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Ethno-ornithology and onomastics in the Natta community, Serengeti district, Tanzania
No full textThis paper presents ethno-ornithology, the study of birds in a society, in relation to onomastics, the study of proper names. The study was conducted in villages of Mbisso and Motukeri in Serengeti district, Tanzania aiming to find out how the Natta community name and classify birds in their language and to identify anthroponyms and toponyms derived from names of birds. Purposive sampling was used to select 64 respondents who participated in focus group discussions, birding and interview. Data were analysed thematically with the aid of tables. The particular ethno-ornithological data depict two avifauna naming systems from which Natta proper nouns were derived after the removal of prefixes of avifauna names. Male avifauna anthroponyms (50%) were found with positive connotations; female counterparts (20%) denoted negative meanings, whereas avifauna toponyms (30%) signified abundance of the respective birds. This paper is of particular interest and value, given the widespread concern at the global loss of natural history knowledge in local communities, in both traditional and postindustrialised societies. It thus makes the world aware of the anthroponyms and toponyms, encourages conservation efforts for tourism, and provokes more ethno-ornithological studies in relation to names of people and places in other ethnic groups
Capabilities of government co-operative supporting organisations in dissemination of innovations to primary co-operative societies in Tanzania
No full textInternational Journal of Knowledge, Innovation and Entrepreneurship V. 7, No. 3, 2019, pp. 67—84Purpose: This paper assesses the capabilities of GCSOs in dissemination of innova-
tions to primary co-operative societies (PCSos) in Tanzania.
Design/Methodology: The study adopted a case study research design whereby five
cases were picked. Primary data were collected using key informants (KIs) interviews,
focus group discussions (FGDs), documentary review and direct observation. Docu-
mented data were analysed using content analysis. The Atlas.ti computer software was
used in analysing data from KIs and FGDs.
Findings: The study revealed that most GCSOs have important resources but were
unutilised for innovation activities. There were also lack of incentives to support inno-
vation activities amongst GCSOs executives and personnel and lack of formal and
comprehensive systems to reward innovation activities. Moreover, the study estab-
lished weak innovations progression from lower node of innovation chains to higher
ones. This scenario was coupled with neither institutionalised nor user-oriented ap-
proaches regarding innovations dissemination. The study recommends that GCSOs
executives should work to mobilise more internal resources to enable more innova-
tions dissemination activities. They should also work to strengthen their innovation
value chains by ensuring resources commitment and work to ensure deliberate inclu-
sive efforts in engaging innovations users (PCSos) at all stages of the innovation chain
activities.
Limitations: The study covered GCSOs only as they have been receiving direct gov-
ernment resources to support among other things innovation activities unlike other
member-based and private organisations operating in Tanzania. Similarly, the study
captured the GCSOs capabilities aspects within the key innovation value chain pro-
cesses only.
Originality/value: The paper assessed GCSOs capabilities in innovations dissemina-
tion and proposes strategic measures necessary to ensure more innovations dissemina-
tion to end-users
Comparative evaluation of the performance of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) cultured under different climatic conditions in Tanzania
No full textA dissertation for the degree of master in tropical animal production of sokoine university of agriculture. Morogoro, Tanzania.Growth performance and productivity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is highly influenced by water quality in the pond. On the other hand, water quality is influenced by the climate and ecological conditions of the place. This study evaluated the growthperformance, survival rate, yield, body length-weight relationship and condition factor of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in two districts; Mbarali and Mufindiof Mbeya and Iringa regions,respectively. Furthermore, plankton biomass yield, species composition and biochemical composition of the algae collected from the ponds located in these two districts were assessed. The two districts experience different ecological conditions withhigh and low temperatures.In each district fish were raised in four earthen ponds,each with an average size of 650 m2 for six months. There were two sites per district and two ponds in each site. All ponds were initially drained, cleaned, dried and refilled with water. The ponds were fertilized seven days prior to stocking using urea and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) at a rate of 3 g/m2 and 2 g/m2,respectively.Thereafter, fertilization was done fortnightly throughout the experimental period. Sex reversed Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average body weight of 1.00 g were stocked at a stocking density of 2 fingerlings/m2. Fish were fed with supplementary diet containing 25% crude protein (CP) at 10% of fish body weight in the first month, followed by 5% for the remaining five months. Feeding was done twice daily, at 10.00 to 10.30 am and at04.00 to 04.30 pm. Body weight, length, width and water quality parameters,namelytemperature, dissolved oxygen, transparency, conductivity, salinity, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrate and phosphorus were measured biweekly. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the effect of location on growth performance and water quality parameters. Duncan’s New Multiple Range test was used to test the significance of the differences between a pair of treatment means. The relationships between fish growth and water quality parameters were assessed using correlation analysis while multiple regression analysis was used to assess the influence of water quality parameters on fish growth. All statistical analyses were performed using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS, 2000) for Windows. Significant differences were judged at a probability level of p ≤ 0.05.
