of the University curriculum. The Painter of Signs (1976) is a well-known novel by R.K. Narayan. The text provides a beautiful scope to unearth the intricate dynamics of rationality and irrationality distinction that in fact provides much content for the plot of the novel. The present paper makes an attempt to explore the dynamics of the conceptual framework of rationality and irrationality distinction through a scrutiny of certain instances taking place within the space of the novel. The paper also tries to illustrate that the criticism made by the main protagonists, Raman and Daisy using the conceptual framework of rationality and irrationality are targeted towards ritual practices prevalent in Indian society. Thereby, the paper attempts to build a background to make intelligible the comments and attitude of the main characters towards the incidents taking place around them. At the same time, the paper explores the way in which the novel thus provides a significant space to examine the interplay and dynamics of the framework of rationality and irrationality and how it can impact one’s experience of life
Once Upon a Time in Biafra: War Time Caucus, Hate Crime and Ethnic Violence in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun
Get PDFA study of wartime literature also serves the function of documenting and preserving the stories and key experiences which the victims have witnessed through their forbearance in such events. While hate crime, caste conflicts, communal violence and ethnic violence are indispensable discourses in the study of criminal justice system, a parallel study of hate crime and ethnic violence through the kaleidoscope of contemporary Nigerian literature would be equally influencing. For any civil war, citing one cataclysmic reason is never justifiable. In the late 1960s the political and social climate in a multi- ethnic country like Nigeria was brimming with religious and tribal differences, the immediate reason that triggered the unfortunate civil war in Nigeria was ‘hate speech’ of the political leaders and military commanders. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a third-generation Nigerian woman writer reminisces this civil war through her novel Half of A Yellow Sun (2006) in which the scarring memoirs of genocide, war time rapes, ransacking of houses and property, mass killings, forced conscription and forced prostitution of young girls are captured with the intent to highlight the menacing minds of war driven humans. It is true that Hate crime is more destructive and dangerous when it finds such secessionist atmosphere as would ignite ethnic violence and deeper still into a full-blown civil war. Through this paper an evaluation and analyses of the hate crime during the Nigeria-Biafra Civil War would come under scrutiny through the literary promontory of Nigerian novel Half of A Yellow Sun
Spiritual Idealism in the Works of Emerson: An Indian Approach
Get PDFRalph Waldo Emerson, an American author, endeavoured to establish new dimension of ideology by balancing the scientific materialism and conventional interpretation and beliefs in religious realm. In fact, his literary creation reveals his faith and inclination towards the ideology of spirit rather than to peep into the religious orthodoxy. He along with William James motivated New Thought Churches in America and dedicated himself in enhancing and extending the effect of the spiritual movements of the 1950’s and 60’s. He continued to illustrate the depth of spirituality through his speeches, poems and essays. For him, there is an occult relation between man and the universe around him and in the wide expanse of nature, he could feel a liberation from the tyranny of things. A minute analysis of his works clarifies his penchant to stimulate the new generation to know about their own entity as well as, the adjacency of ultimate truth, and the realization of supremacy in natural phenomena. The present paper aims to present the compendious conceptions of Emerson about spirituality intermingled with idealism through the microscopic lens of Indian philosophy. This approach will highlight the need to have enough acumen and intrinsic potential to discover a new intellectual path in the realm of spiritual idealistic studies