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地方自治体における防災・減災に関する計画の現状と課題 －防災都市づくり計画策定状況を踏まえて－
No full textJapan is a country prone to earthquakes, and in addition, due to climate change, damage from torrential rains is increasing. Local governments are promoting the development of disaster prevention and mitigation cities that assume the occurrence of various disasters, and the basic plans for this are Rocal Disaster Management Plans and Municipal Urban Master Plans. However, it cannot be said that these two plans are fully coordinated. Therefore, in the wake of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the “Disaster Prevention Urban Plan” was established as a way to connect both sides. However, Disaster Prevention Urban plans are not based on laws and regulations, and therefore only a few local governments have developed them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the national status and background of disaster prevention urban development plans in local governments across the country, and to clarify the significance and challenges of these plans. The Disaster-Resilient Urban Development Plan is often formulated due to high disaster risk or strong awareness, but its implementation is hindered by staff shortages, limited understanding of the system, weak interdepartmental coordination, and the increasing number of disaster-related plans that burden local governments. These issues are common across the disaster-management field, making uniform plan development unrealistic. However, the plan is valuable because it links urban planning with disaster management and presents information in a form accessible to citizens. Therefore, it is essential to broaden understanding of the plan’s objectives while creating mechanisms that allow municipalities with limited staff to implement it such as prioritizing national and prefectural support for high-risk areas and preparing simplified plan versions.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.64-70; 2026departmental bulletin pape
経営主体別にみる水族館の施設更新が来場者数に与える影響
No full textCurrently, there are over 170 aquariums within Japan. Aquariums require major refurbishment approximately every 30 years, and since the 2020s, many facilities have entered this major refurbishment period. This issue is termed the “2020 Problem” and is drawing attention as a problem of aquarium facility ageing. Aquariums fulfil four primary roles: species conservation, education and environmental education, research and investigation, and recreation. Their operation requires a multifaceted approach. Japanese aquariums employ diverse operational models: directly run by local authorities, privately owned, or owned by local authorities with private management under the designated management system. Differences in the operating entity are thought to influence facility management, renewal objectives, and consequently, the timing of renewal and exhibition concepts. When renewing facilities, it is essential to consider the balance between educational value and entertainment appeal, drawing on past renewal examples to develop plans that lead to increased or stable visitor numbers. This study aims to clarify the impact of facility renewal content on visitor numbers for Japanese aquariums, categorized by management entity, and to identify specific renewal measures that contribute to increasing and maintaining visitor numbers.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.71-77; 2026departmental bulletin pape
災害発生時の避難所における子どもの居場所及び遊び場に関する研究 -令和6年能登半島地震において-
No full textIn Japan, earthquakes and heavy rainfall occur frequently, making the impact of evacuation shelter environments on children a serious concern. Following the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, the loss of schoolyards and parks created a shortage of play and safe spaces for children in shelters. This study examined the activities of child support organizations operating after the disaster. The survey showed that multiple NPOs and related groups provided play and learning spaces from the early stages, working either widely or locally depending on their capacity. Larger organizations, already connected with other groups before the disaster, expanded their support through collaboration with local partners. During the emergency phase, the government offered information, mental health services, and training for support staff, functioning as a bridge until private organizations could fully step in. As a result, opportunities for children to play and learn were secured early on. However, children’s satisfaction and specific needs remain unclear, requiring further research. Comparing these findings with responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Kumamoto Earthquake may also clarify changes in public–private cooperation and inform future child support in major disasters.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.78-85; 2026departmental bulletin pape
Efficacy of removing marine debris and the effects of sustained exposure on a Zostera marina meadow
