Al-Azm (Journal For Islamic & Arabic Research)
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THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: RELIGION AND GOVERNANCE
No full textThis article explores the integral role of religion in the governance of the Ottoman Empire, one of history’s longest-lasting and most influential Islamic empires. It examines how the Ottoman rulers employed Islamic principles alongside pragmatic political strategies to govern a vast, multi-ethnic, and multi-religious empire. Key features include the implementation of the millet system, the role of the Sultan as both political and religious leader (Caliph), and the integration of Sharia and customary laws. The article highlights the dynamic interplay between religion and statecraft in shaping Ottoman political institutions and social cohesion
COLONIALISM AND THE MUSLIM WORLD: IMPACT, RESISTANCE, AND LEGACY
No full textThis article explores the complex interactions between colonial powers and the Muslim world from the 18th to the mid-20th centuries. It examines how European colonialism reshaped political, social, and economic structures across Muslim-majority regions in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The study highlights indigenous responses, including reform movements, resistance, and adaptations within Islamic societies. The article also assesses the long-term consequences of colonialism on Muslim identity, governance, and global geopolitics
MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS IN HISTORY: ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENTS, AND IMPACT
No full textThis article explores the historical evolution of Muslim reform movements from the 18th century onward, focusing on their origins, key figures, ideological foundations, and impacts on Islamic societies. It examines how these movements sought to reconcile Islamic tradition with modernity, address perceived religious decline, and respond to colonial and internal challenges. Movements such as Wahhabism, Salafism, the Deobandi movement, and Islamic modernism are discussed. The article highlights how reform efforts have shaped contemporary Islamic thought, politics, and social structures
THE CRUSADES: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
No full textThis article examines the Crusades through the lens of Islamic history, focusing on how the Muslim world perceived, responded to, and was impacted by the series of religious wars initiated by European powers from the late 11th to the 13th centuries. Highlighting the political, social, and religious contexts of the Muslim societies during the Crusades, the study explores key figures such as Saladin, the defense and recapture of Jerusalem, and the long-term effects of the Crusades on Muslim-Christian relations. By analyzing Islamic narratives and historiography, the article presents a nuanced understanding of the Crusades beyond the traditional Western viewpoint
ISLAMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD CIVILIZATION: SCIENCE, CULTURE, AND INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE
No full textThis article explores the profound contributions of Islamic civilization to the development of world culture, science, and intellectual thought from the 7th century onward. Spanning diverse fields such as mathematics, medicine, philosophy, art, architecture, and literature, Islamic achievements have significantly shaped global history. The study highlights the translation movements, scholarly traditions, and innovations that not only preserved ancient knowledge but also introduced original ideas that fueled the European Renaissance and modern science. By examining these contributions, the article underscores the lasting legacy of Islam’s intellectual and cultural heritage
WOMEN AROUND THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ: ROLES, INFLUENCE, AND LEGACY
No full textThis article explores the significant roles and contributions of women in the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, highlighting their spiritual, social, and political influence during the formative period of Islam. Drawing upon the Qur’an, Hadith, and Seerah, the study examines the lives of key female figures including Khadijah, Aisha, Fatimah, and others, analyzing their impact on Islamic history and jurisprudence. The article emphasizes the Prophet’s respect and support for women, underscoring their integral role in shaping the early Muslim community and their lasting legacy in Islamic tradition
AL-ANDALUS: THE FLOURISHING OF ISLAM IN MEDIEVAL SPAIN
No full textThis article explores the history, culture, and legacy of Al-Andalus, the Muslim-ruled territories in the Iberian Peninsula from 711 to 1492 CE. It examines the political, social, and cultural dynamics that characterized this unique Islamic civilization in Europe, highlighting its contributions to science, philosophy, architecture, and interfaith coexistence. The study further discusses the interaction between Muslims, Christians, and Jews, the rise and fall of various dynasties, and the lasting impact of Al-Andalus on European and Islamic history
THE HIJRAH: MIGRATION AS A TURNING POINT IN ISLAMIC HISTORY
No full textThis article explores the Hijrah—the migration of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and his followers from Mecca to Medina—as a pivotal moment in Islamic history. It examines the socio-political, religious, and communal implications of this migration, highlighting how it transformed the nascent Muslim community from a persecuted minority into a structured polity. By analyzing primary Islamic sources and historical scholarship, the study demonstrates the Hijrah’s role in shaping Islamic identity, governance, and the establishment of the first Islamic state
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAMIC SCIENCE: CONTRIBUTIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND LEGACY
No full textThe Golden Age of Islamic Science, spanning roughly from the 8th to the 14th centuries CE, marked a transformative era in scientific inquiry and intellectual advancement within the Islamic world. This article explores the key contributions of Muslim scholars across various disciplines including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and philosophy. Emphasizing the translation movement, patronage of knowledge, and institutional developments such as the House of Wisdom, the study highlights how Islamic civilization preserved and expanded upon earlier knowledge while laying foundations for modern science. The enduring legacy of this period underscores the critical role of Islamic science in the global history of knowledge
DIPLOMACY AND PEACE TREATIES IN THE SEERAH: THE PROPHETIC MODEL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND STATECRAFT
No full textThis article explores the diplomatic strategies and peace treaties undertaken by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ during the formative years of the Islamic community. By analyzing key documents such as the Constitution of Medina and the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, alongside other diplomatic engagements, the study highlights the Prophet’s emphasis on dialogue, mutual respect, and pragmatic negotiation to achieve lasting peace. Drawing from primary Islamic texts and modern scholarship, the article demonstrates how these early diplomatic efforts set precedents for Islamic international relations and provide valuable lessons for contemporary conflict resolution and statecraft