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Kuinka tutkia tervettä kognitiota vain yhden potilaan avulla: tapaustutkimusten logiikka kognitiivisessa neuropsykologiassa
Get PDFKognitiivisessa neuropsykologiassa hankitaan perustutkimuksellista tietoa terveestä kognitiivisesta järjestelmästä tutkimalla yksilöitä, joiden kognitiiviset toiminnot ovat esimerkiksi aivovamman seurauksena vaurioituneet tai jo alun perin kehittyneet poikkeavalla tavalla. Tapaustutkimukset muodostavat kognitiivisen neuropsykologian keskeisen tutkimusmenetelmän, jonka tuloksia osa tutkijoista pitää potilasryhmillä tehtyjen tutkimusten tuloksia luotettavampina. Eduistaan huolimatta kokeellista neuropsykologista tapaustutkimusta käytetään tieteellisessä kognition perustutkimuksessa Suomessa vain vähän. Usein se yhdistetään virheellisesti joko kliiniseen tutkimukseen, kliiniseen käytäntöön tai kuvailevaan tai laadulliseen tutkimukseen. Tässä artikkelissa esitellään tutkimusotteen vahvuuksia, historiallisesti tärkeitä tutkimusalueita ja logiikkaa, jonka varassa yksittäisestä potilastapauksesta voidaan tehdä yleistettäviä johtopäätöksiä terveen kognitiivisen järjestelmän toiminnasta. Kokeellista neuropsykologista tapaustutkimusta suositellaan hyödynnettäväksi nykyistä laajemmin myös kotimaisessa kognition tutkimuksessa
Walking with Ines – Sensing Urban Transformation
Get PDFThis article examines a walk-along interview conducted in the new district of Linnakaupunki in Turku, Finland. We aim to find out what elements in the urban environment affect the well-being of one resident and how she perceives these factors along the route she chose. In this study, we pay attention to the method itself: how does our method of a walk-along interview, conducted with a wearable action camera, help us distinguish these different factors of well-being? We view the walk-along interviews as an entanglement where the method, the technique used, and the bodily senses intertwine.In our study, the walk creates a frame for the interview allowing place-related thoughts to arise in a specific moment. Walking makes the connection to places immediate. The Linnakaupunki area combines different time layers, creating the spirit and atmosphere of the place. The wearable camera can document the route in detail, record time levels and landscape changes, and capture the interviewee’s affective experiences and responses
Dwarf shrub expansion and loss of lichens distinctly dominate multi-decadal changes in northern boreal understory plant communities
No full textNorthern boreal forests and treelines are particularly sensitive to the current climate change that has already resulted in increased productivity, shrub expansion and up- and northward shifts of species. However, these changes are expected to be gradual or lagged due to slow process rates, and can be buffered to some extent by large herbivores. Multi-decadal observations of understory change in northern boreal forests remain scarce, particularly those involving bryophytes and lichens despite their importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Here, we analyse temporal changes in understory plant communities of northern boreal forests in Saariselkä, Finland (68.46° N, 27.37° E) that were originally sampled in 1981. We resurveyed plant communities (vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens) at 22 sites (including 88 vegetation plots) in 2014 and at 80 sites (320 plots) in 2022 in different forest site types. Reindeer grazing was moderate throughout the study period (1.5–2.0 reindeer/km²), while mean annual temperature rose over 1°C. We found clear temporal shifts in plant communities towards increasing dwarf shrub dominance and decreasing lichen cover and diversity, which were consistent across the study area and within different site types. However, the increase in dwarf shrubs was species-specific: the cover of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) had increased over time, while the originally most dominant species, heather (Calluna vulgaris), had decreased and become subordinate to all the above. The observed changes reflect a shift into moister conditions and are likely linked to both succession and climate change. Long-term reindeer grazing is most likely the key driver reducing lichen cover, which may be further affected by the dwarf shrub expansion. The consistency of the observed changes in different site types is indicative of corresponding changes occurring elsewhere in northern boreal forests with comparable environmental conditions and grazing pressure. Importantly, our results raise concerns about the local disappearance of lichens if the declining trend continues.Northern boreal forests and treelines are particularly sensitive to the current climate change that has already resulted in increased productivity, shrub expansion and up- and northward shifts of species. However, these changes are expected to be gradual or lagged due to slow process rates, and can be buffered to some extent by large herbivores. Multi-decadal observations of understory change in northern boreal forests remain scarce, particularly those involving bryophytes and lichens despite their importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Here, we analyse temporal changes in understory plant communities of northern boreal forests in Saariselkä, Finland (68.46° N, 27.37° E) that were originally sampled in 1981. We resurveyed plant communities (vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens) at 22 sites (including 88 vegetation plots) in 2014 and at 80 sites (320 plots) in 2022 in different forest site types. Reindeer grazing was moderate throughout the study period (1.5–2.0 