International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Algorithms
Get PDFThis research paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of three key lossless image compression algorithms: Run-Length Encoding (RLE), Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) and Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM). The increasing demand for efficient image storage and transmission necessitates a thorough examination of these algorithms. Lossless compression plays a crucial role in diminishing data redundancy while safeguarding the integrity and quality of images. The study encompasses data collection, performance metrics, and algorithm evaluation. Results reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm. RLE excels in image quality preservation but may not achieve the highest compression ratios. DPCM provides a compromise between resource-efficient compression and image fidelity. BWT offers a competitive balance between compression efficiency and image quality. Based on the comprehensive analysis of three key lossless image compression algorithms, it was observed that BWT emerges as a versatile choice that offers competitive compression while maintaining reasonable image quality. However, when choosing the most suitable algorithm, it is essential to consider specific application requirements, including the desired level of image quality preservation and the availability of computational resource
An Enhanced Authentication Scheme for Ensuring Network Devices Security and Performance Optimization
Get PDFIn the technology world, the wireless network is more flexible and adaptable compared to the wired network. Because it is easy to install and does not require cables. Also, there have been many recent advances in the area of WNs (Wireless Networks), which have undergone rapid development. WNs have emerged as a prevailing technology due to their wide range of applications in every field of life. The WNs are easily prone to security attacks since once deployed these networks are unattended and unprotected. In networks, authentication is a well-explored research area. Recent advancements in networks and ubiquitous devices have meant that there is a need to explore the area of authentication with a new perspective. This study explores authentication schemes and their adoption in network-connected devices. The research will study how a wide variety of devices like those in IoT, WSN, industrial IoT, and wearable healthcare devices establish authentication. The focus of the study will be on high levels of security with an algorithm that has a small footprint. The scheme will be studying the design of a lightweight and secure authentication framework for network-connected devices. The proposed scheme provides extended security features while minimizing wireless communication security challenges. The final results will validate the authenticity of this scheme
V/F Method to Control the Speed of a Three Phase Induction Motor Using Micro Compiler
Get PDFAC motors with induction drives are frequently working in industrial settings. The foundation of the sector is electric drive. Modern manufacturing is centered on the reliable induction motor. Due to their widespread use in various appliances as well as industrial automation and control, induction motors are frequently referred to as the workhorse of the industry. Although induction motors are constant speed, we often need variable speed for various industrial operations. For each wash cycle, a washing machine needs to run at a different speed. Mechanical gears were working in the past to achieve variable speed. However, modern power electronics and control systems have made such strides that we are able to replace the antiquated gear systems with electronic component-based motor control. Such an application of electronics enhances the motor\u27s dynamic and steady state properties in addition to controlling its speed. Although there are other ways to regulate the speed of motors using variable/adjustable speed drives (VSD/ASD), we will only examine the V/F approach, which is a scalar form of speed control in this article. The speed management of induction motors is now simpler because to advancements in semiconductor technology and the usage of microcontrollers. The frequency and supply voltage affect the speed of an induction motor, so in this case we will adjust the frequency of the supply to alter the speed. In this system, the user-defined speed of the induction motor can be changed. By adjusting the IGBTs\u27 firing angles, the discrepancy between the actual speed and the reference speed is reduced. The system is put to the test, and experimental findings for variable speed under varied load situations are recognized. In this process, the single-phase ac voltage (220V AC) is first converted into dc voltage (440V DC). This dc voltage is applied to an inverter, which again transforms it into three phase ac voltage, but its use allows us to adjust both the voltage level and frequency
Smart Device to Device Communication in Internet of Things (IoT) Using 5G Networks: A Review: Smart Device To Device Communication
No full textIn future cellular networks, Device 2 Device (D2D) communication is foreseen to assume an essential part as it gives super-low latency to consumer communication. This new model will run on both unlicensed and licensed spectrums. It is a progressive expansion of the conventional worldview of cellular communication. D2D organizing is another innovation that gives the 5G network numerous points of interest, for example, remote shared administrations and more prominent ghostly execution. It is additionally assumed as one of the promising methods for 5G remote system administration applications and is utilized in various zones, for example, public wellbeing, dumping network traffic, government-managed retirement public security, social, and gadgets, for example, military applications and gaming. The benefits are expected in form of technical and business challenges that must be addressed before they are integrated into the cellular ecosystem. In current research, various communication technologies in the IoT ecosystem are compared with different requirements, algorithms, and techniques with a brief overview of their architecture. In order to determine the efficacy of different IoT communication technologies, mathematical modeling is also provided with respect to various parameters, such as delay, SNR, and attenuation. This study describes the effectiveness of 5G-enabled smart device communication in the IoT ecosystem in relation to various algorithms, techniques, and mathematical modeling based on a variety of criteria including Standard Power Consumption, Mesh Network, Speed Range and Frequency
