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Effect of east african community-common external tariff for selected agro-food sensitive products on Burundi’s Trade, Welfare and Tariff Revenue
No full textDissertation 2019The effects of the customs union are ambiguous and depend on different factors. The
theoretical ambiguities raise a need for empirical studies to generate information for a
particular case. This study looks on the effect of EAC-CET for selected agro-food
sensitive products of Burundi’s trade, welfare and tariff revenue using the partial
equilibrium model; specifically, the SMART model at HS-6 level. The analysis makes use
of trade data of 2010-2016 from WITS database, and the EAC-CET schedule was obtained
from EAC-CET document version 2017. The study defined 2 tariff scenarios. The first is a
CET on selected sensitive products imported by Burundi from the rest of the world, and
the second scenario assessed the variation of CET in tariff revenue. Results indicate that
the implementation of EAC-CET led to a decrease of imports from the rest of the world,
which created losses in a trade estimated to be 6 124 and 3 3782 (thousands US), respectively. Further results
indicate that gains of tariff revenue for the Burundian government due to high tariff on rice
and wheat, are respectively estimated to be 9 277 and 6 627 (thousands US) and these losses are due to the variation of CET. In terms of welfare, Burundi loses in terms of consumption of rice and wheat 1 258 and 6 051 (thousands US$) but gains in maize. The study recommends removal of rice and wheat among sensitive products and suggests that the addition and removal of products in the list of sensitive should be based on their welfare implications and needs of local consumers
Enhancing performance and fatty acids composition of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through housefly maggots (musca domestica) meal cultured on aquatic macrophytes
No full textM. Sc. DissertationFish forms an integral part of human diet in Tanzania being rich in protein and Omega 3
fatty acids (ω-3FAs) which are important for growth and proper functioning of human
body. The amount of ω-3FAs and performance of tilapia (O. niloticus), the most cultured
and consumed fish in Tanzania reported to be low due to inadequate of quality feeds. This
study was conducted to compare the effect of three substrates on yield and composition of
housefly maggots (HFM); assessed growth performance of O. niloticus fed HFM were
mixed with other ingridients and investigated the enhancement of omega 3 fatty acids
composition in the produced O. niloticus. The used substrates for HFM production were
poultry manure (HFMChick), Lemna species of freshwater macrophytes (HFMLemn) and
Eucheuma species of marine macrophytes (HFMEuch). The produced housefly maggots
were then used to formulate nine isonitrogenous diets with 35% crude protein and two
diets; one contained 5% of fish meal and the other diet containing soybean meal as
protein sources. Diets were named as SBM, FM, HFMChick, HFMLemn and HFMEuch,
denoting soybean meal, fish meal, and housefly maggots cultured on poultry manure,
housefly maggots cultured on Lemna species of freshwater macrophyte and housefly
maggots cultured on Eucheuma species of marine macrophyte, respectively. Eight weeks
feeding trial was carried out on triplicate groups of ten fish (1.9–2.2 g) in recirculation
aquaculture systems (RAS). Fingerlings were randomly allocated to the treatments. The
fish were fed up to 5% of their body weights twice daily from 09:30 to 09:45hours in the
morning and 16:30 to 16:45 hours evening throughout the experimental period. Effect of
inclusion levels of HFM and other diets on fish growth, feed utilization and ω-3FAs were
determined. Gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to analyze the
composition of Omega 3 fatty acids. Results showed that the yields of HFM from poultry manure and Eucheuma species of marine macrophytes (HFMEuch) substrates were
significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from Lemna species of freshwater macrophyte.
The protein content of HFM from Eucheuma species of macrophyte was significantly
higher (P<0.05) than those from poultry manure and Lemna species of freshwater
macrophyte. Fish fed on diets containing HFMEuch and FM had significantly higher
(P<0.05) growth performance compared to fish fed on HFMChick, HFMLemn and SBM
diets. Thirty two (32) types of FAs with different saturation levels were detected. The fish
fed HFM cultured on Eucheuma species had the highest composition of FAs (32)
compared to others. In conclusion, poultry manure substrates showed good result for
culturing HFM in terms of yield than other substrates.