reindeer/km²), while mean annual temperature rose over 1°C. We found clear temporal shifts in plant communities towards increasing dwarf shrub dominance and decreasing lichen cover and diversity, which were consistent across the study area and within different site types. However, the increase in dwarf shrubs was species-specific: the cover of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) had increased over time, while the originally most dominant species, heather (Calluna vulgaris), had decreased and become subordinate to all the above. The observed changes reflect a shift into moister conditions and are likely linked to both succession and climate change. Long-term reindeer grazing is most likely the key driver reducing lichen cover, which may be further affected by the dwarf shrub expansion. The consistency of the observed changes in different site types is indicative of corresponding changes occurring elsewhere in northern boreal forests with comparable environmental conditions and grazing pressure. Importantly, our results raise concerns about the local disappearance of lichens if the declining trend continues
Digital Threads, Interwoven Scenes: An Ethnography of Sustainable Fashion Production in Ghana and Finland
Get PDFA lectio præcursoria is a short presentation read out loud by a doctoral candidate at the start of a public thesis examination in Finland. It introduces the key points or central argument of the thesis in a way that should make the ensuing discussion between the examinee and the examiner apprehensible to the audience, many of whom may be unfamiliar with the candidate’s research or even anthropological research in general
Kaksi karjalaismurretta suistamolaistaustaisten tunnistettavina
No full textKansanlingvistisessä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kuuntelutestin avulla, miten historiallista Raja-Karjalaa edustavan Suistamon siirtolaiset ja heidän jälkeläisensä tunnistavat 1960-luvulla tallennettuja Suistamon ja Tverin eteläkarjalaismurteita, joilla oli yhteinen muinaiskarjalainen tausta 1600-luvulle asti. Tuolloin Ruotsi valloitti Käkisalmen läänin ja alueen ortodoksiväestöä muutti Venäjälle Tverin seuduille. Tverinkarjala on vuosisatojen aikana saanut venäläisvaikutteita erityisesti fonetiikkaan mutta myös sanastoon ja kielioppiin. Raja-Karjalan murteiden länsiosissa on puolestaan ollut suomen vaikutusta.
Testiryhmä edusti suurimmaksi osaksi eläkeikäisiä: siirtolaisia ja heidän lapsiaan. Suistamolaistaustaiset tunnistivat ja ymmärsivät Suistamon murrenäytteen hyvin, vain muutamat sienennimet olivat tuntemattomia. Sen sijaan tverinkarjalan näyte koettiin vieraaksi, ja sen sisältö jäi suurimmalta osalta testiryhmää avautumatta. Arviot murteen alueellisesta sijoittumisesta hajosivat laajalle, muun muassa Raja-Karjalaan ja Vienaan. Murteessa tunnistettiin venäjän vaikutus, joskin tarkemmin kommentoitiin vain sanastoa ja yksittäisiä äänne- ja muoto-opillisia piirteitä, kuten sibilantteja. Parhaiten näytteiden sanastoa tunsivat ne, jotka vielä kertoivat puhuvansa karjalaa.
Tutkimus paljasti, että kuuntelutestin osallistujilla oli melko vähän tietoa karjalan murteista: esimerkiksi kansalaisopistojen kursseilla on keskitytty lähinnä vain etelä- ja livvinkarjalaan. Karjalan tuntemukseen vaikuttaa myös se, että kielellä ei ole riittävästi näkyvyyttä eikä aktiivisia kielenpuhujia, jotta siitä muodostuisi yhteisiä käsityksiä.
Two Karelian dialects recognised by people of Suistamo background
This folk-linguistic study uses a listening test to examine how immigrants from Suistamo, which represents the historical Border Karelia dialect, and their descendants recognise the South Karelian dialects of Suistamo and Tver recorded in the 1960s, which had a common ancient Karelian background until the 17th century. At that time, Sweden conquered the Käkisalmi province, and part of the region’s Orthodox population moved to Russia, specifically to the Tver region. Over the centuries, Tver Karelian assumed Russian influences, particularly on a phonetic level, but also in terms of vocabulary and grammar. In turn, the western parts of the Border Karelian dialects have been influenced by Finnish.
The test group mostly represented people of retirement age: immigrants and their children. People from Suistamo recognised and understood the Suistamo dialect sample well, only a few specific mushroom names were unknown to them. On the other hand, the Tver Karelian sample was perceived as foreign, and its content remained unexplained by most of the test group. Estimates of the regional location of the dialect varied widely, including Border Karelia and Viena. Participants readily recognised the influence of Russian in the dialect, though only the vocabulary and individual phonetic and morphological features, such as sibilants, were commented upon in greater detail. The vocabulary of the samples was best known by those who still spoke Karelian.
The study revealed that the participants in the listening test had relatively little knowledge of Karelian dialects: for example, courses at community colleges have focused mainly on South and Olonec Karelian. Knowledge of Karelian is also affected by the fact that the language does not have enough visibility or active speakers to form common understandings of words and concepts
Retorinen kritiikki viestinnän tutkimuksena: Lisa S. Villadsenin haastattelu
No full textRetoriikan asiantuntija Lisa S. Villadsen Kööpenhaminan yliopistosta kertoo haastattelussa retoriikan tutkimuksen tekemisestä ja roolista viestintätieteellisenä alana. Hän tuo esiin mahdollisuuksia rakentaa pohjoismaista yhteistyötä, johon myös suomalaisia retoriikan tutkijoita kaivataan mukaan