International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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Enhancing Driver Identification with a Crow Search-Optimized Stacking Ensemble
Get PDFDriver identification systems play a crucial role in enhancing vehicle security and delivering personalized experiences for drivers. Traditional identification methods typically use individual machine learning models, which often struggle to perform well due to their limited ability to adapt to diverse driving behaviors. In this study, we present a novel stacking ensemble framework optimized using the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) to overcome these challenges. The CSA-optimized ensemble combines the strengths of several base models—Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN)—with a meta-learner designed to boost both accuracy and robustness. CSA is used to fine-tune the ensemble’s hyperparameters, ensuring optimal performance. Experimental results on a driving dataset demonstrated that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing approaches in terms of identification accuracy, precision, and recall. This framework holds promise for a wide range of applications, including intelligent transportation systems and automotive cybersecurity
Role of Machine Learning in Livestock Health Monitoring System: A Systematic Literature Review
Get PDFMachine Learning (ML) can significantly enhance livestock management in various ways by providing real-time insights into animal health, behavior, and well-being. Livestock production, monitoring, and management can be revolutionized by using ML techniques. This study presents a comprehensive review of the literature regarding IoT devices used for monitoring cattle health, key characteristics of these devices, wearable technology used, sensors, and ML algorithms. In order to complete the review, a thorough examination and synthesis of the research articles published in reputable research venues between 2018 and 2023 are conducted. The findings revealed that pressure and pulse-rate sensors are the most often utilized types for recording the health status of animals experiencing health issues
A Novel Integrated Expert System Modelling Approach for Sugarcane Management
Get PDFStatistics in Pakistan show that sugarcane, cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas, produced 1.9 billion tons in 2020, achieving the highest position in the world. The existing practices and processes of sugarcane management are lacking in lack of efficiency and effectiveness, which are time-consuming and wasteful, wastage of money with improper management, creating issues of conflicts among farmers, workers, and mill administration. To overcome this significant concern, there is a dire need for an intelligent management system that could integrate the various tools, techniques, and technologies to achieve the objectives of adequate information for making rational decisions by minimizing time, cost, and optimizing the utilization of resources. The Phases of the study include: firstly, acquiring the Knowledge about the problem domain, i.e., Sugarcane Management System’s key factors, tools, and techniques, as well as SWOT (Strengths Weakness Opportunity Threat) analysis to identify the gap. In the second phase, to analyze and find priorities of the key factors and criteria weights through AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). Thirdly, to model the whole knowledge in different forms, like Decision Table, Weight Allocation Table, Decision Tree, and Conceptual Model etc. Finally, developing a prototype Rule-Based Expert System named ESFSMS (Expert System for Sugarcane Management System) and testing the proposed model through ESFSMS. The final report shows that the aggregate weight of all the factors equals 0.9995, which is nearly equal to 1.00, i.e., the goal. It is limited to a few factors, which can be extended in further research studies and the usage of modern techniques
Performance Analysis of a Lifi System Based on VLC Over a LOS Channel with and Without Ambient Light Using Opti System
Get PDFLi-Fi (Light Fidelity) stands as a state-of-the-art wireless technology that sends data through light-based transmissions. Mobile robots require effective indoor location systems because they operate within hospitals, museums, and airport interiors. Researchers have studied the behavior of the On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation technique used in Li-Fi systems by observing the impact of background interference. Our model determines the performance of a 550 nm wavelength white LED transmitter using Opti System software. Evaluation of the system occurs through examinations under two conditions: when ambient light noise exists and when it does not. The research outcomes demonstrate that Li-Fi technology can deliver dependable high-speed indoor localization services for environments experiencing changes in ambient lighting conditions. Simulation findings indicate a Q factor measurement of 6.47 with noise, while the results show 19.18 when noise is not present. The network supports 10 Gbps data transmission at 2.96e-11 Bit Error Rate with ambient noise and 2.3e-82 Bit Error Rate with ambient noise under a 10-meter connection range
