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BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Sports and Exercise
Get PDF[Exercise] What percentage of people living in the United States participates in sports and exercise activities on a given day? Has that changed over time? Who is more likely to exercise? What kinds of sports and exercise activities do people do? When do they exercise and play sports?
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) collects information on how, where, and with whom Americans spend their time, providing data on a full range of activities. This Spotlight uses data from the ATUS to examine participation and time spent in sports and exercise activities
The Impact of Trade and Technology on Skills in Viet Nam
Get PDFMarket-oriented reforms, such as liberalizing trade and encouraging foreign direct investment, can generate large efficiency gains for a country. However, there is also concern that lower-skilled workers are increasingly being replaced by technology and that more globalized markets are harming employment opportunities. This paper investigates these important issues by exploring household surveys from Viet Nam, combined with information on the task content of occupations, industrial exposure to international trade, and access to technology across the country. We assess the extent to which exposure to foreign markets and access to digital technologies affect the demand for different types of skills, by exploiting the fact that provinces vary in the degree of access to digital technologies and industries vary in the degree of exposure to foreign markets. In our work, we also extend much of the literature to consider the interplay between trade and technology on labor demand. On its own, technological change does not appear to be a main driver of the demand for skill in Viet Nam. Increased trade, rather, does expand employment opportunities across both skilled and unskilled workers. Consistent with classic trade theory, the increase is stronger for manual and routine tasks, shifting the composition of the labor force toward lower-skilled workers. However, the increase in manual and routine employment opportunities in response to the trade shock is smaller in areas of the country with access to digital technologies, providing suggestive evidence of the routine-biased nature of technology. From a policy standpoint, our work contributes to an understanding of job requirements and job security in an increasingly technology-driven and integrated world economy. Our research also offers insights for other lesser developing countries that face similar challenges
Aging and Inequality: The Perspective of Labor Income Share
Get PDFDespite a growing literature on population aging, empirical studies exploring mechanisms between aging and income inequality are scarce. This paper estimates the impact of aging on inequality via the perspective of labor income share, based on cross-country information covering the period 1990–2010. Two transmission mechanisms are examined—aging leads to a declining labor share and affects the average wage. Our robust finding shows that (i) there is a positive impact of aging on income inequality, (ii) this positive impact is because aging leads to a lower share of labor income, and (iii) more specifically, the labor share–reducing effect of aging comes from the shrinking labor force rather than the lowering of the average wage
The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Recent Evidence and Implications for the Social Security Retirement Age
Get PDF[Excerpt] This report provides a brief overview of the concept of life expectancy, how it is measured, and how it has changed over time in the United States. While life expectancy may be studied in a variety of contexts, this report focuses on the link between life expectancy and SES, as measured by lifetime income. In particular, this report synthesizes recent research on (1) the life expectancy gap by income and (2) the relationship between this gap and Social Security benefits. Finally, this report discusses the implications of this research for one type of Social Security reform proposal: increasing the Social Security retirement age
Earnings Inequality and Mobility Trends in the United States: Nationally Representative Estimates from Longitudinally Linked Employer-Employee Data
Get PDFUsing earnings data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this paper analyzes the role of the employer in explaining the rise in earnings inequality in the United States. We first establish a consistent frame of analysis appropriate for administrative data used to study earnings inequality. We show that the trends in earnings inequality in the administrative data from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Program are inconsistent with other data sources when we do not correct for the presence of misused SSNs. After this correction to the worker frame, we analyze how the earnings distribution has changed in the last decade. We present a decomposition of the year-to-year changes in the earnings distribution from 2004-2013. Even when simplifying these flows to movements between the bottom 20%, the middle 60% and the top 20% of the earnings distribution, about 20.5 million workers undergo a transition each year. Another 19.9 million move between employment and nonemployment. To understand the role of the firm in these transitions, we estimate a model for log earnings with additive fixed worker and firm effects using all jobs held by eligible workers from 2004-2013. We construct a composite log earnings firm component across all jobs for a worker in a given year and a non-firm component. We also construct a skill-type index. We show that, while the difference between working at a low- or middle-paying firm are relatively small, the gains from working at a top-paying firm are large. Specifically, the benefits of working for a high-paying firm are not only realized today, through higher earnings paid to the worker, but also persist through an increase in the probability of upward mobility. High-paying firms facilitate moving workers to the top of the earnings distribution and keeping them there
Briarcliff, Village of and Village of Briarcliff Manor Policemens Benevolent Association (2017)
Get PDFImplementing a Neurodiversity Program
Get PDFThis is a pdf version of a PowerPoint presentation regarding the Dandelion Program creating employment opportunities for people with autism
Aspects of Non-Standard Employment in Europe
Get PDF[Excerpt] This report investigates recent developments in non-standard employment in the European Union. While the overall policy context is ‘social protection for all’, it does not focus exclusively on social protection. This was the orientation of the report from the European Social Policy Network Access to social protection for people working on non-standard contracts and as self-employed in Europe: A study of national policies.
One focus of the report is on the growth in non-standard employment in the last decade. It finds that, apart from part-time work, there has not been an increase in non-standard employment during this time. However, both temporary contracts and self-employment grew, quite strongly in some Member States, in the long economic boom from the mid-1990s and up to the onset of the recession in 2007. It is, of course, primarily when times are bad that the need for employment and social protection is made manifest
Fraudulent Contracting of Work: Abusing the Posting of Workers (Belgium, Finland and Italy)
Get PDF[Excerpt] Regulated at European level, the posting of workers is a practice used between companies located in different countries A worker is posted when their original employer sends them to work, for a temporary period, in another company. Posting has been defined as a specific form of labour mobility within the EU (Eurofound, 2014).
Although posting only affects around 1% of the workforce in the EU, it has generated extensive debate due to fraudulent practices hampering the enforcement of, and compliance with, existing regulations. Changes in the location of work, raise various questions – namely, who is the employer and which national regulations apply. The use of temporary agencies, subcontracting and posting of self-employed workers gives rise to additional problems (Eurofound, 2016)