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The Importance of Invisible Local Industrial and Social Aspects on The Modern Architectural Project: Evaluating An Example of A Community Centre of The 1950s In Japan
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate an example of modern architecture in Shiogama Japan. The evaluation is made in terms of the effect of local industry and local community movements in relation to the transformation of Japanese society in the post-war period. As the ultimate purpose of the Modern Movement in Architecture is to benefit the common people, the current paper is focussed on the Community Centres that were built after Japan’s defeat in the Second World War. At that time, the Japanese society changed rapidly from a military regime to a democratic one. The Community Centre that is dealt with, in this paper was built in the early 1950s, so one can expect to find some aspects of building a democratic society behind the actual building project. Further the invisible and the intangible value of this Community Centre has been discussed in the period when the Japanese government promoted interior resources development projects. The purpose of this research is to understand some hidden historical values of the Community Centre, which represent not only the social phenomenon of that period, the architectural expression and technical aspects of the building but, also, the local industrial heritage. The paper also describes the importance of sustaining support for the local peoples’ activities by conserving this Community Centre and, then, explains how the Municipality of Shiogama decided to renovate this historical piece of modern architecture. Now, the former Community Centre has been re-born as a Community Centre and a Museum of Art for a local painter
Understanding of the Socio-Economic Benefits of Rural Home Based Enterprises (HBEs) Through the Framework of Livelihood Resources
Get PDFThis article investigates the socio-economic benefits of Home Based Enterprises (HBEs) within the settings of rural housing in Sirajganj, Bangladesh. Households’ livelihood resources are engaged and affected widely by the HBEs and reciprocally the HBEs are also affected by them. Some households practice HBE only for their subsistence and some are involved for their household development. A major number of family members are engaged with the HBE. When HBE is practiced within the rural households, the livelihood receives some extended dimensions of socio-economic benefits. These benefits are studied for the six selected cases, identified as permanent and floating households. The selected case study HBEs are analyzed with reference to the analytical scale factors of livelihood resources. A comparison of the socio-economic benefits of the cases of permanent and floating homesteads context is drawn through the data analysis
Bungalows and their Typology in the Colonial Town: Ambala Cantonment
Get PDF‘Bungalow’ has been the most representative element of the built environment of colonialism. It is associated with Europeans; although it developed in India, both in terms of name and form. The evolution of this Anglo-Indian residential typology shows how this indigenous mode of shelter, that was adopted and adapted by the Europeans, fulilled the physical, social and political requirements of the mercantile and the administrative European oficers. Among the urban centers established by the British in India, Ambala Cantonment was an important station due to geographical and political reasons. This Anglicized town that settled in 1843 bears the elements of a typical cantonment and is worth scrutinizing as it possesses all three residential types; the bungalows, havelies and shophouses. The bungalows that evolved a century and a half ago were resultant of cultural and social collaboration of the ideologies of the Europeans and the indigenous. It cannot be denied that the bungalows gradually brought about change in the lifestyle habits of the indigenous and impacted their understanding of health, cleanliness and hygiene. This paper, as part of the study, focuses on the bungalows of Ambala Cantonment with respect to their planning philosophies and elements. The bungalow had developed as a typology by the time this Cantonment was established. Primarily similar, these bungalows differ in terms of layout, largely in the arrangement of their rooms and this study categorizes the bungalows on this criteria.
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Revivalist Style Churches of 19th Century in Ambala Cantonment: An Insight to Holy Redeemer Church Ambala Cantonment
Get PDFThe British Raj in India led to different types of developments in various parts of the country owing to their physical, social and cultural needs. The Cantonments were one such significant development under British rule in 19th century. Out of the different typology of buildings made by the British settlers in cantonments, the most popular and most ornate structures are the Churches found across the country. In particular the churches built in the 19th century exhibit more or less similar architectural character and style as the whole world was experiencing the Revivalist Gothic style. The paper looks into the construction of such Revivalist Gothic churches in the newly formed Cantonment at Ambala during the same time period and analyses the architecture and construction of one of the oldest church of the cantonment. The paper brings to light the first Catholic Church in Ambala Cantonment, Ambala, India that is 100 years old and has survived the test of time and continues to be in use. It is an exemplary built heritage reminiscent of the British era that needs to be adaptively reused seeing it as an important typology of building exhibiting the Revivalist style in India. The present research was done as part of a project undertaken in Masters of Architecture under the able guidance of Prof Kiran Joshi.
