International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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River Profile Modeling Through Surface Deformation Using RS/GIS, A Case Study Swat River
Get PDFThe objective of this appraisal is to determine the feasibility of dam sites in Swat Valley and its peripheries (Northern Pakistan). We exploited SRTM DEM with a spatial resolution of 90m to extract various geomorphic indexes for the dam site feasibility. This research aims at pinpointing areas which can be opted for small dam constructions to overcome the electricity crisis in Pakistan to some extent to meet the national electricity needs. We exercised River profile analysis (RPA), D8 flow popular algorithm, Concavity, Steepness, and Hack-gradient methods to prepare interpolated maps for the Steepness index, Concavity index, Relative uplift rates, and other parameters like value zoom, vector zoom, surface zoom, density zoom, relief zoom and contour map. The drainage pattern of this area indicates that there are high relative uplift rates, erosion, steepness and concavity in NE, NW and SW. The DEM based RPA develops as much easier and faster approach to demarcate sites influenced by neotectonics.
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Estimation of Multidimensional Urban Poverty in South Asian Cities: A Case of Lahore Metropolitan Area
Get PDFContinuous monitoring of spatial variations in urban poverty is a complex multidimensional phenomenon. In urban areas of South Asian countries, various factors contribute to promote urban poverty e.g., rapid and unmanaged urbanization, high migration and inflation rates and fluctuations in land values. The poor community should be focused by policy makers to solve poverty related issues. This research was conducted in a metropolitan city Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan which is confronting with urban poverty and need to construct a policy for poverty alleviation. Alkire-Foster approach was used to compute urban poverty by selecting poverty cut off point k=2/5 for this study. It demonstrates that 70.8% of households were poor whereas 29.8% households were living out of poverty with positive potentials. The results can be taken as a reference point to alleviate poverty in other regions of country.
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SYNTHESIS OF NiO/ZnO NANOCOMPOSITES IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Get PDFThe availability of water has become a serious concern globally, therefore, it is a need to use waste water by its treatment. This treated water can be used in various sectors e.g., agriculture, leather industry, textile industry and in chemical reactors etc. The oxides of semiconductor nanoparticles are effective catalyst which are used in wastewater treatment. Ethylene glycol is used in sol-gel method to synthesize NiO/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnCl2 along with NiCl2.6H2O were used as precursors during synthetization of NiO/ZnO nanocomposites. We used various techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size analysis for synthesis of the nanocomposites which confirm that these nanocomposites act as catalyst.
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Generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM) USING UAV/ QUADCOPTER
Get PDFSatellite imageries are being used as primary source of information due to their vast coverage and high temporal resolution. Unnamed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is being used these days because of its accuracy, autonomous flights, cost effectiveness and rapid overview of data. UAV provides a fully or partially autonomous image acquiring platform which is devoid of any manned flight controller. In this research Phantom 3 advanced Quadcopter was used for an image acquisition plan for generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM). Two designs were drawn through this workflow for the reconstruction of Department of Space Science and technology in university of Punjab. For the first design 3D quadcopter is hovered at the height of 120 feet (37 meters) which covered an area of 83 x 130 meter, frontal and sidewise overlapping is 80%, and the camera is kept at an angle of 70° for the double grid type pattern. For second mission design a circular flight is taken to obtain images at the height of 27meters with coverage area of (107 x 106) meter, 45° camera angle and 10° circular angle. For reconstruction of urban area, quadcopter is hovered at relatively greater height of 210 feet (64 meters), following the double grid pattern. In order to attain desired GST, the camera is flown at a constant height over the Area of Interest (AOI). The highly overlapped images obtained using Phantom 3, advanced Quadcopter are then processed using Pix4d software for processing of images. Initially, the common points of adjacent images are matched automatically. After matching similar points, additional geographic information of coordinates and z-value of elevation associated with it is generated in 3D space by sparse point cloud. Then a detailed 3D model along the precise geo location is obtained using dense point cloud. A study surface area and its texture are generated using 3D mesh. Finally, a desired 3D surface model is accurately generated containing desired AOI. The results are analyzed using UAV imagery to generate high resolution DSM. DSM for construction of urban area of Department of Space Science was generated at a very high resolution of 3.55cm and 1.8cm respectively. The accuracy of geo locations can be improved by using GPS loggers or by taking the GCPs. It is suggested by many authors that 3D surface model of reconstruction of building is quite accurate geographically and geometrically, after the comparison of bundle block adjustments, Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) value, 3D matching and average point cloud density of DSM. Thus, the 3D surface models are used in parameters, features extraction and estimation of values including depth and elevation values, in texturing, 3D data collection for 3D visualizations, 3D roof tops and building facades and contour maps and orthodox photos.