LectureBuddy: Towards Anonymous, Continuous, Real-time, and Automated Course Evaluation System
Get PDFStudent’s course evaluations are a primary tool for measuring teaching effectiveness. The traditional practice in course evaluation at most institutes is carried out once, at the end of each semester. The effectiveness of this system requires candid participation from the students, followed up by the administration, and the faculty. While corrective action took place behind the scenes over a long period, students never observed any immediate change(s) based on the feedback they were provided through the existing course evaluation systems. This discourages students from considering the evaluation seriously. In this paper, we investigate the need for an innovative system to replace the existing course evaluation systems. We conducted two separate surveys from 210 students and 67 teachers to gain insight into the existing course evaluation systems. The survey participants answered questions based on the tendency of feedback provided by students, method of teacher’s evaluations, frequency of evaluations conducted by institutes, and steps to make classrooms more interactive. We also conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis of the data collected from the surveys, both qualitative and quantitative. Our study showed a need for an innovative course evaluation system to continuously gather student feedback throughout the semester anonymously. These findings led us to develop the prototype of an innovative course evaluation system, “Lecture Buddy”, which is anonymous, continuous, real-time, and automated and which alleviates the shortcomings of the traditional course evaluation systems
Variability of Geomorphological Characteristics and the Altered Hydrological Regime of the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan
Get PDFThe administration of watersheds holds significant relevance in the field of water resources engineering and management. The main objective of this research is to assess the geomorphological attributes of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) in Pakistan, with a particular emphasis on its hydrological phenomena. The demarcation of the boundaries of the 21 sub-basins within the UIB was achieved by employing ArcGIS software. The findings indicate that the subbasins demonstrate a range of drainage patterns, varying from sub-dendritic to dendritic. This suggests that there is a consistent texture and absence of structural influence within the subbasins. The research identified a range of stream orders, extending from 3.76 to 365.73 km, indicating a diversity in bifurcation ratios that spans from 3.00 to 5.40. The findings of this investigation suggest the presence of geologic formations that offer favorable conditions. The total length of streams and the number of stream segments demonstrate an upward trend in first-order streams, whereas they decline as the stream order advances. The Drainage Density (DD) of all sub-watersheds has a variation ranging from 0.170 to 0.231 km-1, indicating the presence of regions characterized by materials with notable resistance and porosity. The observed low drainage intensity in these watersheds suggested that the capacity to remove surface runoff is insufficient, rendering them susceptible to the occurrence of flooding, gully erosion, and landslides. Greater infiltration capacity and less runoff are correlated with higher elongation ratios. The findings derived from our study are intended to provide a significant contribution to the development of a sustainable water management strategy for the UIB in the upcoming years. The main focus of this work is to analyze the geomorphological characteristics of mountainous watersheds located in the UIB of Pakistan and assess their influence on hydrologic processes
Enhancing Teacher Resilience: Innovative Coping Strategies for Flood Vulnerabilities
Get PDFFlood disasters have the potential to inflict substantial damage on infrastructure, homes and agricultural fields, leading to economic and societal vulnerabilities in the less affluent regions of Punjab, Pakistan. These floods also can displace communities, resulting in emotional distress and community disruption. During such challenging circumstances, educators play a pivotal role by providing education, solace, and guidance to farmers and students grappling with floods and potential mitigation measures. In 2022, flood disasters in Tehsil Taunsa Sharif, Punjab, Pakistan, caused significant harm to infrastructure, housing, and crops, exacerbating economic and social vulnerabilities within low-income communities. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of teacher\u27s coping strategies in flood-prone areas of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif in addressing these social vulnerabilities. For this research, a total of 25 high and higher secondary schools in Tehsil Taunsa Sharif were identified, from which a convenient sample of 10 schools were selected. The population consisted of 150 teachers and the sample included 85 school teachers, chosen using a confidence level of 95% and a confidence interval of 7%. Schools were selected through a convenient sampling technique, while respondents were randomly selected to ensure an unbiased sample. The findings revealed that the majority of teachers acknowledged using various coping strategies in flood-prone areas including efforts to establish a safe and inclusive learning environment (mean = 4.26), assisting students in developing problem-solving skills (mean = 4.26), encouraging students to express their feelings (mean = 4.25) and providing moral support (mean = 4.22). Furthermore, teachers employed various techniques to enhance the effectiveness of coping mechanisms, such as collaborating with local authorities (mean = 4.32), identifying student needs (mean = 4.28), and promoting mental well-being (mean = 4.28). Additionally, the study found that most teachers believed that flooding had a significant impact on the educational level (mean = 4.38). Public-private partnerships were perceived to enhance the well-being of the community (mean = 4.32). The flood\u27s effects on student access to education (mean = 4.31) and mental health (mean = 4.28) were also evident. In light of these findings, the government needs to develop and implement effective early warning systems to alert communities about impending floods. This proactive approach can aid schools and families in preparing for potential disasters and taking necessary actions to minimize disruptions. Furthermore, the incorporation of flood-resistant features in the design of educational infrastructure, including schools, colleges, and universities is crucial for ensuring educational continuity during flood events