HFMEuch achieved high
performance of O. niloticus with higher amount of ω-3FAs levels. Eucheuma species can
be used to culture HFM as alternative feed ingredient to improve performance and composition of ω-3FAs in cultured O. niloticus
Productivity of newly released maize varietiesby fertilizer application in Moshi Ruraldistrict, Kilimanjaro Region
No full textA Dissertation 2019In Northern Tanzania, yield of maize ranges between 0.5 – 0.8 t ha -1 compared with the yield
potential of 4–6 t ha -1 under research conditions resulting to yield gap of 5.2 t ha -1 . Major cause of
low maize yield is low soil fertility due to insufficient use of fertilizers. A study was undertaken
at Miwaleni (3o 25 ́ 30 ́ ́S and 37o 26 ́ 45 ́ ́ E) to determine the productivity of newly
released maize varieties by fertilizer application in maize growing area of Moshi rural
districtin Kilimanjaro region. Soils sampleswere collected from the experimental site. The
objective of the study was to determine the response of maize yield on Nitrogen (Urea),
Phosphorus (DAP, Minjingu Mazao, NPK cereal) fertilizers.The first experiment was
conducted as split plot design in randomized completete block layout replicated three
times. The factors were maize varieties (Situka MI, Meru HB 513 and Faru HB) while
subplot factors were fertilizers types namely; DAP, at 62kg Pha -1 , Minjingu Mazaoat 71kg
P ha -1 and NPK Cereal at 124kgP ha -1 . The second experiment was conducted as split split
plot design in randomized completete blocklayout replicated three times. In the second
experiment main and subfactor comprised four levels that were nitrogen ratesnamely;
Nitrogen at 37.5, 50, 62.5 kg N ha -1 and no fertilizer application. Results obtained from the
site, showed that the three phosphatic fertilizers applied, top dressed with respective
nitrogen levels produced highly significant (P<0.001) grain yield over the control. Also
Meru HB 513 and Faru HB produced highly significant (P<0.001) yield results than
Situka M1 variety. Overal, the study results indicated that Minjingu Mazao and NPK
fertilizers top dressed with nitrogen rates at 50kg Nha -1 and 62.5kg Nha -1 when applied on
maize varieties (Meru HB 513, Faru HB) are the best strategies in improving maize grain
yield in the study area
Effectiveness of participatory monitoring and evaluation on achievement of community-based water projects in Chamwino District, Tanzania
No full textParticipatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) is increasingly becoming critical
worldwide. In Tanzania like other countries in Sub Saharan Africa, community
participation in monitoring and evaluation in development projects including water
projects has been top on the development agenda. Nevertheless, the extent of
effectiveness of PM&E in influencing achievement of community-based water projects
remains unclear. To that effect, the general objective of this study was to determine
effectiveness of PM&E on achievement of community-based water projects. The study
employed sequential exploratory cross-sectional research design with two phases. In
this design, qualitative data, using key informant interviews and Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs), were first collected and analyzed and the results were used to
refine questionnaire used in the second phase of data collection that adopted a
household survey. A random sample of 120 water users including 53.3% females were
involved in the survey. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis while
quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS. A Summated Index Scale was used to
measure the extent of water users’ participation in monitoring and evaluation, level of
achievement of water project objectives and effectiveness of participatory monitoring
and evaluation in influencing achievement of community-based water projects. In
addition, Chi-square test was used to measure association between level of
participation and level of achievements of water project objectives. The results show
that PM&E was effective in ensuring achievement of long community-based water projects
by allowing more space for primary beneficiaries through decision-making power in the
management of water projects. Furthermore, the results showed that among of the
strategies available in PM&E was establishment of responsible structures for project
supervision such as Village Water Committees, Community Water Supply Organizations
iii
(COWSOs) and capacity building. The results demonstrated that 53.3% of the respondents
showed high level of participation in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). In addition, the
results showed that PM&E was constrained by various challenges such as lack of
knowledge among community members in implementation of M&E and poor leadership in
the village in facilitating community participation. Furthermore, the results revealed that
there was statistically significant difference in association between extent of overall
participation in monitoring and evaluation and extent of objectives achievement (P<0.05).