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Hazardous Effluents and their Impacts on Human Health: Future of Industrial Boom
Get PDFIndustries, being commercial productive units perform as manufacturing agents to produce large quantity of goods to cater the needs of increasing population. Manufacturing units use raw material and goods to deliver the final product. The findings of this research are consistent and reliable. The study area mainly consists of three types of industries including iron and steel, chemical and fertilizer and plastic industry. The hazardous waste generated by industries in Pakistan was computed as 1 lac tons per day and more than 10 thousand tons/day in Lahore. These wastes played a vital role in the degradation of environment. In addition, various harmful gases such as fluoride, carbon monoxide and dust were released by these industries which mixed with fog and caused smog that resulted in respiratory diseases and the Lahore remained in smog for last 3 years. The air quality declined to alarming level because of the dust produced by these industries. Air pollution leads to skin problems, and respiratory diseases among residents living in outskirts of these industries. In this research it is estimated that industrial emission is more dangerous than any other emissions. From the year 2008 to 2019 the harmful emissions were categorized as 43% by transport sector, 25% by industries, 20% by agricultural sector and 22% by power sector. Proper planning and management is required to secure the safety of environment from the adverse effects of industries.
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COVID-19 Pandemic: A Remedial Measure Through Convalescent Serum
Get PDFAn acute respiratory syndrome Corona Virus 2 has affected humanity throughout the world. Scientifically, Corona Virus 2 is known as SARS-COV-2 which is abbreviated as COVID-2019. China was the first victim of this outbreaks in December 2019 [1] which was later recognized as pandemic on March 11, 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO) [2,3]. At the time of this writing, about 8.75 million individuals of 188 countries [4] have been effected by COVID resulting in 463000 deaths primarily, corona virus communicates from one body to another body through close contacts via droplets produced by sneezing, coughing or taking by infected badly within a buffer zone of 3 to 6 feet [5,6,7]. These droplets fall onto a surface and can survive up to 72 hours [8]. Various studies have proved that droplets may travel up to 37 feet by an uncovered cough [9,10,11]. Corona virus is not an airborne, however it may transport through respiratory droplets during talking and breathing [12].
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Active Surface deformation from DEM Based Surface Dynamics in Upstream of Mangla Reservoir and eastern Potwar Plateau
Get PDFDigital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired by Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) is useful to compute Surface Dynamics (SDs) including, Drainage Density (DD), Topographic Relative Relief (TRR), Iso Base-Levels (IBL) and Topographic Vertical Dissection (TVD). It provides detailed information about the lithology based on erosional boundaries as well as delineation of active tectonic scarps. It confers a well-built connection among diverse stream Strahler ordering and the localized erosive or neotectonics conditions in an actively deforming topography. These techniques are rapid, proficient, and consistent to demarcate tectonic control even along or over the similar lithologies. This investigation appraises the eroding and uplifting landforms along upstream of Mangla reservoir in lower Jhelum valley. The aim is to delineate margins for lithological demarcation and to distinguish whether these are affected by neotectonics or not. We noticed unusual localbase-level inconsistency that may be related to the well-known active tectonic expressions.
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Evaluating Focal Mechanism of September 24,2013 Awaran Earthquake With Geospatial Techniques
Get PDFSeismic records from IRIS (NIL, KBL, MSEY, KMI, QIZ, DGAR) were used to compute AWARAN September 24 2013 Earthquake\u27s focal mechanism. Earthquakes are one of the most drastic threats that are likely to cause heavy human casualties and can destroy entire cities within minutes. We processed the waveform data from 6 separate stations for the computation of displacement. The issues related to attenuation have been overcome by the use of low frequencies (0.05-0.1). The crustacean model that determines the tensor PREM model\u27s time is determined by minimizing the variance but produces a robust focal mechanism. Inverting the displacement data is applied to recover the moment tensor from the source, calculated the green feature with the reversal. GIS-based vectors of fault lines were abstracted by the digitization of regional tectonic lineaments and structural maps. We developed synthetic and observed surface shapes with a 100 percent dc correlation. Our understanding of the features of crustacean deformation and regional tectonics in the area will benefit from the resulting focus mechanisms. The measured earthquake focal mechanism is similar to a USGS agency hit, dip, and rake.
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Investigation of Surface Deformation in Lower Jehlum Valley and Eastern Potwar using SRTM DEM
Get PDFThis study describes the surface deformation in lower Jehlum and eastern Potwar using remotely sensed Shutter Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify regional uplift rates. Mapping of active surface deformations help to predict seismic hazards. DEMs are the fundamental input factors that identify the surface geometry and its belongings. These belongings include stream offset, elevation, and slope breaks within a contributing area. This study provides an evidence of tectonic activity and its impact on regional drainage network using SRTM DEM. Various indices including concavity and steepness were computed using power law in steady state conditions. We prepared the drainage network map of the study site showing uplift rates in mm/year. The deflection in stream network proves the existence of active fault in this region which controls the local drainage network. The results prove the relative uplift along Main Boundary Thurst (MBT) and the impact of active tectonic on evolving young organs.
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Synthesis of NiO/ZnO Nanoparticles using 2 Propanol Solvent and their Applications for Methylene Blue Degradation
Get PDFThe nanoparticles play a significant role in fabrication process which are used at large scale in various fields e.g., sensors, electronics drug delivery, optics, catalysis and in water purification process. Nanoparticles (NiO/ZnO) were synthesized using solgel technique. In this method, 2-propanol was taken to analyze the particle size. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of ZnO/NiO. Ultraviolet Visible (UV) data recorded a band gap for ZnO that was 4.1 eV while UV spectrum of methylene blue demonstrated a decrease in concentration of methylene blue while using NiO/ ZnO as catalyst.
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