No full textMarine debris is an environmental pollutant that can lead to the degradation of seagrass meadows. Two field experiments were run to examine the impact of marine debris on the coverage and area of a Zostera marina meadow in Arikawa Bay, Nagasaki, Japan. Experiment 1, which was run from May 2021 to November 2024, demonstrates how marine debris removal affected coverage and area. Experiment 2, which was run from March 2024 to January 2025, demonstrates the effect of marine debris (i.e., fishing nets) emplacement on seagrass shoot density. Due to the nature of experiment 1, a mean normalized difference index (NDI) was used to evaluate the effects of marine debris removal (where high values indicate relatively greater positive effects). The NDI of coverage and area in the section where marine debris removal ceased was 0.189 and 0.263, respectively. Whereas the NDI of coverage and area where marine debris was continuously removed was 0.230 and 0.287, respectively. In experiment 2, shoot density fluctuated naturally with a mean rate of −0.004 ind. m−2 d−1 when marine debris was absent. However, prolonged exposure to debris (67 to 252 days) led to a mean rate of shoot loss that decreased from −0.045 to −0.108 ind. m−2 d−1. In conclusion, we demonstrate that marine debris accumulation in seagrass beds affects the quantity of seagrass and that removal of marine debris can contribute to seagrass restoration. Finally, removing the historical load of marine debris appeared to have led to a natural recovery in this ecosystem.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 225, art. no. 119214; 2026journal articl
住民主体の緑化活動を通して行うまちづくりの効果 ‐山口県周南市の鹿野の風プロジェクトの活動を対象として‐
No full textProlonged economic stagnation and a declining birthrate combined with rapid population aging have reduced municipal tax revenues, making financial management increasingly difficult for local governments. As a result, it has become challenging to maintain public services at traditional levels, and communities are expected to supplement these functions through mutual support. With the aging rate reaching 29.3% as of October 1, 2024, older adults are becoming essential actors in community development. Among the various ways in which older adults support their communities—such as park beautification and crime-prevention patrols—this study focuses on community greening activities. In particular, it examines open garden events held nationwide as part of local greening efforts. The Kano no Kaze Project, composed predominantly of older adults, was found to contribute to community building by utilizing each member’s experience and skills to enhance local landscapes. Participation in these activities broadens social interaction, provides opportunities for conversation and physical activity in daily life, and creates meaningful spaces for older adults to remain active contributors to their community. In addition, media outreach and events such as the Satoyama Open Garden Kano attract visitors from outside the region, thereby promoting wider community engagement. These activities play important roles in landscape creation, forming spaces for social exchange, and revitalizing the region through the effective use of local resources. Similarly, the Waku-Waku Garden initiative, led by local landowners, involves not only greening activities but also a variety of DIY projects, all of which draw on the knowledge and abilities of older adults. Media exposure and open garden events further help bring in participants from outside the Kano area, strengthening the community’s external connections and enhancing regional revitalization efforts.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.33-40; 2026departmental bulletin pape
複合型公的賃貸住宅の建設実態と立地状況に関する研究
No full textThis study examines multi-functional public rental housing in Kyushu, focusing on complexes that incorporate non-residential functions. Forty-eight cases—including UR, public, and public corporation rental housing—were analyzed in terms of construction period, location, and mixed-use functions. About 80% were built before 2000, with many public housing complexes constructed during the population growth period of the 1970s–1990s and now reaching renewal age. Earlier complexes were located within or near urban function concentration areas and included shops to support daily needs. With the rise of automobile use after the 1970s, suburban construction increased, accompanied by a shift toward childcare and elderly welfare facilities. Housing within urban function concentration areas offers the highest convenience due to abundant commercial and public services, while those only in residential promotion areas rely on automobile access and provide limited convenience. These findings indicate that mixed-use functions evolve with location and historical context, underscoring the need for future renewal to strengthen locally appropriate convenience and welfare functions.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.9-16; 2026departmental bulletin pape
近代から戦後復興期の集合住宅の住戸プランニング史 ～台所を中心として～
No full textThis paper clarifies a consideration process that takes into account the historical context, based on social conditions, public opinion, lifestyles, and updates to housing standards from the Meiji period through the immediate postwar period, focusing primarily on the kitchen. This study aims to trace the evolution of layout concepts in housing standards and standard designs for reinforced concrete apartment buildings, thereby clarifying the history of residential planning in apartment buildings from the modern er a through the postwar reconstruction period.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.1-8; 2026departmental bulletin pape
災害発生時の仮設住宅団地における子どもの居場所及び遊び場に関する研究 -令和6年能登半島地震及び令和6年9月能登半島豪雨において-
