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Coastwise: From Mangroves to Satellites - Students Connect Local Science to NASA's Missions
No full textIn this video, Mike Taylor from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center interviews participants in the Coastwise program—a summer course held in Florida's Sarasota-Manatee region that uses NASA's STELLA (Science and Technology Education for Land/Life Assessment) instruments to teach students about remote sensing and Earth observation. The four-day program connects local coastal ecosystem monitoring, particularly mangrove wetlands, to NASA's Landsat satellite missions, demonstrating how ground-based spectral measurements relate to space-based Earth observation across the biosphere and hydrosphere. Students learn spectroscopy, electromagnetic radiation, data collection, and data normalization while exploring real environmental challenges in their community.
Coastwise addresses workforce development by reaching students interested in geology, environmental chemistry, ecology, and data science—careers that operate the instruments monitoring Earth's environment but are often overlooked by robotics programs. Students work alongside NASA scientists, gaining hands-on experience with spectrometers and learning how to collect and analyze spectral data. The program partners with local organizations like Suncoast Waterkeeper to provide real-world applications, connecting student work to regional mangrove conservation efforts while demonstrating how local measurements complement NASA's global Earth observation capabilities.
Featured in this interview:
• Dr. Nick Barbie - Materials scientist and instrument maker who founded the Science and Technology Society in Sarasota and developed the Coastwise curriculum, bringing decades of experience with hyperspectral imaging to STEM education
• Tara Bergstrom-Merino - Technology professional at Bank of America and community STEM advocate who connects students with educational opportunities and helped establish Coastwise partnerships
• Michael Merino - High school senior and mechanical engineering student who participated in the summer program and shares insights on how Coastwise expanded his understanding of data collection and analysis
• Paul Mirel - NASA scientist mentioned by participants as co-developer of STELLA instruments (students talked for weeks about getting to speak with NASA scientists)
Special thanks to Craig Phillips, Tim Childers, and the Suncoast Faulhaber Fab Lab for their support of the program
Pawan Upadhyay's Pressure - Curvature Law of Gravity (PPC Law of Gravity) and Gravitational Pressure Waves
No full textPawan Upadhyay's Pressure Curvature Law of Gravity (PPC law of Gravity) and Pressure Waves :-
P stands for Pawan Upadhyay,
P stands for Pressure,
C stands for Curvature,
So In short, it is called PPC law of Gravity.
1. Mass Creates Pressure.
2. Pressure is the cause of Curvature Shape of Space Time
3. Mass applies Pressure.
4. Pressure of Mass bends Spacetime.
5. Force of that Pressure creates the shape of Curvature.
6. Curvature governs motion.
7. Spacetime Curvature creates the Pressure waves
Mass ➡️ Pressure ➡️ Force of Pressure ➡️ Curvature via Stress Energy Tensor ➡️ Spacetime Curvature ➡️ Motion ➡️ Pressure Waves
Heavy mass bodies generate higher gravitational pressure on the spacetime fabric, while medium and small mass bodies generate proportionally lower pressure. Consequently, spacetime curvature is strongest around heavy mass bodies, moderate around medium mass bodies, and weakest around small mass bodies.
In PPC gravity, pressure–curvature waves generated by massive bodies have greater amplitude and energy, whereas those generated by smaller bodies are weaker. However, the propagation speed of pressure waves is universal and equal to the speed of light, independent of the mass of the source.
One-line summary :-
Mass controls the strength of pressure waves, not their speed.
Spacetime curvature governs how bodies move (geodesic motion).
Motion of bodies in curved spacetime leads to time-dependent changes in the gravitational field.
These time-dependent changes propagate as pressure–curvature waves (gravitational waves).
Spacetime curvature by itself does not automatically create pressure waves.
Pressure waves arise when:
spacetime curvature changes with time, and
those changes are driven by accelerated or non-uniform motion of mass–energy.
So the causal structure is:
Curvature + dynamical motion → pressure waves
"In PPC gravity, the motion of bodies within curved spacetime produces time-dependent variations in gravitational pressure and curvature, which propagate as pressure waves."