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Impact of British Raj on the Education System in India: The Process of Modernization in the Princely States of India – The case of Mohindra College, Patiala
Get PDFBritish rule is said to have been responsible for the modernization witnessed in the Indian civilization. The impact of this process was quiet evident from the changes adopted by the Indians in their life style, thinking processes, attires, food and education. Besides the advancements made in the spheres of roads, transports, postal services etc, their rule acted as a significant period of transition from the indigenous style of education to western education. The foundations were laid by the East India Company and the Christian Missionaries to employ Indians for administrative tasks as well as to serve their political, economical and colonial interests. Originally the access to education was limited to the royal families, as the British were of the opinion that Indians could become aware of their rights and positions and protest against their Raj posing a threat to the British establishment in India. Lord Curzon’s efforts in the 20th century gave way to spread of higher education within the masses and channelized Indian education system. However the rulers of the Princely States in of India who were granted autonomy by the British to manage their own kingdoms acted as major agents to undertake the social and educational reforms within their territories. With the spread of education from elementary to higher levels, many new schools, universities and other institutions were developed during this period which are symbols of educational advancement as well as hold high architectural merit. Patiala, aprime princely state is a well known academic centre also important for its rich culture since the British Raj. Education in Patiala originated under the Maharajas with the opening of the school of languages in 1860A.D. With the introduction of Mahindra College (the first Degree College in a city) in 1870, became came an important educational centre. It was the only college between Delhi and Lahore for a long time that promoted contemporary higher learning in Northern India. The historic college building represents an aesthetic mix of regional interpretation of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture. Later on many educational institutes catering to medical facilities, sports education etc. was set up in this princely state. This paper is thus an attempt to explore the education reforms during the British Raj, the changes that happened and their triggers. It also brings out reforms initiated in Princely States specifically Patiala as a seat of learning and a detailed study of the Mohindra College, Patiala, that represents an excellent example of educational institutions developed during the 19th century. The present study was done as a part of an academic project undertaken during Masters of Architecture under the able guidance of Prof Kiran Joshi..
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Encapsulating the Translatory Attributes in the Formulation and Development of the Selected Modernist Building Constructed in Islamabad, Capital of Pakistan
Get PDFRight after the construction of Islamabad, National Capital of Pakistan, different foreign architectswere hired by the State to undertake landmark projects in the city. Most notable among them were Doxiadis, Kenzo Tange, Edward Durell Stone. The preference given to these foreign architects over the local architect was tied to the inherited ideas of Modernist Supermacy, ‘glorified western cultures’ and their understanding of the traditional architecture specifically the so called, Islamic architecture. It was assumed that the architecture, foreign architects will produce would be technologically advanced, help in the International recognition of national architecture and become a symbol of Nation’s progression. The paper focusses on a comparative critique of the two landmark projects namely Presidential Estate and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission building (PAEC) named as Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), both situated in Islamabad and designed by Edward Durell Stone. These two buildings have been analysedwith reference to the background forces, in line to Foucault’s term,narrated as political power, subjectivity and resistance. The research has anchored on the idea that in line with the official brief, the former project was not only inspired byInternationalstyle,but also adapted to the Mughal gardens in terms of grandeur and spatial construction. On the other hand, PINSTECH building can be read as an effort of the forceful marriage of states religious subjectivities and Modernity. The paper concludes with ‘folk architecture’ a term coined by Doxiadis and reading it in conjunction with the architectural anomalies
Building for Modernity in Post Uprising Colonial India: Sanderson’s Survey and other Tales of Modern Indian Architecture
Get PDFThe post uprising colonial modern state zealously ushered modernity in the Indian Subcontinent. In the domain of architecture it produced a building frenzy from implementation of urban improvement schemes to raising infrastructure including buildings patronised by the government, Indian rulers and the masses. In a departure from the state’s view to impose the Eurocentric, universal idea of modernity as the only legitimate form of architectural expression, the corpus of buildings built at the turn of the century was a hybrid product of entanglement of tradition and modernity. Indeed, the various actors engaged in the production of buildings, from patrons to designers including architects and Mistris (craftsmen) negotiated modernity on their own individual terms in the absence of any established framework. Types of buildings ranged from state buildings for governance to opulent princely palaces to innumerable every day buildings. This Paper examines the many trajectories of architectural expression that prevailed in the Indian Subcontinent at the turn of the century and argues that the notion of modernity was not homogenous and was characterised by hybridity. It further asserts that this extant building corpus should get its due as modern heritage and be conserved today.
