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Bamboo: a potential resource for contribution to industrial development of Tanzania
No full textroceedings of Scientific Conference on Transforming Agriculture and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development to Attain Industrial Economy in Tanzania. SUA, Morogoro, Tanzania(2019)Bamboo is an important non-timber forest product and a major wood substitute. Itcan be processed and
fabricated into different products as a substitute for wood products at an industrial scale. However, the
available information on bamboo resources availability, its properties and potential for contribution
towards Sustainable Development Goals is limited. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the
potentials of bamboo resources for sustainable industrial development in Tanzania. Specifically, the study
aimed at exploringavailable bamboo resources, unique propertiesand its potential for contribution to
Sustainable Development Goals in Tanzania. We conducted a comprehensive literature review in
Tanzania mainland, supported by field visits to validate the National Forest inventory bamboo data. We
used meta-analysis to generate descriptive statistics of the variables of interest. Results show that bamboo
covers about 1,025,033 ha in Tanzania mainland, dominated by Yushania alpina, Bambusa vulgaris,
Bambusa bambos and Oxytenanthera abyssinica. Bamboo has unique physical, chemical, and mechanical
properties compared to wood, steel, cements and plastics, ithas many unique properties related to
strength, elasticity and lightness, which could be used to contribute towards Tanzania industrial
development ambitions.Use of bamboo resources can contribute to achievement ofsix of the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals
Factors influencing community participation in donor funded projects: experiences from padep community projects in Morogoro District, Tanzania
No full textA DissertationCommunity participation in implementation and development projects has become a
topical agenda. Morogoro District is one among the districts in Tanzania where
Participatory Agricultural Development and Empowerment Projects implemented. The
main objective of the study was to assess the factors influencing community participation
in PADEP community projects. Specifically, the study sought to: determine the level of
the community’s participation in PADEP community projects, examine the community’s
attitude towards PADEP community projects and determine the overall impacts of PADEP
community projects to the community. Across-sectional research design adopted for
undertaking the study. A multi-stage sampling was employed whereas purposeful
sampling technique used to select four villages i.e. Kiziwa, Mtombozi, Tulo and Kongwa,
followed by proportional sampling to get households from each village, and random
sampling method to obtain a sample size of 138 households. Qualitative and quantitative
methods were used to collect primary data by administering questionnaires, undertaking
focus group discussions and key informants’ interview. Quantitative data were analyzed
by the statistical package for social sciences, and qualitative data were analyzed by using
content analysis. The study findings revealed that the level of participation in PADEP
community projects was relatively low especially in project identification and designing
stages. Nevertheless, about 93.5% of respondents had positive attitudes towards PADEP
projects because of associated benefits, including rise of household income. Study results,
also indicated that implemented PADEP community projects made some impacts to
households’ livelihood, include assets ownership, income as well as food security
improvement. Furthermore, some independent variables had statistical significant
influence on community participation, including respondent’s previous experience in projects participation (p≤0.05), household size, household income per year before the
project (p≤0.1), level of satisfaction (p≤0.01), awareness / information (p≤0.1) and
existence of village rules and regulation on participation (p≤0.05). In conclusion, there is
positive and strong relationship between previous experience and community
participation; household income and community participation; awareness and community
participation. Considering the importance of community participation, study suggests that
all obstacles including project’s experience, awareness and household income which
hinder community participation should be well addressed by the project implementers for
the success and sustainability of the projects
Value chain analysis of aquaculture feed in Tanzania.
No full textA Dissertation 2019Tanzania is among the countries which depend on aquaculture feed for their fish farming
needs. Recent decline in fish volume captured from natural waters due to, climate change,
illegal fishing and increased fishing effort due to growing population has resulted into has
stimulated aquaculture production. This has created an opportunity for aqua-feed
manufacturers to cope with increased demand for aqua-feeds. The present study aimed to
analyze the value chain of aquaculture feeds in Tanzania using cases from, regions
purposively selected due to their potential in feed manufacture, fish farming and fishing
activities carried out by communities in the areas. The overall objective was to analyse the
aquaculture feed value chain and establish its linkage with aquaculture production systems,
in particular increasing of omega-3 in farmed tilapia and subsequently enhancing
availability of the same to consumers in Tanzania. The overall sample size was 85
respondents, whereby; 7 were feed manufacturers and 78 were fish farmers. The study
used descriptive statistics, logit model and Return on Investment (ROI) to analyse data.
