International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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AI-Based Sindhi Handwritten Alphabets Classification with Web-Based Development
Full text linkHandwriting recognition has made remarkable progress for some prominent scripts, but low-resource languages such as Sindhi have received little attention so far. In this research, we propose the design and implementation of a strong AI based model to classify handwritten Sindhi alphabets. To overcome the difficulties caused by varying handwriting and a lack of publicly available datasets, the model builds on a manually curated, heterogeneous dataset, sophisticated CNN architectures, and data augmentation techniques. To support more research, the dataset will be made publicly available in two versions: raw and augmented. This study’s key contributions include achieving approximately 93% training accuracy and 96% validation accuracy with a loss below 1%, and the creation of valuable open-source datasets for Sindhi handwriting recognition. While a web-based application is planned as future work, these achievements provide a strong foundation for digitizing Sindhi texts and educational tools, and help preserving Sindhi language heritage
Improving Thermal Conductivity in Heat Sink Using Copper Foam-Paraffin Phase Change Materials
Full text linkPhase change materials (PCMs) are essential in thermal energy storage systems due to their abilities in heat transfer and storage. Yet, their low thermal conductivity restricts the rate at which energy is stored and released. Introducing copper metal foam into PCMs can greatly enhance their thermal conductivity. This research examines the boost in thermal conductivity of a metal foam-paraffin composite compared to pure paraffin. Copper metal foam, noted for its high thermal conductivity, effectively heightens the heat transfer rate within the composite. Both theoretical and experimental assessments of the thermal conductivity of the copper foam/PCM composite were carried out and compared. Findings indicated that the composite\u27s thermal conductivity reached 5.5 W/mK at 13 W, which is significantly higher than the 0.2 W/mK of pure PCM. Furthermore, the copper/PCM composite lowered the heat sink\u27s temperature by 25-30%. This improvement is due to the enhanced thermal pathways offered by the copper foam\u27s structure, notwithstanding the inverse relationship between infiltration ratio and pore density
Design of Multiband MIMO Antenna for 5G Applications
Full text linkThis study introduces a new antenna design that combines a bow-tie slot antenna with four Linear Tapered Slot Antennas (LTSAs) on a single aperture, supporting multiple frequency bands for 5G applications. The design uses a coplanar waveguide transmission line to feed the bow-tie slot antenna, and a MIMO configuration is applied to the LTSAs in the mm-wave band. The antenna shows a bi-directional radiation pattern in the microwave range with a maximum gain of 6.70 dB, and an end-fire radiation pattern for each LTSA in the mm-wave band. The design effectively covers several microwave bands and the n258 band in the mm-wave range, covering both lower and higher 5G frequency bands. With its compact and efficient structure, this antenna is a promising solution for multi-band applications, making it suitable for various wireless communication systems. Its versatility and performance make it a strong candidate for future 5G technologies
The Design and Development of 1-DOF Assisted Physiotherapeutic Device for Rehabilitation of Frozen Shoulder
No full textThe growing prevalence of limb-related issues has increased the demand for rehabilitation services. A key focus has been on restoring upper limb functionality and controllability, which are essential for patients to reintegrate into society and improve their quality of life. In this project, a prototype for an assisted physiotherapy device was designed to rehabilitate frozen shoulders. The device supports both external and internal rotation of the shoulder, allowing movement from 0 to 90 degrees. Its adjustable speed control lets patients move their shoulders based on their personal needs and abilities. Additionally, the device provides real-time feedback on the angle, speed, and force applied during rehabilitation. Experimental results show that this prototype is both practical and effective in rehabilitating shoulder rotation
A Modified Incremental Conductance-Based Active Power Curtailment for Voltage Regulation in Highly PV-Fed Distribution Grids
No full textIncreasing the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the distribution grid poses challenges, including voltage rise and potential violations during low load conditions or peak PV generation. This paper introduces a modified incremental conductance (IC) method to limit the active power injection from PV systems, mitigating voltage violations. A voltage-sensitive control loop is integrated into the IC method to improve its performance. This algorithm allows for the dynamic adjustment of active power output based on real-time voltage measurements from the grid, enabling precise voltage regulation while maintaining maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under normal conditions. When necessary, it shifts the operating point away from the maximum power point (MPP) to limit active power injection, ensuring voltage stays within safe limits. The proposed algorithm is less complex, cost-effective, and can be implemented in existing inverters using the IC method. The algorithm’s effectiveness is validated through Simulink/MATLAB simulations, using a setup consisting of a distribution grid with two solar PV-based distributed generators (DGs), each with a capacity of 100 kW
A Computer Vision Based Child Safety Solution Using YOLOv8 Architecture