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Asian Modernity: Cricket in Princely States – Case Example of Dhruve Pandove Cricket Stadium cum Gymkhana Club Patiala, Punjab
Get PDFThe paper bringing about the certain changes, which were implies in Asian countries during the 18th century, when most part of these countries comes under British impact. Considering India only, the changes were not focusing only on the architectural style, but it was the entire process to structure the society in a better way. Britishers, by nature were very fond of recreation, entertainment, luxury in their life. Sports was one of the medium of their entertainment through which they interact among high societies. When cricket was introduced in India by Britishers, it was become most popular game among all the states. Maharajas of princely states were always try to copy the British life style, so they adopted cricket also with full obsession. Maharajas of Patiala, princely state Punjab along with their royal families, were in passionate lead to support Cricket as major sport (Majumdar, B. 2008). They had taken cricket to utmost priority and formed their own cricket grounds in Chail and Patiala. Maharaja Rajinder Singh, constructed a cricket ground and pavilion in 1890 in Patiala named as ‘Dhruve Pandove Stadium’ from where he initiated the cricket patronage (Sarkar, A. 2016). The pavilion is constructed in colonial style, which has given India a number of leading crickets, is still intact in good and working condition.
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Assessing the Need of Adaptive Changes for Emerging NORCs in Urban India
Get PDFDue to population ageing, today’s high-rise apartments in Indian cities, which are currently mainly owned by young professionals, will turn into naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) in near future. Though many urban housing complexes of 1970s and 1980s are already serving as NORCs, the term is comparatively new to Indian housing research. This huge existing housing stock is inadequate for special gerontological needs of the elderly, who are fragile and socially vulnerable. Informal opinion of common people revealed that holistic requirement for elderly in housing is still grossly confused with vertical transport, i.e., elevators, and little attention is paid to other architectural features. As part of an ongoing doctoral study, a detailed literature review was undertaken on the vulnerability profile of Indian urban elderly in the context of special requirements of barrier-free housing. This article aims to establish the urgent need to assess the adaptive potential of existing housing communities serving as NORCs in Indian cities, such that new housing in the future can be planned with flexible approach
Dynamic Adaptive Building Envelopes – an Innovative and State-of-The-Art Technology
Get PDFThe building envelope has a key role to play in achieving indoor comfort for the occupants and building energy efficiency. A dynamic, active and integrated solution -- able to achieve the optimum thermal performance, harness energy from renewable resources and, integrate active elements and systems -- is the most promising and innovative strategy for the building envelope of tomorrow. To achieve an effective and sustainable building envelope with a dynamic behaviour, considerable efforts in research and development are necessary. This paper endeavours to present a broad review of design, research and development work in the field of Dynamic Adaptive Building Envelope (DABE). Based on detailed studies, the characteristic features, enabling technologies, and the overall motivations that have tendered to the advancement of DABE are discussed. In spite of its positive aspects, the study reveals that the concept of DABE has not yet been well-applied and needs much more exploration. Various challenges need to be resolved and advanced research undertaken to bring it to maturity and acceptance