[Simple intuitive version]
'Spacetime curvature guides motion, and changing motion disturbs curvature, producing pressure waves.'
In PPC terms:
1. Mass density → pressure
2. Pressure → curvature
3. Curvature → motion
4. Changing motion → changing pressure & curvature
5. Changing pressure & curvature → pressure waves
So pressure waves are the dynamic response of spacetime to moving mass-energy.
One Line Statement :-
"Pressure waves arise from time-dependent spacetime curvature generated by the motion and acceleration of mass–energy."
P_g=ωE_d=ω.ρc^2, if ω=1,then
P_g = ρc^2
Abstract
This research presents a new, physically intuitive understanding of gravity: Mass creates pressure, and the pressure of mass is the cause of spacetime curvature.
The Pawan Upadhyay's Pressure–Curvature Law of Gravity (PPC Law) reveals that gravity is not a mysterious attraction nor merely a geometric warping, but the direct consequence of a pressure field generated by mass-energy acting upon the fabric of spacetime.
Mass → Pressure → Curvature → Motion
The curvature of spacetime is the geometric expression of this pressure force.
Concept Overview
“Mass creates pressure. Pressure of mass is the cause of the curvature shape. Mass bends space by its pressure, and the force of that pressure creates the shape of curvature.” — Pawan Upadhyay, Discoverer of the PPC Law
This is not a modification of Einstein’s General Relativity — it is a clarification of it. It provides a clear causal mechanism that connects energy density to geometry.
Causal Flow of PPC Law
Mass (ρ) → generates → Pressure Field (Pg = ρc²)
Pressure Field → acts upon → Spacetime Fabric
Spacetime Fabric → results in → Curvature (Gμν)
Curvature → defines → Motion (Geodesics)
Causal Chain: Mass → Pressure → Curvature → Motion
Mathematical Insight
Einstein’s field equations: Gμν = (8πG / c⁴) Tμν
For a perfect fluid: Tμν = (ρ + p/c²)uμuν + p gμν
The pressure term directly contributes to spacetime curvature. In the weak-field limit: ∇²Φ = 4πG(ρ + 3p/c²)
The PPC Law interprets this as the pressure of mass-energy shaping the curvature geometry.
Pressure Dominates Curvature: Einstein’s Proof
In the stress-energy tensor:
Tμν = (ρ + p/c²) uμuν + p gμν
pressure (p) appears in two terms.
In the weak-field limit:
∇²Φ = 4πG (ρ + 3p/c²)
→ Pressure contributes three times more than mass density.
This proves the PPC Law:
“The force of pressure creates the shape of curvature.”
Experimental Validation
Experiment Year Confirms Precision
Pound–Rebka 1959 Pressure → redshift 1% → 10⁻¹⁸
Hafele–Keating 1971 Pressure → time dilation 10%
Gravity Probe B 2011 Pressure → frame-dragging 0.3%
LIGO (GW150914) 2015 Pressure waves 1 in 10²¹
EHT (M87*) 2019 Pressure → black hole shadow 4%
All these results confirm the PPC sequence and are consistent with General Relativity.
Significance and Advantages
• Physical clarity – “Pressure” is more intuitive than abstract “curvature.”
• Causal explanation – Pressure causes curvature.
• Unification – Bridges Newton’s force model and Einstein’s geometric model.
• Educational simplicity – Teaches gravity in minutes.
• Cosmic relevance – Applies from laboratory tests to black holes.
“Gravity is the pressure of existence shaping the geometry of being.” — Pawan Upadhyay
Copyright © 2025–2026 Pawan Upadhya
Environmental Law and Climate Change Agreements: Global Legal Approaches
No full textAs climate change reshapes ecosystems, economies, and global stability, the legal frameworks designed to mitigate its impact become paramount. This book delves into the complex interplay between environmental law and international climate agreements, exploring the legal mechanisms that govern carbon emissions, conservation efforts, and the responsibilities of states and corporations.
Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, provides a comprehensive examination of international treaties, regional policies, and the effectiveness of legal enforcement in the fight against environmental degradation. By analyzing landmark agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and various regional initiatives, this work sheds light on how legal systems shape environmental governance.