Results revealed that, the growth performance of sex-reversed Nile tilapia was higher (p<0.05) in Mbarali than in Mufindi district where there was high temperature and low temperature, respectively. The mean growth rate (1.26 ± 0.03 g/day), specific growth rate (3.12 ± 0.02%), mean final weight (228.68 ± 4.99 g) and estimated annual yield (6828.43 ± 407.95 kg/ha/year) obtained from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured at Mbarali district were significantly higher than of those reared in Mufindi district (mean growth rate = 0.48 ± 0.03 g/day, specific growth rate = 2.52 ± 0.02%, mean final weight = 86.68 ± 4.79 g and estimated annual yield = 4465.29 ± 407.95 kg/ha/year). Mean final body length and width were also higher for the fishgrown in ponds located at Mbarali (body length = 21.87 ± 0.16 cm and width = 7.71 ± 0.07 cm) than of those grown at Mufindi (body length = 16.14 ± 0.15 cm and width = 5.55 ± 0.07 cm).
The results further revealed that, water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, conductivityand alkalinity) were higher in ponds located at Mbarali than in those located at Mufindi district (p< 0.05) while water transparency was significantly higherin ponds located at Mufindi compared to that of those located at Mbarali. The mean temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, salinity, transparency, phosphorusand nitrate in Mbarali were 27.72± 0.25 0C, 6.17 ± 0.27mg/L, 6.91 ± 0.15, 121.62 ±3.27 μS/cm, 57.35 ± 1.86 mg/L, 15.73 ± 0.56cm, 1.33 ± 0.17mg/L, and 7.72 mg/L, respectively. The mean temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, salinity, transparency, phosphorusand nitrate in Mufindi were 21.93 ± 0.25 0C, 6.09 ± 0.27 mg/L, 6.96 ± 0.15, 31.81 ± 3.27 μS/cm, 13.18 ± 1.86mg/L, 17.25 ± 0.56 cm, 0.98 ± 0.17 mg/Land 7.71 ± 0.24 mg/L,respectively. Regression of water quality parameters on growth showed that DO and transparency had significant positive influence only for fish growth at Mbarali while temperature and conductivity had positive and significant influence on the growth of fish at Mufindi district.
The correlation coefficients (r) between weight and length in both experimental locations were above 95%, indicating a strong relationship between live weight and body length of the fish. The regression coefficient (b) values in the length-weight relationships were 2.87 and 2.94 for Mbarali and Mufindi, respectively, indicating negative allometric growth. The mean condition factor (K) values ranged from 2.74 to 3.50 for Mbarali and 1.96 to 2.40 in Mufindi. The exponential value ‘b’ and the condition factor (K) differed significantly between the two experimental locations (p< 0.05).