The study concludes that PM&E is a tool for ensuring long term achievement of
community-based water projects through promoting community empowerment hence
creates sense of ownership of development projects among stakeholders. The study
recommends sensitization of awareness of importance of PM&E in implementation of
water projects at a local level is needed. The study also recommends further empirical
research to determine factors affecting enhancement of human capacities in managing
water projects at a local level. This will be worth for water policy planning and
implementation.Famil
Protection against oxidation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids with natural antioxidants in clove (szygium aromaticum) water extracts during storage of sun dried sardines (Ratrineobola Argentea)
No full textResearch ArticleJ of Food Sci Nutr Res 2019; 2 (3): pp. 174-187Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with beneficial health effects to humans if
consumed in required amounts. Fatty fish species are known to be rich in marine-based omega-3 fatty acids,
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA,
C22:5n-3). Sardines (Rastrineobola argentea) from Lake Victoria are a good source of health promoting omega-3
fatty acids. Open sun drying is a common and traditional sardine processing and preservation method. Due to their
chemical instability omega-3 fatty acids in sun dried sardines are prone to lipid oxidation during processing and
subsequent storage. This study investigated the use of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) water extracts as natural
antioxidants to protect omega-3 fatty acids against oxidative damage during storage of sun dried sardines. Lipid
oxidation was assessed by peroxide value, volatile secondary oxidation products and fatty acid profiles. The
antioxidant capacity of extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
radical scavenging and iron (Fe 2+ ) chelating ability. Clove extracts resulted into significantly higher retention of total PUFAs, DHA, EPA and DPA at the end of 30 days storage period and lower concentrations of secondary lipid
oxidation products. This is an evidence of their enhanced oxidative stability in the real food system due to presence
of natural clove antioxidants
Gaps in knowledge and practice on dietary consumption among rural farming households; a call for nutrition education training in Tanzania
No full textInternational Journal of Food Sciences and NutritionDietary-related conditions are preventable only if people have better understanding of factors
that underpin their dietary choices. A cross-sectional study was carried out to examine levels and
gaps of nutrition knowledge and practices (KPs) of 663 mothers/caregivers in rural households of
Tanzania. Results indicated that, only 14% of the population had received nutrition education
prior to the survey. The mean KP score was 6.9 (±2.6) out of 20 with only 17% of the study
population had KP scores above the mean. The average proportion of those who had correct
responses above mean was 27% for knowledge and 22% practices. Low coverage of nutrition
education and poor participation of men in nutrition education activities were frequently
reported as the barriers for adoption of desirable dietary practices at households. The KP levels
are far below the recommended FAO thresholds and entail high levels of nutrition illiteracy
which call for immediate intervention
Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Submicroscopic Malaria Parasitaemia in korogwe, North-Eastern Tanzania
No full textM.Sc. DissertationDespite the intensification in malaria control interventions, malaria still remains a major
public health problem in malaria endemic settings. Asymptomatic infections that largely
remain undetected act as reservoir of transmission jeopardizing the current control efforts.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection,
anaemia and submicroscopic parasitaemia in individuals of Korogwe District, a malaria
endemic setting in north-eastern Tanzania. A community-wide cross-sectional malariometric
survey involving participants aged 0-19 years was conducted in two villages of Korogwe
District, a malaria endemic setting in north-eastern Tanzania. Parasite DNA was extracted
from dried blood spots (DBS) collected during the survey. Detection of submicroscopic
malaria infection from slide negative cases was done by Plasmodium genus and species-
specific nucleotide amplification method. Out of 565 participants, 211 (37.41%, 95% CI:
33.99-41.49%) had malaria infection after testing using malaria rapid diagnostic test
(mRDT), whereas only 81 (14.38%, 95% CI: 11.71-17.54%) were malaria positive by
microscopy. Of the 565 participants, 130 (23.0%, 95% CI: 19.71-26.67%) and 33 (5.84%,
95% CI: 4.18-8.11%) had asymptomatic malaria based on mRDT and microscopy,
respectively. Out of 565 participants, 135 (23.89%, 95% CI: 20.54-27.59%) were anaemic.