Results showed that: aqua-feed value chain in Tanzania involve four main actors; aqua-
feed ingredients supplier, producer, Traders and fish farmers. Furthermore, feed price has
positive influence on choice of aqua-feeds whereas extension visits, experience in fish
ferming and age had a negative influence. Standardized aqua-feed is most profitable
compared to unstandardized feed in fish farming practice. Also, investing in aquaculture
sector is viable to both feed manufacturers and fish farmers along the chain. However, as
well as these benefits, there costs incured in aquaculture production. The study revealed,
sustainability of aqua-feed with reference to omega-3 LC-PUFA content depends on the
government intervention to strengthen the chain that will eventually benefit consumers
Economic contribution of village community banks in conserving forest resources: a case of Kazimzumbwi and Pugu forest reserves
No full textA DissertationVillage Community Banks aimed to reduce extreme poverty among community group
members and enable members share knowledge on how to generate income which could
be alternative sources of income rather than depending on illegal exploitation of forest
resources for the economic purpose. This study aimed at assessing economic contribution
of VICOBA in conserving forest resources. Multistage sampling technique was used to
obtain 5 villages adjacent to both Kazimzumbwi and Pugu Forest Reserves. In the
selected villages 23 VICOBA was selected by using Probability Proportional to Size
(PPS), 230 respondents form selected VICOBA was sampled and 15 key informants were
purposively selected. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and key informants
interviews. Quantitative data were processed and analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft
excel, in addition a binary logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors
influencing VICOBA member decisions in exploit forest products. Results show that,
VICOBA programme enable its members to engage in small business activities as
alternative sources of income at 55% which reduce illegal exploitation of forest resources,
also binary logistic model results reveal significant factors that were negatively influence
VICOBA members decision in forest products consumption at P < 0.05 are alternative
sources of income, national conservation laws, access to credit, educational level and
cultural believes, 44% of VICOBA members were aware in forest conservation through
conservation education provided and engaged in conservation through reporting illegal
activities and participating in environmental clubs. Finally, this study recommends
promotion of community microfinance groups in societies which could be source of
alternative income generating activities to reduce overdependence and overconsumption
of forest resources
Socio-economic factors influencing household dependency on forest in Masida community forest, Zambezi Region, Namibia
No full textM. Sc. DissertationThe purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding of the drivers and effects
of dependency on forest resources in Masida community forest in Zambezi region,
Namibia. Specifically, the study assessed the livelihood strategies and contribution of
forest resources to household incomes, assessed socio-economic determinants of
households‟ dependency, determined extent and consequences of dependency and
examined the people‟s perception on forest dependency. A cross-sectional study was
conducted from December 2018 to April 2019. For primary data collection, a semi-
structured questionnaire was administered to 185 randomly selected household heads for
quantitative data, while qualitative data was collected using key informants‟ interviews
and focus group discussion. Secondary data was obtained from office permit system.
Multiple response analysis was used to summarise livelihood strategies and reasons for
household dependence. Multiple comparisons using ANOVA analysed the contributions
of various income sources to household income. Logistic regression model was used to
determine the effect of household‟s socio-economic characteristics on forest dependence.
Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the extent and consequences of dependency,
while people‟s perceptions were assessed using the Likert scale. The study revealed that
farming, piecework and social grants are the livelihood strategies and the forest‟s natural
ablution function, provision of free medicine, easy access of forest, cheap acquisition of
forest resources, inability to pay for other alternatives and unemployment were motives
influencing household forest dependency. The household socio-economic characteristics
such as Age, Education of respondents and Hectares of land owned significantly
influences forest dependency (P<0.05). Moreover, the study showed that species such as
Colophospermum mopane, Terminalia sericea and Dichrostachys cinerea are endangered.
