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fMRI: A Benediction to Neuroscience
Get PDFFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a looming technique utilized to study local brain functions in vivo on a large dimensional and temporal resolution. The technique is less expensive and completely noninvasive hence it has swiftly become one of the most preferred choices for brain mapping. It establishes on Magnetic Resonanc e Imaging and helps to identify neural correlations and brain-behavior relationship by detecting the changes in blood flow.fMRI is one of the most frequently used technique in the field of neuroscience which has provided researchers with unparalleled access to the brain in action.
The imaging data generated from different neuroimaging techniques (primarily fMRI) is a time series data. A typical fMRI study provides huge volume of noisy data with a complex spatio-temporal correlation configuration. Statistics play a vital stint in apprehending the attributes of the data and gaining appropriate conclusions that can be used and understood by neuroscientists.The data is huge and is characterized by volume, velocity, variety and veracity. These attributes makes it fall under big data further raising the issues of big data analytics.
Upcoming technologies such as cloud computing, Spark and massive parallel computational methods /algorithms could provide the possible solutions for analysis and mining of data. The review highlights fMRI as a source of Big Neuroimaging data, different databases & repositories where data is available, its role in healthcare, problems in the data analysis and how the present technologies provide possible solutions for data analysis
Influence of Corrosion of Self-Piercing Riveted High Strength Aluminium Alloy Joints with Button Cracks on the Mechanical Strength
Get PDFFor high strength aluminium alloys, such as AA6008T61 and AA6111 PFHT, when they are joined as the bottom material by self-piercing riveting (SPR), they tend to crack at the joint buttons. These cracks, especially those penetrated to the rivets, may cause galvanic corrosion problem with the steel rivet. In this paper, the mechanical strength of four stack/die combinations with different joint button cracking severity was studied before and after salt-spray corrosion test. The results showed that corrosion on the severely cracked joints was worse than that on the joints with small cracks and the corrosion on the stack with the same top and bottom material was less than that on the stack with different top and bottom materials. For all joints the static lap shear strength after corrosion was improved, but the static T peel strength after corrosion was slightly reduced or did not have obvious change. The results also showed that after corrosion the lap shear fatigue strength of the specimens with severe cracks did not have obvious change, but the lap shear fatigue strength of the specimens with small cracks slightly reduced
A Flexible Thin Film Single-Point Force Sensor from PVDF Film
Get PDFOn the basis of piezoelectric effect of PVDF film, the flexible thin film single-point force sensor with total dimension 75mmx20mmx1mm is devised to dynamically measure single-point force in biomedical or mechanical field. New flat interlayer structure with cavum is firstly introduced to enlarge the deformation of PVDF thin film, and a conductive supporting rack is firstly utilized to construct a detecting cavum and to realize the connection between PVDF film and down conductive electrode. Such structure is flat as the traditional sandwich structure; but its cavum may make sensor have a sensitive reaction and larger measurement range. Its measurement range is from 0 to 6217N and it works between -40°C and 80°C. The total thickness 1mm is so thin that the given sensor can be easily placed into aperture. Results of experiment and analysis illustrate that the developed sensor is available and that it may be used to dynamically sense a single-point force. The flat interlayer structure given is thin and flexible and flat and implantable. Such sensor makes that it becomes possible to dynamically measure single-point force in mechanical field or biomedical field
Renewable Non-GHG Fuels for U.S. Transportation
Get PDFThe U.S. non-renewable crude oil reserve is diminishing at the rate of billion barrels per year and the climate change has been a growing concern over the past decade. Both challenges can be solved by using renewable non-greenhouse gas (GHG) alternative fuels that will secure cleaner fuel for the transportation industry and provide benefits to the environment. Renewable fuels for the U.S. transportation are biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and their secondary sources (hydrogen and electricity) derived from biomass energy source. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the pathway for replacing the U.S. transportation non-renewable fuels (oil and petroleum, hydrocarbon gas liquids, natural gas) with renewable fuels. The goal of this article is to systematically phase-out all greenhouse gas causing U.S. transportation fuels with clean and most efficient hydrogen-based renewable fuels by 2050, the year predicted for the U.S. crude oil depletion
Concepts of Teleoperated Robots
Get PDFThis paper provides basic overview of teleoperated robotic systems and their characteristics. The aim of the paper is not to describe such robotic systems in detail such as suggesting actual hardware and software, but to provide basic information, which has to be considered during the design and usage of such robot. Paper is focused on general description of functionality, characteristics and applications of teleoperated robots. Overview of potential use cases is provided with description of potential downfalls. Means of communication with the robot are discussed and elaborated with respect to reliability and safety. Available types of human to machine interfaces and sensor systems are listed and described considering reliability, safety and quality of control. Especially safety issues are highlighted, because such robots suffer from the involvement of humans in the control scheme. This paper comes to a conclusion that it is of primary importance to consider safety measures and stresses vulnerability of whole system introduced by operator and means of communication. In this paper is further stressed that in case of lost communication teleoperated robot must be able to either safely continue its function or stop. Future research will be focused on improving teleoperation via virtual reality, further improvement of autonomous features leaving operator only to decide which actions to perform and cloud computing
Experimental Investigation and Analytical Study on the Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams
Get PDFThe paper presents an experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced beams made of natural and recycled gravels under monotonic loading. 20x25x170 cm beams specimens were prepared using two reinforcement ratios and were cast from two concrete mixtures. The two concretes are respectively a mixture of natural aggregates and a concrete with 100% recycled gravels of C35/45 strength class, S4 class of workability and a constant W/C ratio.