Three out of 206 (1.5%, 95% CI: 0.47-4.46%) samples that were malaria negative by
microscopy were found to be positive when analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
indicating the presence of submicroscopic malaria. Multivariate logistic regression
analysis for predictors of anaemia showed that, participants aged between 5-9 and 10-14
years were significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria and anaemia (adjusted odds
ratio (AOR) = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98, p = 0.04) and (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.14-0.75,
p = 0.01), respectively. The current study observed that asymptomatic malaria is much
more prevalent in participants aged above five years. Furthermore, participants aged 5-14 years were at risk of asymptomatic malaria associated with anaemia. A low proportion of
submicroscopic parasitaemia was observed in this study. The findings highlight the need
for targeted interventions focusing on those participants aged above five years in malaria
control interventions
Analysis of Intra and Interseasonal Rainfall Variability and Its Effects on Pearl Millet Yield in a Semiarid Agroclimate: Significance of Scattered Fields and Tied Ridges
No full textJournal articleEstablishing food security in sub-Saharan African countries requires a comprehensive
and high resolution understanding of the driving factors of crop production. Poor soil and adverse
climate conditions are among the major drivers of poor regional crop production. Drought and
rainfall variability challenges are not fully being addressed by rainfed producers in semiarid areas.
In this study, we analysed the spatiotemporal rainfall variability (STRV) and its effects on pearl millet
yield using two seasons of data collected from 38 rain gauge stations scattered randomly in farm
plots within a 1500 ha area of semiarid central Tanzania. The STRV effects on pearl millet yield under
flat and tied ridge management were analysed. Our results show that seasonal rainfall can vary
significantly for neighboring fields at distances of less than 200 m, which impacts yield. The STRV for
daily rainfall was found to be more critical than for total seasonal rainfall amounts. Scattering fields
can help farmers avoid total harvest loss by obtaining at least some yield from the areas that received
adequate rain. The use of tied ridges is recommended to conserve soil moisture and improve yields
more than flat cultivation in semiarid areas
Effects of biopesticides on demographic parameters of fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j.e smith (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in Morogoro Tanzania
No full textA Dissertation 2019Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith is a new insect pest in Africa
causing severe damage to maize (Zea mays) at its growth leading to yield loss as between
8.3 to 20.6 million metric tonnes per year (Day et al., 2017). The pest is native to America
with a wide host range of about 80 plant species that makes it difficult to manage
(Prasanna et al., 2018). This study aimed at establishing the population dynamics of FAW
in maize treated with biopesticides. Developmental biology and demographic parameters
of FAW were determined using biopesticides (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium
anisopliae and Bacillus thuringiensis) in a commercialized maize variety (DK9089,
Monsanto Company, Nairobi, Kenya). The study was conducted at the entomology
laboratory of Sokoine university of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. Experiments were
set in a completely randomized design (CRD) and the FAW cohorts were maintained at
26 o C and 75% relative humidity. Results on the developmental biology of FAW showed
significant variations in developmental durations of immature stages of FAW among
treatments. Treated cohorts had significantly longer developmental durations than
untreated cohorts. Likewise, results on demographic parameters of FAW differed
significantly among treatments. In life table parameters, treated cohorts had low
survivorships (p < 0.001), life expectancy (p < 0.001) and high probability of dying (p <
0.001) and mortality rates (p < 0.001) than untreated cohorts. Biopesticides also showed
significant variation on population parameters of FAW between treated and untreated
cohorts. Treated cohorts had low net reproductive rates (p < 0.003), intrinsic rate of
increase (p < 0.001), finite rate of increase (p < 0.001) and long doubling time (p < 0.001)
as well as the mean generation time (p < 0.001) contrary to untreated cohorts. Results
obtained from this study can be used in implementing sustainable management options
against FAW populations in Tanzania and rest of the world
Factors influencing smallholder farmers’ decision to use quality seed of improved common bean varieties in Tanzania
No full textA DissertationThis study was done in Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Mbeya, Morogoro and
Njombe regions, which represented major common beans producing regions in
Western/Great Lakes, Northern, Southern and Eastern Zones. The study assessed the
factors that influence smallholder farmers’ decision to use quality seed of improved
common bean varieties in Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to: (1) Determine
smallholder farmers’ beliefs about quality seed of improved common bean varieties. (2)
Determine attributes preferred by smallholder farmers in improved common bean
varieties. (3) Examine smallholder farmers’ knowledge about quality seed of improved
common bean varieties. (4) Evaluate smallholder farmers' attitude towards quality seed of
improved common bean varieties, and (5) Assess smallholder farmers’ intention of using
quality seed of improved common bean varieties. A serial cross-sectional research design
with three-phases of data collection was employed. In the first phase, an elicitation study
was conducted to determine smallholder farmers’ beliefs about quality seed of improved
common bean varieties. In this stage, data were collected in October 2016. The second
phase was carried out in 2017, data were collected in three stages namely market, field,
and cooking preference tests to determine attributes, which were preferred by smallholder
farmers at flowering, maturity, harvesting, marketing, and consumption stages. The third
phase was done in 2018, and involved a survey of the respondents to assess their
knowledge, attitude toward and the intention of using quality seed of improved common
bean varieties.
