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Transnational Organized Crime and the UN Convention
Get PDFThe United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as well as regional, national, and international collaboration to prevent and control transnational organized crime, are discussed in this paper. It investigates the transnational organized crime implementation mechanism and jurisdiction in light of international criminal law and the crimes and elements covered by the Convention. The paper recognizes that, as the importance of international criminal law in combating transnational organized crime grows, the ICC's approach to bringing transnational organized crime under its jurisdiction is gained importance. The main conclusion is that implementing the Convention's prevention and protection mechanism for transnational organized crime has been difficult; hence the ICC's jurisdiction would have an impact on the ground
Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding in Mothers Belonging to Low, Middle, and High Socio-Economic Families in Pakistan
No full textIntroduction: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life improves health and increases infant survival. In Asia, Pakistan ranks second in child mortality. Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important predictor of healthy behaviors. The study aims to understand the barriers to exclusive breastfeeding faced by mothers from different socioeconomic classes in Pakistan.
Method: The cross-sectional study was done in the Pediatric outpatient department (OPD) of Shifa International hospital and community health center from November 2020 to 1 March 2021. Mothers and their children 1 to 3 years of age were included in the study.
Results: A total of 175 mothers and their children were included. EBF for the first six months was done by 120 (68.6%). However, by one year of age, only 99 (56%) continued breastfeeding. Out of these 175 mothers, 79 (45%) were from the lower class, 69 (39.4%) were from the middle class, and 27 (15.4%) were from upper SES. Among the lower, middle, and high socioeconomic classes frequency of EBF practiced by mothers was 51, 54, and 15 (p 0.03), respectively. Pre-lacteals were given to 102 (58.2%). This practice was more frequent in lower SES families (0.03). The majority of working women belonged to upper SES (0.04). Mothers in the upper class are least likely to EBF their children (OR 0.5 CI 0.2-1.3). The adjusted odds ratio for EBF is highest for lower SES mothers, followed by the middle class.
Conclusion: Support from family, place and mode of delivery, working mothers, and high socioeconomic class are important factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding in Pakistan
Bayesian Formulation of Time-Dependent Carrier-Borne Epidemic Model with a Single Carrier
Get PDFIn this paper, the time dependent carrier-borne epidemic model defined by Weiss in 1965 has been adopted into a Bayesian framework for the estimation of its parameters. A complete methodological structure has been proposed for estimating the relative infection rate and probability of survival of k out of m susceptibles after time t from the start of the epidemic. The methodology has been proposed assuming a single carrier to simplify the study of the behavioral validity of the fitted Bayesian model with respect to time and relative infection rate. Further, the proposed model has been implemented on two real data sets- the typhoid epidemic data from Zermatt in Switzerland and the Covid-19 epidemic data from Kerala in India. Results show that the proposed methodology produces reliable predictions which are consistent with those of the maximum likelihood estimates and with expected epidemiological patterns
Risk Factors for COVID-19: A Quantitative Study Conducted at Padang City Center Hospital
Get PDFObjective: This study sought to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19 infection among hospital staff according to various factors. Moreover, it sought to identify any factors that predicted a higher probability of infection in this population.
Methods: This descriptive research was conducted among medical and non-medical personnel at Padang City Center Hospital, Indonesia (n=129). A chi-square test analysis was used to determine the degree of interrelationship between the studied variables, while an odds ratio (OR) test was performed to identify more potential categories.
Results: Some 31.8% of respondents tested positive for COVID-19, although this finding was insignificant (p>0.05). In terms of the OR, the following probabilities were calculated: age (OR=1.0 [0.36–2.88]); medical history (OR=1.3 [0.23–2.0]); higher education (OR=1.9 [0.2–17.6]); wearing a good mask (OR=0.7 [0.07–7.02]); good hand washing (OR=1.8 [0.46–7.07]); good physical distancing (OR=1.8 [0.46–7.07]); good personal protective equipment (OR=0.7 [0.07–7.02]); normal depression, anxiety, and stress (OR<1.0); and comorbidity (OR=1,2 [0.46-3.06]).
Conclusion: No significant relationship was found between the studied factors and COVID-19 infection. However, there were more potential trends, especially for highly educated medical teams, not wearing a mask, smoking, engaging in strenuous activity, poor psychology, and comorbidity. These findings should prompt policymakers tasked with developing resources and interventions to pay more attention to the needs of medical and non-medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the availability of masks
Assessment of the Feeding Practices in Infants and Young Children and its Association with Nutritional Status in Urban Areas
Get PDFBackground: Poor nutrition at an early age leads to malnutrition, which in turn leads to an increase in risks of repeated infections, which is responsible for the poor health of children. The nutritional status of a child is directly proportional to their feeding practices, which are dependent on the knowledge and practices followed by the mother. This study assesses the level of knowledge and practices among mothers on feeding practices for their infants and young children and its association with nutritional status.
Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the households of urban slums in the field practice area of the Urban Health Training Centre of a private medical college. A questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic data, knowledge of breastfeeding, knowledge of complementary feeding, and actual practices of feeding the children from 0 –2 years was used for data collection using Google Forms, followed by anthropometric measurements of the children with the help of WHO standardized growth charts to assess their nutritional status.
Results: Out of 112 participants, 37.5% of the mothers were less than 25 years old. The mean age of the babies was found to be 11 + 6.49 months. 53.57% of mothers had good knowledge, and 72.32% of mothers followed correct feeding practices.