Full text linkChild safety continues to be a major concern in homes, public spaces, and schools. Physical barriers and supervision by parents or guardians are often not enough to prevent accidents in restricted or high-risk areas such as swimming pools, staircases near sharp objects, electrical sockets or places where drugs are stored. This project proposes a real-time computer vision-based solution to enhance child safety by detecting the presence of children in restricted zones and alerting guardians, caregivers or authorities immediately. The system is built using YOLOv8 (You Only LOOK Once version 8) for object detection, combined with distance estimation and an alarm-triggering mechanism. A custom dataset containing over 30,000 labeled images across eight categories was used for model training and validation. The euclidean distance formula was applied to measure the spatial relationship between the detected children and nearby hazards, enabling accurate risk assessment in real-time. The proposed model achieved a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 90% and showed high accuracy in detecting critical proximity scenarios instantly. The solution is scalable and deployed in various environments, offering a proactive approach to preventing accidents. This project aims to deliver and effective system using readily available hardware, making it easy to install in both private and public spaces. Early testing demonstrated high levels of accuracy, speed, and real-time performance, positioning this system as a potential breakthrough in child safety technology
Highly Isolated 4-Port UWB Mimo Antenna for Next Generation Communication System
Full text linkThis paper presents the design, optimization, and performance analysis of a compact four-port ultra-wideband (UWB) MIMO antenna for next-generation high-frequency communication systems. The antenna is built on a Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate and operates effectively in the 12.5–55 GHz, range making it suitable for millimeter-wave 5G applications. A four-step design process is used to develop a single antenna element optimized for wide bandwidth and good impedance matching. Parametric studies on feedline length, inset depth, and ground structure help improve bandwidth and ensure strong radiation patterns. In the MIMO setup, four radiating elements are placed at right angles to each other to reduce mutual coupling. Additionally, a centrally located plus- shaped decoupling resonator is added to further improve isolation, especially at lower frequencies, enhancing overall antenna performance. Simulation results show excellent impedance matching, a very low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.004), and a high diversity gain (dB). The antenna also delivers stable radiation patterns and high efficiency (>85 %) across the operating range. These findings confirm that the proposed MIMO antenna offers strong isolation (<-20dB), compact size (20x20 mm2), and wide bandwidth (40GHz) making it a suitable choice for future UWB and millimeter-wave MIMO systems
A Gamified Approach to Reduce Obesity Through Physical Activity
Full text linkObesity is a major global health problem, directly affecting both illness and death rates. Sedentary lifestyles have led to high obesity rates, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. This study explores how gamified mobile apps can encourage physical activity to help fight obesity. The STRAVA app was used in a gamified intervention to track physical activity, motivation, and weight loss among participants. A quasi-experimental study design was used to assess the effectiveness of gamification in promoting behavioral change. The results show that gamification can significantly boost motivation, participation, and long-term commitment to physical activity, leading to weight loss and better health. The study highlights the potential of gamified mobile apps as affordable and scalable solutions for reducing obesity
Extractive Text Summarization-Based Framework for Sindhi Language
Full text linkThis paper presents an extractive text summarization method specially designed for Sindhi, a culturally rich but low-resource Indo-Aryan language spoken widely in Pakistan. The study focuses on selecting the most relevant sentences from Sindhi texts, employing Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate concise summaries.
The proposed system incorporates essential preprocessing steps, including text cleaning, tokenization, and stemming/lemmatization. For future extraction, it utilizes TF-IDF and sentence embeddings. After scoring the sentences, the most significant ones are selected to form the final summary.
To evaluate the system\u27s performance in five test paragraphs, several metrics are used, including F1 score, precision, recall, cosine similarity, normalization level distance, and accuracy. The system demonstrates reliable and accurate summarization, and consistency achieving high precision (1.0), strong F1 score (0.89-0.92), a low a low normalized error (0.04), and an overall accuracy of 0.86. Graphic analysis further confirms the model\u27s coherence, semantic retention, and low error rates.
By leveraging NLP for information summarization, this study contributes to preserving and promoting the Sindhi language—potential applications including digital accessibility, education, and content curation. Future research aims to enhance contextual understanding by exploring transformer-based models like BERT and extending the approach to abstraction summarization
Evaluation of Thermal Mixing in T-Junctions Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Full text linkThe thermal mixing process in T-junctions presents a significant challenge in optimizing heat transfer and temperature distribution, especially in systems involving both hot and cold fluids. The problem addressed in this study was to understand how variations in inlet velocities, pipe diameters, flow rates, and turbulence models affect heat transfer and thermal mixing. The solution was achieved by performing detailed CFD simulations, evaluating these factors under controlled boundary conditions of 40 m/s hot inlet velocity, 30 m/s cold inlet velocity, and a 15 K temperature difference between the main and branch pipes. The results reveal that higher inlet velocities enhance thermal mixing, with outlet temperatures increasing from 223.382 K to 325.975 K as hot inlet velocity increases from 20 m/s to 40 m/s. Increasing the hot inlet diameter from 2 cm to 4 cm improves temperature distribution, raising the outlet temperature from 325.95 K to 329.797 K. The introduction of dual hot inlets further enhances the temperature to 329.797 K. Comparative analysis of turbulence models (k-ω and k-ε) indicates that the k-ω model provides more uniform temperature distribution. Moreover, variations in flow rates show that higher flow rates in the main pipe led to an outlet temperature of 312 K, while higher flow rates in the branch pipe reduced the outlet temperature to 305 K. This research offers critical insights for optimizing T-junction designs, improving thermal mixing, and enhancing heat transfer in industrial applications