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Driver Assessment and Training in the 1980s and 1990s: An Analysis of the Most Cited-Publications
Get PDFThis study analyzed the most-cited publications in the area of driverassessment and training. The citation counts were obtained from both the ScienceCitation and Social Science Citation databases, which at the time of the analysiscontained a total of over 27 million items. The search was restricted to items thatwere published during the 20-year period from 1980 through 1999. The focus ofthe search was on the assessment and training of driving-related skills. Inaddition to documenting the most influential publications, the results are alsopresented in terms of changes over time by topic and by publication outlets
Monitoring Driver Drowsiness and Stress in a Driving Simulator
Get PDFDriver drowsiness, compounded by the high workloads and stress of the ever-increasing complexity of car and traffic environments, is a major cause of severe accidents. The objective of the project described in this paper is to develop reproducible and flexible methods for studying the relationships between physiological driver states and human-factor issues in a driving environment. For reasons of safety and reproducibility, a laboratory-based driving simulator is being used for the project experiments. Initial experiments were conducted with a cohort of about 60 healthy male subjects aged 22 to 28 under carefully controlled conditions. Performance was measured before, during, and after a 120 km stretch of stimulus-deprived, foggy highway that was intended to induce fatigue and stress. Across all trials 69% of the subjects experienced sleep events lasting several seconds, and 7 potentially fatal crashes occurred. Lane tracking behavior degraded by a factor of 2 to 3 prior to each crash. Much of the extensive data acquired by these experiments remains to be analyzed using both standard statistical techniques and highdimensional clustering algorithms. ALISA image-processing software is being applied to video images of the driver eyes and face to detect the onset of sleep and other critical situation
Association Between Embedded Cellular Phone Calls and Vehicle Crashes Involving Airbag Deployment
Get PDFA study was done of a cellular telephone system embedded in a vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer. This study examined voice calls to a service advisor made with a single button press (an OnStar call). The OnStar system also automatically places a call to an advisor notifying of an airbag deployment (an airbag call). The main objective of this study was to determine the probability of an airbag-deployment crash, given that an OnStar call was in progress. The complete OnStar database from October 1996 to May 2001 was searched for all occurrences of OnStar calls associated with airbag calls. In the total population of about eight million OnStar calls, there were eight cases of an OnStar voice conversation being followed in less than 10 minutes by an airbag call. The advisor’s written comments in these eight cases indicated there were even fewer cases, likely only two, in which the phone was actually in use at the time of the crash. The comments contained no specific indications that the OnStar calls contributed to causing the crashes, but did contain indications of other possible causes, such as a driver’s selfreport of drowsiness. The conclusions are: (1) An embedded cell phone call with an advisor followed by airbag-deployment crash within 10 minutes is rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per million calls during the fiveyear period of the study; (2) An embedded cell phone in use at the time of an airbag-deployment crash is even more rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per four million calls; (3) Embedded cell phone usage uniquely causing an airbag-deployment crash occurs even more rarely
Acceleration Behavior of Drivers in a Platoon
Get PDFA new dual-regime acceleration model was developed to represent the acceleration behavior of drivers in a platoon of vehicles. Two sets of field data collected by aerial photographic techniques were used to assess the validity of the proposed and existing acceleration models. A single regime acceleration model failed to present the acceleration behavior of drivers. The field data indicated that at around 13 m/sec the acceleration rate drops. Thus, two different acceleration rates, higher acceleration rate at lower speeds and lower acceleration rate at higher speeds, were used to provide the best fit to the data. This provided realistic acceleration behavior of drivers in a platoon. The field data sets were collected about 10 years apart. The improvements in acceleration capability of a platoon of vehicles from two different time periods were determined. Improvements in performance of vehicles were quantified using the above mentioned field data. The method of quantification can also be used to predict and model the performance of vehicles currently in use. Inversely, current vehicles can be downgraded to represent vehicles of past years and thus make use of already collected data. Important uses of the dual regime model are in modeling the traffic flow behavior and designing roadway elements that depend on acceleration behavior of drivers
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Speeding Behavior
Get PDFMany studies on drivers’ speeding behavior have been reported in the last decade. Most of the previous studies, however, have concentrated on the relationship between drivers' speeding behavior and road/vehicle characteristics, without considering other important factors such as personal characteristics and drivers' perception of the speed limit. This paper analyzes Korean drivers' speeding behavior by taking into account such factors as trip characteristics in addition to personal, vehicular, and attitudinal factors. Speeding behavior is measured by a categorical measure over the speed limit, and an ordered probit model is used to econometrically estimate the speeding behavior equation. Results indicated that i) male drivers with higher income tend to drive faster, and experienced drivers drive at higher speeds than others ii) vehicles with more horsepower and vehicles with safety features go slower than vehicles with less safety features iii) trip distance and frequent use of the road are important factors for speed selection behavior, iv) perceived speed limit of the road and expectation of being caught for speeding are important factors for driving behavior