Investigating the Influence of Familiarity in a Three-Dimensional Soundscape of Multisensory Factors Shaping Fetal Perception
Get PDFThe ability of human fetuses to recognize their mother\u27s voice was studied in this research. Sixty full-term fetuses were randomly divided into two groups: those who were read a taped recording by their mothers or those who were read the same recording by a female stranger. Unfortunately, our in-depth acoustic research showed no discernible difference beyond a fleeting shadow in the here and now. To explore the duration spent moving across all intervals, the frequency of movements in each temporal realm, and the epoch at which the very first movement occurred, we employed the powerful tool of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the name of scientific research. A peaceful calm pervaded the delicate balance of information, creating an air of mystery. Experience has shown to influence fetal sound processing since different behaviors have been discovered in reaction to familiar and unfamiliar sounds. It lends credence to the idea that there is some interplay between the genetic expression of brain development and the experience of a given species, which is central to the epigenetic model of speech perception. The speaker is roughly 10 centimeters above the mother\u27s belly, and the average sound pressure level (SPL) is 95 dB. No stimulation, no sound (from mother or stranger), and no stimulation lasts two minutes. The fetal heart rate increases for 4 minutes when the mother\u27s voice is present, while the fetal heart rate lowers for 4 minutes when an unfamiliar voice is present. Our investigations, however, went far beyond the domain of pulsations and reverberations. We looked at the period beginning five seconds before the onset of sound and continuing for another five seconds to reevaluate the complex dance of fetal movement
Revolutionizing Cryptography: A Cutting-Edge Substitution Box Design Through Trigonometric Transformation
Get PDFThis paper proposes an innovative approach to enhance the robustness of substitution boxes in cryptography by employing chaotic mapping. Our methodology leverages chaotic mapping to construct a robust 8 × 8 S-box that adheres to the requirements of a bijective function. An illustrative example of such an S-box is presented, accompanied by a comprehensive analysis employing established metrics such as nonlinearity, bijection, bit independence, strict avalanche effect, linear approximation probability, and differential uniformity. To evaluate its strength, we benchmark the performance of our proposed S-box against recently investigated counterparts. Our findings reveal that our approach to S-box construction is both pioneering and efficacious in fortifying substitution boxes for cryptography. Given the escalating frequency of cyber threats and hacking incidents, safeguarding online communication and personal information has become increasingly challenging. Cryptography plays a pivotal role in addressing these challenges by transforming data into a more secure format. In this research, we introduce a novel, lightweight algorithm grounded in trigonometric principles, which significantly enhances security and reduces susceptibility to hacking attempts. Comparative evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm over established methods such as the Hill cipher, Blowfish, and DES. While conventional approaches prioritize security, they often incur delays due to increased computational load. Our objective is to expedite cryptographic processes without compromising security, achieved through the strategic application of trigonometric principles. Our algorithm capitalizes on trigonometric functions and operations to introduce confusion, thereby thwarting hacking attempts. Extensive research and testing substantiate that our algorithm excels in both security and speed compared to traditional methods. By seamlessly integrating trigonometric concepts into a streamlined design, our algorithm proves to be practical for real-world applications, offering a robust solution for safeguarding data on the Internet
Remote Sensing Study of Mobile Networks: An Assessment of Technological Challenges
Get PDFThe current era is witnessing a notable shift in the logistics and transportation sector due to the advent of Advanced Technologies (ATs). ATs, or smart technologies, encompass the use of artificial intelligence and data science methodologies, including machine learning and big data analysis, to establish cognitive comprehension and autonomous capabilities in relation to an entity. This study investigates the efficacy of remote sensing techniques in analyzing mobile network coverage for optimizing logistic applications. With the proliferation of mobile technologies, seamless connectivity has become integral for efficient logistical operations. Presently, numerous implementations of ATs have exhibited considerable potential in augmenting the efficiency and efficacy of diverse logistical operations and transportation systems. Moreover, the emergence of these innovative technologies presents significant modelling complexities for conventional optimization techniques, hence offering promising avenues for the exploration and development of novel optimization strategies within the realm of logistics and transportation research. The study aims to provide insights into areas with limited or inadequate network coverage, facilitating strategic planning for logistical operations. By integrating remote sensing findings with logistic frameworks, this research contributes to enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness of logistical networks in regions with varying degrees of mobile network connectivity. The focus of our investigation is to thoroughly examine and engage in discourse regarding the technological challenges faced by researchers during the creation of optimization approaches as a result of the use of ATs