Impact of Flood Migration on Education in Flood-Affected Areas of Sindh
Get PDFHeavy rain fell during the monsoon season from June to October 2022 and caused urban flooding in Sindh and Balochistan. The Government of Pakistan declared 85 districts as climate-hit. The 2022 flood caused the migration of many people from rural to urban areas of Sindh. Floods had a socio-economic impact on migrant families, causing damage to property, houses, agricultural land, infrastructure, livestock, health, and education. The present study aims to analyze the impact of flood migration on the education of migrant children and the city administration of immigration. For the current study, a survey method was used to collect data from 384 respondents. Data was collected from two districts of Sindh, Dadu (K.N. Shah) and District Naushahro Feroze. In the 2022 flood, highly affected areas were Dadu, Khairpur, and Naushahro Feroze; these districts faced a large number of migrations toward Hyderabad, Jamshoro, and Karachi (PDMA, 2023). A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, and respondents were selected randomly from those villages from which people had migrated to cities. Data was analyzed in SPSS and presented in graphs. Recommended measures are suggested for policymakers
Novel Results on Refinement of Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequality with Applications Of ∆-Convex Function
Get PDFIn this paper, we recognized novel results on the integral inequalities type of Hermite-Hadamard to explore the applications of ∆-convex functions. Our conclusion extends several established theorems in the literature
Impact Assessment of Climatic Variability on the Streamflows and Predictions for the 21st Century Integrating Global Climate Models
Get PDFWater management needs to investigate the possible consequences of climate variability on hydrological variables. This paper presents the precipitation and temperature trend patterns and their impact on streamflow (1985-2014) for the Astore basin and streamflow predictions by the year 2100. The trend detection of the two parameters was assessed through the Man-Kendall and Sen’s Slope tests. The climate station data were compared with the results of the trends analysis and reported values of two Global Climate Models (GCMs), BCC-CSM1-1 and GFDL-CM3 (each having Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios). No important trend was noted for the precipitation except an increasing trend in September, while there were rising trends in temperature from December to August, whereas declining trends from September to November, which shows that the summer duration is getting longer while the winter is getting shorter with an early start in September. The results indicated that precipitation trends are reciprocating the temperature. The rising trends in temperature can result in extreme events, floods, and droughts due to extensive glacier melt in the near and far future, respectively. The result of GCMs for the two chosen RCPs had a similar pattern of climatic changes all over the century, with slightly higher values for the RCP 8.5 scenario, experiencing a tendency toward less precipitation and, during some seasons, a modest increase in temperature. The stream-flow predictions using GCMs showed rising trends till the mid-21st century and declining trends by the last decade of the century and even onwards. This rise in summer flows will raise the water level in the Tarbela reservoir located on the downstream of Upper Indus River Basin (UIRB) thus providing excess water for Hydropower generation, increasing till the mid-century and there are also chances of inflows to reservoir, beyond its capacity that can cause flooding to its downstream while after 2091, a continues decrease in water level is expected, which in return, can severely affect the power generation capacity form the reservoir, also causing reducing water supply for agriculture needs
Floods and Flood Hazard Assessment in the Floodplain of River Swat, District Charsadda, Pakistan
Get PDFThis study aims to evaluate flood risks and carry out flood hazard assessment in the floodplain of the River Swat, District Charsadda. This study focuses on two objectives: primarily, to explore the flood situation in the study area, and secondly, to carry out the flood hazard assessment in the floodplain of the River Swat, District Charsadda. The study area is located 27 km north-east of Peshawar city. District Charsadda is part of the Peshawar valley, and the study area covers an area of 1,593 Km2. The gentle slope is from north to south, which plays a major role in making it vulnerable to recurrent flood events. In District Charsadda, the floodplain of the River Swat is highly vulnerable to recurrent flooding during the summer season. There is a lack of flood hazard assessment for management strategies. Therefore, to minimize the negative impacts of