Questionnaire, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and observation were
used to collect data from a representative sample of farmers, extension workers, and
stockists. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while content and thematic analyses were used for analysis of
qualitative data. These analyses aimed at examining if beliefs, attitude, subjective norm,
and perceived behavioural control influenced the respondents’ decision to use quality seed
of improved common bean varieties. Moreover, the analyses sought to examine the
influence of intention and perceived behavioural control on actual use of the seeds.
The analyses also determined if the respondents preferred quality seeds, and whether they
had adequate knowledge to use quality seeds of improved common bean varieties.
The results showed that farmers’ decision of using quality seed of improved common
bean varieties was influenced by various behavioural, normative and control beliefs.
Generally, smallholder farmers had weak to moderate positive attitudes toward quality
seeds of improved common bean varieties. Additionaly, smallholder farmers experienced
weak to moderate social pressure on using quality seed of improved common bean
varieties. Furthermore, smallholder farmers had a feeling of lacking or having very weak
control over the use of quality seed of improved common bean varieties. These beliefs
emanated from the fact that quality seeds of improved common bean varieties are not
available, smallholder farmers had low income, produces from improved varieties had
low market potential, there was inadequate extension services, and associated inputs had
high costs among others.
These behavioural, normative, and control beliefs significantly influenced smallholder
farmers’ attitude (β = 0.583; p ≤ 0.001), subjective norm (β = 0.121; p ≤ 0.05), and
perceived behavioural control (β = -0.141; p ≤ 0.05) respectively. The results further
indicated that smallholder farmers’ attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural
control significantly influenced their intention to use quality seed at (β = 0.448, p ≤ 0.001;
β = 0.110, p ≤ 0.05; and β = 0.164,
p ≤ 0.001) respectively. Moreover, the study found that smallholder farmers’ preferences, knowledge and perceived behavioural control
statistically significantly influenced their actual quality seed use practices at (β = 0.593, p
≤ 0.001; β = 0.530, p ≤ 0.001; and
β = 0.157; p ≤ 0.01) respectively. Furthermore,
smallholder farmers’ sex, marital status, household size, and the number of acres grown to
common beans significantly influenced actual use of quality seed at (β = 0.199, p ≤
0.001; β = 0.128, p ≤ 0.01; β = -0.125, p ≤ 0.05; and β = 0.219, p ≤ 0.001) respectively.
It is then concluded that beliefs, preferred attributes, knowledge, attitude and intention
vary considerably among smallholder farmers. Hence, the study, recommends that the
efforts aimed at increasing the use of quality seed should address beliefs, attributes
preferred, awareness creation and knowledge provision on quality seed. Smallholder
farmers should be empowered to build their ability to acquire and confidence to use
quality seed of improved common bean varieties.
Key words: Common beans, Improved common bean varieties, Quality seed of improved
common bean varieties, beliefs, preferences, knowledge, attitude, perceived
behavioural control, intentio