No full textJapan is highly prone to natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons. In recent years, frequent linear rainbands have intensified heavy rainfall disasters. Major earthquakes such as the 2016 Kumamoto and 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquakes also triggered secondary hazards, including flooding and landslides caused by destabilized ground—leading to compound damage that requires the reconstruction of entire communities. The Cabinet Office outlines emergency response, recovery, reconstruction, and preparedness in its Recovery and Reconstruction Handbook. The Noto Peninsula Earthquake on January 1, 2024, caused severe damage in Ishikawa Prefecture, significantly disrupting children’s living environments. Schoolyards and parks were repurposed for temporary housing, creating a shortage of play and community spaces while families faced prolonged 1.5-stage evacuation and school transfers. Although housing and schools were gradually rebuilt, support for children’s spaces and community rebuilding was delayed, and recovery was further set back by major floods in September 2024. In depopulated areas, supporting children is key to retaining working-age residents and sustaining communities. While government-led child-focused support often falls behind infrastructure recovery, NPOs and civic groups have expanded assistance through relief supplies, community programs, and the creation of temporary and permanent play spaces.長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 56(106), pp.86-93; 2026departmental bulletin pape
The Usefulness of Robot-assisted Surgery for Elderly Colorectal Cancer Patients
No full textBackground/Aim: The usefulness of robot-assisted surgery for elderly colorectal cancer patients remains controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the surgical approach on short-term prognosis in patients aged ≥80 years. Patients and Methods: A total of 1,115 colorectal cancer patients aged ≥80 years who underwent surgery at 6 hospitals between 2016 and 2024 were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups according to surgical approach: robotic surgery (R group, n=55), laparoscopic surgery (L group, n=910), and open surgery (O group, n=150). Patient characteristics and surgical outcomes were compared among the three groups. Results: The O group had higher proportions of patients with a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2 (R vs. L vs. O: 72.7% vs. 80.8% vs. 87.3%, p=0.040), a performance status ≥3 (9.1% vs. 18.6% vs. 27.3%, p=0.006), an operation time <240 min (47.3% vs. 59.1% vs. 79.3%, p<0.001), and postoperative complications (9.1% vs. 23.0% vs. 27.3%, p=0.022). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that robotic surgery [odds ratio (OR)=0.243, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.088–0.668, p=0.006] and BMI <25 kg/m2 (OR=0.626, 95% CI=0.419-0.936, p=0.032) were associated with a reduced risk of postoperative complications. Conclusion: Robotic-assisted colorectal surgery in elderly patients is safe, with relatively few complications.In Vivo, 40(1), pp.355-363; 2026journal articl
Burden of typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance in India (2023): a modelling study
No full textBackground: India is one of the countries with a high typhoid fever burden. In 2022, the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation recommended including the typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in the Universal Immunisation Programme. In this study, we aimed to estimate the 2023 burden of typhoid fever and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to inform targeted vaccine introduction strategies. Methods: We used a decision tree model to estimate typhoid cases, hospitalisations, complications, and deaths. Incidence and clinical parameters were derived from a multicentre Indian study, with state-wise AMR prevalence from a systematic review. Two co-primary and four alternative scenarios were presented to validate the robustness of the findings. Findings: We estimated 4.9 million (95% UI: 4.4–5.6) typhoid cases and 7850 (4300–14,900) deaths in India in 2023. Of 730,000 (534,000–970,000) hospitalisations, 600,000 (435,000–799,000; 82%) were attributable to fluoroquinolone-resistant. Under primary scenario A, children <5 years accounted for 321,000 (235,000–427,000; 44.0%) hospitalisations and 2600 (1300–4800; 34.0%) deaths. Under primary scenario B, 5–9 years of age accounted for 265,000 (135,000–278,000; 36.0%) hospitalisations and 2900 (1500–5300; 36.0%) deaths. Delhi, Maharashtra, and Karnataka together accounted for 29% of the national burden and had the highest rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant cases and deaths among the ten highest-burden states. Deaths linked to fluoroquinolone-resistance, multidrug resistance, third-generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin resistance were 4700 (1800–10,200), 122 (45–294), 183 (69–431), and 183 (68–432), respectively. Interpretation: Fluoroquinolone-resistance drives a large share of typhoid-related hospitalisations and deaths, especially in children under five and in high-burden states of India. Targeted TCV introduction, with broader age coverage among children, would maximise impact. Funding: WISE programme; Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development.The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 44, art. no. 100714; 2026journal articl