floods, flood hazard assessment and management strategies will help reduce the losses resulting from recurrent flooding. There is a need to identify the flood hazard trend in the study area and to generate the flood hazard zonation map. The data are collected from PMD, PIDA, WAPDA, and the Survey of Pakistan. A SPOT recent 2.5m resolution satellite image is used for land use data, and the SRTM data of 90m resolution is used for the generation of a contour map, DEM, and drainage pattern. From the collected data, a hydrograph is created and projected, and the frequency of flood recurrence is determined. To obtain a good picture of the occurrence of floods, the data were also connected with temperature and rainfall characteristics. The AHP method is used to develop a flood hazard zonation map, for which the probability and recurrent intervals of the flood hazard are calculated by using the 24-year data from 1998-2022, and graphed. This clearly shows the recurrence of the flood hazard with specific magnitudes. The physical parameters, including the discharge, amount of rainfall, and elevation data, are used to develop a flood hazard zonation map under a combination of five zones
Smog, Heatwaves, and the Feminized Face of Climate Distress: Psychological, Geographical, and Engineering Perspectives of Women’s Vulnerability in Central Punjab
Get PDFIn Central Punjab, Pakistan, the rising impacts of climate change, especially frequent heat waves and smog, pose extreme risks to human health. Their impact on women is not gender-neutral; in highly populated regions with socioeconomic limitations, women are disproportionately affected. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, geography, and environmental engineering to assess women’s vulnerability to climate change. Based on a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with women of different ages, professions, and socioeconomic statuses in the urban and semi-urban districts of Central Punjab. Thematic analysis revealed three main areas of vulnerability: psychological distress, risks associated with geography, and inadequate infrastructure. Women frequently experienced increased anxiety, helplessness, and trauma linked to long-term exposure to extreme heat and environmental pollution. Geographical mapping of participants’ residences showed that women living in low-income areas faced greater exposure due to congested housing, lack of green cover, and high levels of vehicle emissions. Their susceptibility was further exacerbated by engineering-related shortcomings, such as poor ventilation, ineffective early warning systems, and unsafe transport in urban environments. These overlapping stressors collectively limited women’s mobility, increased their role strain, and weakened their ability to adapt. The results highlight the urgent need for gender-sensitive, climate-resilient infrastructure and public health interventions. The integration of psychological support, inclusive urban planning, and community sensitization is essential to strengthen women’s resilience to climate-related risks. This interdisciplinary perspective underscores that addressing climate distress requires closing social, spatial, and technological gaps to reduce the disproportionate burden women face from increasing environmental degradation
Synergistic Effect of Pyrolyzed Bagasse and Trichoderma Viride for Sustainable Mitigation of Chili Southern Blight
Get PDFSoil-borne diseases like southern blight severely limit chili (Capsicum annuum L.) production, demanding sustainable and eco-friendly management approaches. This study introduces the integration of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar with Trichoderma viride as a novel strategy for enhancing chili resistance against Sclerotium rolfsii. Biochar was produced through pyrolysis at 450°C and characterized using SEM, EDX, and XRD, revealing porous honeycomb-like structures, high carbon content, and mineral phases such as SiO₂ and CaO. Glasshouse experiments were conducted on the chili cultivar ‘Desi’ using biochar at 3% & 6% (v/v) concentrations. Biochar was either applied alone or in combination with T. viride as well as with S. rolfsii. Results demonstrated that biochar treatments significantly enhanced shoot and root growth, biomass accumulation, and physiological performance under pathogen stress. Disease severity, incidence, and mortality were notably reduced, with the greatest suppression (20%) noted in chili plants treated with 6% biochar plus T. viride. Furthermore, higher biochar doses substantially elevated levels of defense-related compounds, including phenolics, catalase, and flavonoids, indicating induction of systemic resistance. Similarly, the combined effect of biochar and T. viride was also visible under in vitro assays. Overall, the integration of biochar and beneficial fungi not only improved soil health but also strengthened host defense, offering a sustainable approach to managing southern blight. These findings highlight biochar-induced resistance as a promising component of integrated disease management in chili cultivation.