Conclusion: There is a significant association of good knowledge among mothers with babies who did not show wasting. There is no association between knowledge and feeding practices being followed
Residential Time Spent and Homicide during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFThe United States has witnessed a significant upsurge in homicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic (NCHS, 2021). While multiple theories attempt to account for this increase, our study examines the impact of changes in human mobility resulting from stay-at-home and social distancing measures on variations in homicide incidents. We conducted a fixed-effects Poisson regression analysis using panel data that encompasses the day of the week and week collected from Chicago between February 2020 and July 2021. Our findings indicate that the increased time spent in residential settings due to stay-at-home orders is not a significant factor in explaining the rise in homicide numbers. Instead, our study suggests that the pandemic as a whole and its influence on individual strains provide a more plausible explanation for the increase in homicide incidence
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Periodontitis Treatment Using Antimicrobial Agents
Get PDFA combination of systemic antibiotics with scaling may provide an additional advantage over scaling alone in the periodontitis treatment in terms of clinical loss of attachment and change in pocket depth. The use of antibiotics should be justified by a determined need and should not replace adequate local treatment. Different treatment protocols have been proposed, but their indications and efficacy remain controversial. The study aims to analyse the literature on the use of antimicrobial agents for non-surgical periodontal therapy and to compare different protocols for prescribing antimicrobial agents. A search in MEDLINE and EBSCOhost electronic databases was conducted using relevant MeSH words. Targeted studies had to be published within the last five years. Studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from selected studies were extracted and analysed. Ten randomized clinical trials were included in the review. The general conclusions of this review indicate a positive effect of antibiotics as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis, regardless of antimicrobial drugs used in the reviewed studies. A prospect for further research is a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of antimicrobial agents and probiotics as an adjunct to the non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis
The Relationship Between The Physical Environment and Quality of Life for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Get PDFBackground: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with a high mortality rate and can affect a person's quality of life. One of the factors determining the quality of life is the physical environment, such as temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and PM2,5.
Objective: To determine the relationship between the physical environment and the quality of life of type 2 DM patients at the Barombong Community Health Center, Makassar City.
Materials and Methods: This research uses a study design case-control with purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted with the WHOQol questionnaire and measuring the physical environment in 138 patients with type 2 diabetes then analyzed with the odd ratio test and logistic regression on the Stata application.
Results: The results obtained showed a non-significant relationship for the variables humidity, lighting and PM2,5 on the quality of life of type 2 DM patients due to value-p > 0.05 while the variables related to the quality of life of type 2 DM patients are house temperature (OR=4.833; 95% CI: 2.121-11.481) and noise (OR=4.723; 95% CI: 2.075-10.895) with a probability of type 2 DM with unqualified temperature and noise having a poor quality of life of 73.9%.
Conclusion: The most significant factor that affects the quality of life of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is their home temperature
Advancing Healthcare Service Efficacy by Optimizing Pharmaceutical Inventory Management: Leveraging ABC, VED Analysis for Trend Demand
Get PDFBackground: The modern world has witnessed significant advancements across various industries such as food, healthcare, fashion, economics, and education. Among these sectors, healthcare is essential, given its critical role in promoting the well-being of individuals and communities.
Purpose: Pharmaceuticals are a significant part of the healthcare system, as they are a crucial factor in increasing life expectancy and are often considered the heart of the health industry. Maintaining effective inventory management for drugs is essential for pharmacists to provide efficient and reliable services to their patients.
Methodology: The study thoroughly analyzes the cost and consumption data for each type of demand, to develop a well-suited review and issuance policy for the apothecary.
Research Limitations/Implications: The paper delves into the ABC analysis, VED analysis, and trend demand for medical stores, making it a valuable resource for pharmacy stores seeking to optimize their operations and inventory management.
Originality/Value: A total of 564 drugs were included in this study, and data were collected from random strip sales between October 2022 and Mar 2023. The study's findings can be used to make informed decisions about inventory planning and classification strategies. The model utilized in this study is based on three categories of medicines: high priority, medium priority, and low priority. By analyzing the demand for these medicines, they can be categorized based on their priority within the three core groups. Pharmacists can use the model to detect shortages and take proactive measures to avoid them by analyzing demand patterns and inventory levels
Pregnancy Rates Associated with Oxidative Stress after Estrus Synchronization of Bulgarian Murrah Buffaloes in Breeding and Non-Breeding Season
Get PDFBackground: The current study aims to measure the effect of oxidative stress on the pregnancy rates of Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes during the breeding and non-breeding season.
Methods: The study group consisted of 24 mature buffaloes more than 40 days after parturition. The following parameters were measured: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) products, Ascorbate radicals, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Protein Carbonyl Content (PPC), and total Nitric oxide. The Presynch/Ovsynch protocol was used for estrus synchronization.
Results: A statistically significant increase in ROS products were measured in blood serum during the breeding season compared with the non-breeding season. The highest levels measured were in non-pregnant buffaloes during the breeding season. High levels of oxidative stress were registered due to low SOD activity in buffaloes during the breeding season compared to SOD activity during the non-breeding season. The highest SOD activity was observed in non-pregnant buffaloes during the summer season. The lowest GSH-Px levels were observed in non-pregnant buffaloes during both study periods. During the breeding season, concentrations of total NO and PPC were elevated.
Conclusion: Comparing the obtained results for oxidative stress and antioxidant activity concerning pregnancy rate depending on the season showed that pregnancy in buffaloes during the breeding season was realized at higher values of NO and SOD. Increased oxidative stress was observed, resulting in a statistically significant increase in serum ROS products, as well as decreased SOD activity in buffaloes during the breeding season