Effect of Physical Changes in Aging on Driving Performance
Get PDFThe growing population of older drivers has led to societal demands for the development of technologies better suited to the characteristics of older people. One effective way of addressing this situation is to examine closely the structure that causes the performance of older drivers and then use that information to develop technologies. As the first step toward understanding that structure in this research, an attempt was made to identify significant elements of the structure from a human factors standpoint in order to pursue this approach efficiently. A questionnaire survey, an observation of driving behavior and an interview survey were conducted with older drivers. The most significant perspectives on driving were extracted from the results. Tests were then conducted with a driving simulator to verify those perspectives. Based on the surveys and tests, two significant characteristics were identified concerning the influence of aging on driving behavior. One concerns the disintegration of the stimulus-perception-cognition-response system and the other concerns the transition in attention
Relation of Owner's Manuals to Safety
No full textSafe behavior is predicated on the individual’s capability to perform appropriate acts when required. That capability involves both the requisite psychomotor skills and the knowledge of what acts are appropriate in the situation faced by the individual. Knowledge of the appropriate acts may be obtained in various ways. Among them are signs, verbal commands, instruction, and written materials. The present study examines the influence of one form of written materials associated with safe driving, that is, the owner’s manual. Specifically, two surveys were performed to evaluate what use is made of the safety information in the manual and the awareness of the presence of safety information in the manual. The results suggested that owner’s manuals are infrequently read, except for some specific sorts of information. Of all respondents in Experiment 1, only two indicated looking for safety information in the manual. Results of Experiment 2, suggested that respondents were aware of the possibility that safety information was in the manual, but there was little indication that it was used for that purpose. A possible approach to reaching more of the target population might be to produce a separate safety manual for owners and drivers
Developments in Cooperative Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems and Human Factors Implications
Get PDFCooperative vehicle-highway systems offer the potential to enhance the effectiveness of active vehicle safety systems which have entered the marketplace for light vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles. Cooperative intelligent vehicle-highway systems (CIVHS) offer an improved level of overall functionality. These systems are cooperative in that the vehicles can receive information from the roadway and respond appropriately, and vehicles can detect and report hazards to the roadway, for dissemination to other travelers. The systems are intelligent in that the ultimate response is determined by algorithms which weigh multiple parametersse. This paper describes the results of a study to collect information on the various forms of cooperative IVHS worldwide, and assess R&D; activities, deployment issues, standards development, and government policies. An extensive set of parameters which may pass between the vehicle and its external environment are listed. Potential human factors implications are identified, resulting from the emergence of these driver assistance systems into the marketplace
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrations Research and Technology Initiatives to Enhance Commercial Driver Training, Licensing and Performance Management
Get PDFThis paper discusses several of the numerous commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver training and safety performance enhancement initiatives being conducted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), Office of Research & Technology (R&T;). Programs discussed include the Truck Simulator Validation Study, the Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies and the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative: Heavy Vehicle Platform – Generation Zero Operational Tests. The document will also serve to acquaint the reader with the mission of the FMCSA. Additionally, it provides an overview of the vast scope of research being conducted by the FMCSA R&T; Office
Value Assessment and Implementation Tradeoffs for Production-Heavy Truck Active Noise Control
Get PDFDespite a long history, the implementation tradeoffs and value assessment criteria of active noise control (ANC) are not well established. With commercial heavy truck adaptive ANC controllers now available, there is a need for an understanding of the unique performance-to-cost ratio characteristics of these systems. Also, due to the specific spectral region that these systems are applicable to, studies of the physiological effects of broadband noise poorly represent the positive impact of ANC. This paper presents a collection of implementation tradeoff metrics unique to active noise control systems. In addition, evaluation issues and research are identified that will help to validate ANC benefits that are accepted, but insufficiently supported