The analysis of plankton species composition revealed no significanctdifference in number of species found in experimental ponds located in the two locations (p> 0.05). Common species found in both locations belonged to the following classes; Bacillarophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cynophyceae, Euglenoidea, Foraminifera, Heterotrichea, Monogononta, Tubulinea and Zygnemaphyceae.The class Eurotatoria was found only at Mufindi district. Algal samples collected from Mbarali had higher (p ≤ 0.05) biomass (51.74 ± 1.83 g DM/m2) and crude protein (CP) (16.46 ± 0.65%) contents compared to those collected from Mufindi (biomass = 39.25 ± 1.83 g DM/m2, CP = 14.44 ± 0.65%).From the results of this study it is concluded that, differences in climatic conditions between experimental locations influence significantly the production performance, length-weight relationship and condition factor of Nile tilapia. Plankton species composition, chemical compositions differ slightly between the two experimental locations
Motivation as a potential gear towards business establishment by young entrepreneurs incubated in higher learning institutions business incubators in Tanzania
No full textJournal of Business Studies and Economics (JBSE), 2019; 1(1) : 155-173Business establishment, specifically by fresh graduates and other young entrepreneurs in Tanzania, is faced by an inadequate access to business support services (BSS). This paper empirically analyzes the presence of motivation as a potential gear on starting new businesses by incubated young entrepreneurs. A total number of 30 incubatees from two universities business incubation centers, (i.e. the University of Dar es Salaam and Sokoine University) were surveyed and two incubation managers were interviewed. The findings indicate that there was a significant association between motivation and BSS (p<0.05) and Cramer’s V=0.136). There was also a strong association between motivation and marketing and business management (p<0.05, Cramer’s V=0.507); motivation and mentoring and coaching (p<0.05, Cramer’s V=0.676). This implies that marketing and business management (factor 1) and mentoring and coaching (factor 2) motivated young entrepreneurs to start new businesses. The more marketing and business management skills together with mentorship and coaching were extended to young entrepreneurs, the more motivation was imparted to young entrepreneurs to start new businesses
A novel assessment of the impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation of climate change in Eastern Africa
No full textThe evidences that climate change (CC) is a real situation have been established
by different scholars and international organizations. However, much of
the vast and burgeoning literature on CC has indicated spatial differences on the
impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation among different communities. On that
basis, various studies have grouped Eastern Africa as the most affected region by
CC and has the weakest capacity to adapt or/and mitigate the dreadful conditions
posed by CC. This chapter attempts to indicate the socioeconomic vulnerability in
eastern Africa that has been coupled by climate impacts. In doing so, a wide range
of studies reflecting the region has been reviewed. The results exhibit that there
has been a cause-effect relationship between anthropogenic activities and climate
impacts. Although both natural and anthropogenic factors cause climate change,
the latter is more pronounced in local conditions. The level of deforestation and
degradation in most eastern Africa is exceedingly high and this has subsequently
increased the emission of the top green greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O)
into the atmosphere. Thus, the resolutions of various conference of parties on CC
need to adhere by both developed and developing countries for the betterment of
the planet
Nutrient composition of cooked lablab bean varieties for improving nutrition and food security in Tanzania
No full textA dissertation of science in human nutrition (2019)Legumes are important crops for improving food and nutrition security in Africa. However, there are few nutrition researches on lablab beans in Africa, except for programs focusing on improving soil properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional composition of seven varieties of cooked lablab beans grown in Tanzania. The lablab bean varieties both green and dried were cooked then analyzed for chemical composition, cooker-ability and sensory qualities. The parameters studied in chemical composition were proximate composition (protein, carbohydrates, fat, fiber, ash, moisture and carbohydrate) and mineral content (Calcium, Copper, Iron, Manganese and Zinc). Anti-nutritional factors investigated were phytic acid and tannin. Sensory quality parameters assessed were appearance, colour, mouth feel, taste and overall acceptability. Results showed that, both green and dried beans had chemical composition that could meet the recommended amounts of nutrients. Based on proximate composition ILRI6536 had highest content of protein (29.75 g/100 g) and Eldoret Black had highest fibre content (12.5 g/100 g). Based on mineral composition, DL 1002 had the highest Iron (3.35 g/100 g) and Calcium contents (3.93 g/100 g) while ILRI 6536 had the highest Zinc content (8.7 g/100 g). Lower levels of anti-nutrients were observed in ILRI 6536 (2.88 g/100 g) for tannin and Echo Cream (1.10 mg/100 g) for phytic acid and higher content of both phytic and tannin were in Echo Cream. Based on sensory evaluation, Karamoja Red was ranked best on appearance, smell and taste. In quantitative descriptive analysis, Elodert black was ranked best in market demand. It was concluded, based on the study that, lablab beans can be a good food source for improving food and nutrition security as most of the varieties had high nutrients and low anti-nutrients. Therefore there is a need to promote and improve this orphan crop by researching on protein profile and vitamins recommended
Evidences of declining rabies: A retrospective study of cumulative clinical data at Sokoine University Animal Hospital, Tanzania