The results reported in this paper are those of experiments performed in the framework of this study beside 118 data sets taken from the literature on the flexural behavior of natural (NAC) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC).
The principal results of bending tests show that flexural capacity of recycled aggregate concrete beams is similar to the flexural capacity of natural aggregate concrete beams for the service and ultimate loading. However, cracking moment, maximum crack spacing, crack heights and deflection under serviceable load are affected by the use of recycled aggregates.
Experimental results of the extensive data base were compared to load-carrying capacities and deflections calculated according to Eurocode 2 (EC2). The comparisons show that the method of deflection calculation does not correctly predict the experimental results
Oxidation Behaviour at 1100°C of HfC-Containing Co-Based Alloys
Get PDFCobalt alloys may be efficiently strengthened by hafnium carbides for uses at high temperature. However the presence of Hf in quantities high enough to allow significant creep-resistance may lead to particular behaviour in oxidation at high temperature. In this work three HfC-containing cobalt-based alloys were exposed to synthetic air at 1100‚°C for 50 hours, to observe their surface reactivity. The change in mass by oxidation, the general surface state, the oxide scales and subsurface changes specified by cross-sectional characterization were studied. They were compared to similar results obtained for hafnium-free cobalt alloys with the same chromium and carbon contents, considered as references. The presence of several weight % of hafnium obviously induced a real deterioration of the resistance against oxidation at 1100‚°C. This shows that these cobalt alloys must be improved for better resisting high temperature oxidation. This is compulsory to allow lifetime really benefiting from the mechanical strengthening brought by the HfC interdendritic network
State Monitoring System of Robot Welding Gun Based on ART2 Neural Networks
Get PDFIn this paper, we propose an aging state monitoring system for robotic welding gun using ART2 NN (adaptive resonance theory 2 neural network) with uneven vigilance parameters and inspection equipment data. In this method, the inspection equipment data used for diagnosis of robotic welding gun via ART2 NN modules. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) program by Lab VIEW designed for convenient operation of the monitoring system. We also carried out the computer simulation to confirm the suitability of the proposed monitoring system
Influence of Loading on the Mechanical Response of Linked Structures of Two Steels: A Numerical Study
Get PDFTwo different sizes of the perforations in a metal sheet were chosen resulting essentially in a structure that was held together by links of varying thickness. A perforated sheet of the chosen metal was held together by thin links, while another was held together by thick links. The two designs of the perforated metal sheet were made possible using ABAQUS [version 6.13.2]. The specific metal chosen for this study was two steels having varying degree of high strength, i.e., an alloy steel and a carbon steel. The method of finite elements in synergism with a numerical approach was used to analyze the mechanical response of the perforated metal sheets when subjected to the influence of an external mechanical stimulus, such as, load that is applied in tension. For five different levels of the applied load, as a function of yield load of the candidate steel, the stresses, strains and resultant displacements induced in both the links and at nodal points were systematically determined. With the aid of numerical analysis, the mechanical behavior of the chosen steel structure, which was held together by a network of links, was systematically studied under the influence of an external mechanical stimulus, i.e., applied load. For each situation, i.e., thin links and thick links, the response kinetics under the influence of an external load was determined for the case of both symmetric loading and asymmetric loading
Wind-Solar Hybrid System Analysis for Westville, Indiana, USA
Get PDFWind energy and solar energy are two of the most reliable energy sources on earth while also being environmentally safe and sufficient. The search for more reliable sources has brought the two energy sources together in areas that alone they would be insufficient. For a solar-wind hybrid system, the economic efficiency is strictly dependent on both resources combined to be efficient no matter the time or the location. The strength of one source can overcome the weakness of the other which makes this design so useful around most areas of the world