In conclusion, the study revealed that local people‟s perceptions forms a basis for
monitoring the sustainability of forest resources. Lastly, the study recommends that agroforestry, brickmaking and apiculture are appropriate alternatives to lessen reliance on
forest
Effectiveness of fortified sunflower oil on retinol status Of underfive children and lactating mothers in Manyara and Shinyanga Regions, Tanzania
No full textThesis: The Degree of Doctor of PhilosophyVitamin A Deficiency (VAD) continues to be a public health problem in low income
countries including Tanzania. It affects the vulnerable social groups namely women of
reproductive age (15-45 years) including pregnant women and lactating mothers; and
children below five years. Despite the Government’s efforts to eliminate VAD among the
lactating mothers and children below five years, the prevalence is still very high. Vitamin
A deficiency in Tanzania accounts for approximately one-third in children below five
years, 39% of pregnant women and 35% for lactating mothers. The main underlying
cause of VAD is a diet that is chronically insufficient in vitamin A. One intervention to
eliminate vitamin A deficiency in this study was fortification of virgin sunflower oil with
vitamin A. Despite the fact that utilization of the fortified cooking oil with vitamin A at
household level is increasing rapidly in Tanzania, there is little information on the use of
fortified cooking oil with vitamin A as the major source for preventing VAD. Therefore,
the present study was designed to fill the gap by evaluating the effectiveness of fortifying
virgin sunflower oil with vitamin A on the retinol status of children below five years and
lactating mothers in Manyara and Shinyanga regions of Tanzania. Each region involved
three intervention districts and one control district. Intervention districts were involved in
consumption of fortified virgin sunflower oil with vitamin A in the households. The
fortification level of vitamin A in the sunflower oil was 30-40 mg/kg as per East African
Standards recommendation. No control was made on the amount of oil to be used in the
preparation of any meal in the household. Intervention districts were encouraged to buy
fortified sunflower oil from the specified shops where the fortified oil was sold at
subsidized rate of 2100 Tshs per liter and use it for preparing food. For mothers who were
not able to liters (1 L, 3 L, 5 L and 20 L container) there was fortified sunflower oil with
vitamin A sold in small quantities known as coops. Through socio-marketing, this group was also encouraged to consume vitamin A rich foods and diversify their diets. During
intervention period the control groups were not receiving sunflower oil fortified with
vitamin A. Instead, they were encouraged to use unfortified sunflower oil for cooking and
consume vitamin A rich foods as well as diversifying their diets. During intervention
period, mothers were visited at their households by the village health workers and home-
based care providers once every week to monitor compliance to the use of the fortified
oil. They were encouraged to buy the fortified sunflower oil and use it for food
preparation. Control groups started receiving the fortified sunflower oil after the
intervention period of 18 months. Assessment of consumption of fortified sunflower oil
with vitamin A was carried out in the intervention districts where fortified virgin
sunflower oil with vitamin A in the households was practiced. A total of 569 mother-child
pair was involved to evaluate the potential use of the fortified virgin sunflower oil in
controlling vitamin A deficiency. Retinol in the Dry Blood Samples was determined by
Retinol Binding Protein enzyme linked immune assay (ELISA) method while Retinol in
the oil was determined by HPLC method. Results revealed that, at baseline about 60%
(n=313) of the oil samples from the households had retinol concentration level below 20
mg/kg, out of which majority were from Manyara (n=245, 47%) and only few samples
(n=68, 13%) were from Shinyanga. At end-line, majority of households oil samples
(89.9%, n=471 of the) had retinol concentration of 20-40 mg/kg, which these values were
within the recommendation by East African Standards EAS 269:2017 (TZS 1313:2014)
fortified edible oils and fats specification. Baseline mean serum retinol concentrations of
the children and lactating mothers in the control districts were 14.63±5.31 and 20.75±7.32
μg/ml, respectively, while in the intervention districts, the mean serum retinol
concentrations for the children and lactating mothers were 15.14±5.44 and 20.10 ±7.33