No full textRabies remains one of the public health threats with annual deaths approximated to be up to 1500 in Tanzania and 59000 globally. Despite of its importance, there is a significant gap in surveillance especially for Canine rabies partly due to insufficient reporting system. The aim of this study was to analyze pre-existing clinical data on Canine rabies for the past 21 years starting from 1995 to 2015 and investigate the dynamics of suspected and confirmed Canine rabies recorded during the studied period. The study discovered that over 91% of all rabies suspects registered at Animal Hospital and Pathology Laboratory, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) originated from Morogoro district partly because the Hospital and Laboratory are located within the district. The remaining cases came from Mvomero, Iringa, Kilosa, Kilombero, Mpwapwa and Gairo districts respectively in the decreasing order. Interestingly only 7.4% of the 87 confirmed rabid dogs had vaccination history against rabies. Furthermore, the study revealed gradual decrease in number of suspected and confirmed cases of rabies from early 2000s onwards. Finally, the higher number of rabid dogs with no vaccination history underscores the importance of vaccination in rabies control. The overall decreasing number of rabid dogs should serve as a motivation for continued concerted rabies control efforts towards total elimination
Effect of East African Community-Common External Tariff for sellected agro-food sensitive products on Burundi's trade, welfare and Tariff Revenue
No full textThe effects of the customs union are ambiguous and depend on different factors. The
theoretical ambiguities raise a need for empirical studies to generate information for a
particular case. This study looks on the effect of EAC-CET for selected agro-food
sensitive products of Burundi’s trade, welfare and tariff revenue using the partial
equilibrium model; specifically, the SMART model at HS-6 level. The analysis makes use
of trade data of 2010-2016 from WITS database, and the EAC-CET schedule was obtained
from EAC-CET document version 2017. The study defined 2 tariff scenarios. The first is a
CET on selected sensitive products imported by Burundi from the rest of the world, and
the second scenario assessed the variation of CET in tariff revenue. Results indicate that
the implementation of EAC-CET led to a decrease of imports from the rest of the world,
which created losses in a trade estimated to be 6 124 and 3 3782 (thousands US), respectively. Further results
indicate that gains of tariff revenue for the Burundian government due to high tariff on rice
and wheat, are respectively estimated to be 9 277 and 6 627 (thousands US) and these losses are due to the variation of
CET. In terms of welfare, Burundi loses in terms of consumption of rice and wheat 1 258
and 6 051 (thousands US$) but gains in maize. The study recommends removal of rice and
wheat among sensitive products and suggests that the addition and removal of products in
the list of sensitive should be based on their welfare implications and needs of local
consumers
Severe ulcerative dermatitis in a Captive African Lion
No full textFree ranging wild animals are known to be capable of co-existing with a wide range of parasites without experiencing significant health effects. Interstingly, the same parasites can cause severe health deterioration to animals under captivity. An investigation was therefore conducted following a report of a captive lion with unusual skin appearance coupled with increased fly activities. Physical and laboratory investigation revealed severe ulcerative dermatitis, moderate hematological changes and the presence of intracuteneous and gastrointestinal parasites. Furthermore, inappropriate use of antihelmitics was observed that was not protective against worm infestation. The use of parenteral ivermectin and other supportive therapy alleviated the condition. It is expected that this report will enrich the existing body of knowledge and stimulate constructive discussions among professionals managing captive wild animals for the purpose of improving animal health and welfare
Cost implications of delays of public construction projects: a case of Morogoro Municipality
No full textA Thesis 2019Construction projects are series of projects related to the construction field that have
limited time dimension with specific allocation of resources, in order to realize an idea
and a particular purpose, after the idea but in Tanzania most of projects has cost
implications due to late completion of the projects and execution. In particular, time and
cost increases in large public construction projects seem to be a global phenomenon.
Similarly, after the decision to implement a project, it is important that the project
organization and project management are strictly set up operate in ways to minimize cost
implications. Project delaying has effects on, variation of projects costs, change of
allocation of fund, change of contract sum, change of work schedule and price inflation,
which has cost implication leading to late completion of projects, increase cost of project
and loss of profit for contractor, consultant and client. This study observed that
inadequate supply of material, and contractor financial difficulties were the main causes
of delays, in construction projects, categorized into three kinds of projects that are small
projects, medium projects and large projects. These projects are determined through the
cost of the project and time of the project. It should also be noted that each project may
have unique requirements for this and that in such circumstances, project managers and
developers should attempt to develop suitable monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
Bureaucracy and formalities should be reduced in client organizations in order to speed
up the slow decision making process. Claims should be settled quickly so that they do
not become a source of delays. Public institution should look forward the condition,
which allows penalties to consultant in order to minimize unnecessary cost implication in
public construction projects caused by consultant, while to contractor must avoid delays
in order to minimize cost implication caused by liquidity damage