μg/ml, respectively. These values were lower than those recommended by World Health
Organization which defines the plasma retinol concentrations of <0.7 μmol/L or <17.325 μg/ml of Retinol Binding Protein for the children and plasma retinol concentrations of
<1.05 μmol/L or <26.04 μg/ml of Retinol Binding Protein for the lactating mothers as
vitamin A deficiency. End-line mean serum retinol concentrations in the control districts
were 14.83 ±5.95 μg/ml, for the children and 21.35±7.87 μg/ml for the lactating mothers,
while in the intervention districts mean serum retinol concentrations were 17.59±10.20
μg/ml for the children below five years and 22.83±9.48 μg/ml for the lactating mothers. A
quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design with intention to treat vitamin A
deficiency showed that, fortified virgin sunflower oil with vitamin A in children below
five years and lactating mothers had positive effects on retinol serum concentration. Also
fortified virgin sunflower oil with vitamin A had positive effects on anthropometric status
namely, weight for age, height for age and weight for height Z-scores. Children who
consumed fortified sunflower oil with vitamin A progressively improved in weight for
age from -0.81 to -0.72 SD, height for age -1.36 to -0.81 SD and weight for height -0.21
to -0.06 SD Z-scores (baseline vs. end-line). In the control districts weight for age was -
1.08 to -0.93 SD, height for age -1.61 to -1.28 SD and weight for height -0.25 to -0.16 SD
Z-scores (baseline vs. end-line). Beside fortified oil, other factors which may account for
improved serum retinol concentration and anthropometric status of the children and
lactating mothers included vitamin A mega doses supplement (children), dietary diversity
and maternal knowledge about consumption of vitamin A rich foods and age
(breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding). Also, despite significant decrease in vitamin A
levels in the fortified virgin sunflower oil during six months of storage (11%) and in the
scooping study (10%) and the slight increase in the quality aspects namely peroxide;
anisidine, malondialdehyde and Totox values, the oil was still good for healthy. The
major socio-economic and demographic factor which significantly (<0.05) influenced
vitamin A status of these socio groups is residence. Living in rural areas decreased like
hood to diversify foods compared to urban area. Also seasonal vitamin A rich foods mainly plant based foods is a great problem in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Therefore, to address vitamin A deficiency problem; the use of fortified cooking oils with
vitamin A; increasing consumption of vitamin A rich foods and dietary diversification
should be encouraged to sustain the prevention and control of this deficiency
Resources capability of government co-operative supporting organizations for innovations dissemination to primary co-operative societies in Tanzania
No full textJournal of Innovation Management, JIM 7, 4 (2019) pp.77-105This study assessed resources capability of government co-operative supporting organizations
(GCSOs) in innovations dissemination to primary co-operative societies (PCSos) in Tanzania. Case study
research design using multiple cases was used involving five cases. Primary data were collected using key
informant interviews, focus groups discussions (FGDs), documentary reviews and personal observations.
Data were analysed using content analysis. The Atlas.ti computer software assisted in analyzing data
solicited from key informants and FGDs. Findings indicate that most GCSOs in Tanzania were poor
in terms of resources to disseminate innovations to PCSos. Most GCSOs were also not determined
at prioritizing and utilizing available resources for dissemination of innovations to PCSos. Furthermore,
some external factors e.g. inadequate government resources commitment, employment freezing and others
have been adversely affecting GCSOs resources capability to disseminate innovations to PCSos. Moreover,
there were no formal and comprehensive incentive systems to reward innovation dissemination activities
in most of the GCSOs. It is recommended that GCSOs executives should mobilise more internal resources
and ensure sufficient innovation resources prioritisation and utilization to adequately facilitate innovations
dissemination to PCSos. The GCSOs executives should also establish clear incentive systems to reward
innovation dissemination activities
Gender mainstreaming in water resource management: a case Of water resources integration development initiatives (waridi) project in Gairo District, Tanzania.
No full textDissertation: Master of Arts in Project Management and EvaluationUnderstanding the gender mainstreaming in water resources management from the
insider's perspective is central to determining gender roles of women and men at the
community level. Literature indicates that gender mainstreaming is viewed as donor
demand rather than management tool of water resources hence lacking the deeper
understanding from the insider's perspective. The overall objective of this study was
therefore to examine the extent of gender mainstreaming in water resources management
project in Gairo District. Specifically, the study analysed strategies used by WARIDI
project in gender mainstreaming in water resources management project, evaluated the
effect of institutional arrangement on gender relations in water resources management,
assessed existing gender dynamics in water resource governance, and explored the
constraints of integrating gender in water resource management at the project and
community level. The study was conducted in Gairo District, Morogoro Region, a cross-
sectional design was adopted during data collection where both qualitative and
quantitative data were collected. Content and descriptive analyses were used to analyse
data collected, through interviews and focus group discussions. The findings indicate that
the position of women and men were recognized by community in project area and some
of high leadership positions were held by women in formal water resource management
institutions. It was also revealed there are gender inequalities in water resource
management particularly in informal institutions. Also the study found that formal and
informal institutions were very powerful depending on the sources of water available
within the community. It is concluded that WARIDI’s efforts to mainstream gender was
partially achieved due to existing gender inequalities. The study recommends WARIDI
project to extent efforts to address gender inequalities in natural sources of water at Gairo
district
Gender dynamics of small and medium family business in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
No full textDissertation of Arts in Project Management and EvaluationSuccess of family business and economic development may be impacted by gender dynamics. The overall objective of this study was to assess the impact of gender dynamics of family business in Morogoro Municipality. Specifically the study sought to identify gender roles in family businesses, determine gender related factors influencing success of family businesses and analyze the attitudes of men and women in managing the family businesses. A cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the wards and respondents involved in the study. Four wards from Morogoro municipality were selected and a total number of 138 respondents were chosen. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to compute the respondent’s characteristics and gender roles. Ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate the gender related factors influencing success of family business. Likert scale analysis was used to measure the attitudes of men and women towards managing the family business. The study found that gender roles like ownership, decision making and control of business were identified and mostly dominated by men. Women were found to dominate in the selling and record keeping. Findings from ordinal logistic regression revealed that age of the owner, traditionally women supporting role, difference of experience and traditionally undervaluing of women were statistically significant on influencing changes in success of family business (p < 0.05). Findings from the likert scale showed that most of respondents had positive attitudes towards gender differences in managing the family business. The study concludes that gender inequality exist in family businesses and affects the success of family business by creating inadequate cooperation of the family members to the business which leads to inappropriate decisions and practices toward the business. The study recommends that the Local Government Authorities, Non-Governmental Organizations, gender activist and traditional leaders iii should promote more education to the community, individual businessmen and women through workshops and trainings to promote more knowledge on gender equity and equality in family businesses and to insist equal opportunities for both men and women to participate in businesses and contribute to its success as family businesses are vital for development
a case of Mzumbe ward in Mvomero district, Tanzania
No full textThis is a master dissertationThe research was done to assess the role of institutions in enhancing youth’s involvement in agriculture among 120 youth in Mzumbe Ward in Mvomero District. The specific objectives were: Youths’ assessment of agriculture as income generating activity, determining the extent of youth involvement in agriculture, examining factors influencing youth’s involvement in agriculture and analyzing the association between institutions and youth’s willingness to engage in agriculture. Qualitative data in four villages were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), while quantitative data were collected through questionnaire survey. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for quantitative data analysis and content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Overall, the results showed that institutions, when considered in their entirety, had positive influence in enhancing youth involvement in agriculture. The institutions which proved to have favourable influence include traditional land tenure system, market system, extension system, credit system, traditional beliefs and norms. Taxes and land policies showed unfavourable influence to youth’s involvement in agriculture. The results also show that youth were involved in agriculture in satisfactory extent and had positive opinions towards agriculture. It is concluded that most of institutions had favourable influence in enhancing youth’s involvement in agriculture though taxes and land policies on the other hand had unfavourable influence towards youth’s involvement in agriculture. Therefore, the study recommends that government should put more emphasis to support formal institutions such as taxes and land policies and other institutions dealing with agriculture on promoting youth’s involvement in agriculture in the study area and the country at large. The government in collaboration with NGOs should create conducive market environment that would enable farmers benefit more from their engagement in agriculture through provision of soft loans, agricultural extension services and input supplies, market linkages to youth and acquisition of land for agricultural activities