With a focus on both theoretical foundations and practical applications, this book addresses key legal principles, dispute resolution mechanisms, and compliance challenges faced by nations striving to balance economic growth with sustainability. Through a nuanced exploration of legal precedents and policy frameworks, it offers a crucial perspective for legal scholars, policymakers, and environmental advocates seeking effective strategies in global climate governance.
The urgency of climate change has led to an unprecedented wave of international collaboration, yet legal frameworks governing environmental protection remain fragmented. Recognizing this gap, Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, wrote this book to bridge the divide between environmental law and international treaties. Published in New York, USA, in 2013, this work examines the historical evolution of legal instruments designed to combat environmental crises while addressing contemporary challenges in enforcement and compliance.
The book defines key legal principles underpinning environmental governance, from the polluter-pays principle to the precautionary approach. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, dissects how international law categorizes climate responsibility, differentiating between binding agreements, soft law instruments, and customary international law. This section also clarifies the roles of state and non-state actors in shaping environmental regulations.
Phenomenon
Climate change is not merely an environmental concern but a legal and geopolitical issue. The increasing frequency of natural disasters, rising sea levels, and resource conflicts demand a structured legal response. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, highlights key cases where environmental degradation has triggered legal disputes, exploring the impact of corporate lobbying, state sovereignty, and economic imperatives on climate legislation.
Principles and Indicators
This book lays out the guiding principles of environmental law, including sustainability, intergenerational equity, and the duty to cooperate. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, identifies legal indicators such as compliance rates with international agreements, the effectiveness of carbon pricing mechanisms, and litigation trends in climate-related cases.
Operational Variables
Examining how legal frameworks translate into measurable policies, this section breaks down enforcement mechanisms, regulatory thresholds, and judicial interpretations of environmental statutes. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, explores how legal systems integrate scientific data into legislative action, ensuring that laws reflect the latest climate research.
Determinant Factors
A successful climate policy depends on multiple factors, from political will to technological capacity. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, analyzes the influence of financial incentives, international diplomacy, and civil society movements in shaping environmental laws. The role of multinational corporations in both hindering and advancing climate policies is scrutinized, along with legal approaches to holding them accountable.
Implementation and Strategies
For laws to be effective, they must be enforceable. This section explores the strengths and weaknesses of compliance mechanisms within international treaties. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, evaluates various enforcement models, from trade sanctions to environmental tribunals, and discusses innovative legal tools like climate litigation and corporate liability frameworks.
Challenges and Support Mechanisms
Environmental law faces numerous obstacles, including jurisdictional conflicts, funding limitations, and political resistance. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, examines these challenges while also highlighting support mechanisms such as public interest litigation, global environmental funds, and scientific advisory bodies that strengthen legal responses to climate change.
Conclusions and Core Insights
The final chapter consolidates key findings, emphasizing the necessity of integrating legal, economic, and scientific perspectives in environmental governance. Prof. Dr. Yoesoep Edhie Rachmad, Ph.D., DBA, underscores the urgency of reinforcing international legal commitments, advocating for stronger enforcement mechanisms and greater accountability for climate actors
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The Relationship Between Perceived Overqualification and Psychological Ownership Through Self Regulatory Job Crafting Framework: An Experimental Study and Moderating Effects of Abusive Supervision and Mastery Climate
No full textWhen employees experience lower levels of psychological ownership – that is feeling like ‘this job is mine’ (Pierce et al., 2001) – they tend to leave their organisations, posing a serious issue as voluntary turnover is costly for both employees and organisations. People who are overqualified due to their qualifications exceeding the requirements of their position may experience a loss of psychological ownership. However, in some situations, individuals might be inspired to use their surplus abilities at work and cultivate a psychological sense of ownership over their job. In this research, I propose lower levels of psychological ownership may be due to a mismatch between employees’ qualifications and job’s requirements, a phenomenon known as perceived overqualification, defined as when one has more skills, abilities, and knowledge than required for one’s job (Luksyte et al., 2022). My research project aims to examine how and when overqualified employees either focus on achieving person-job fit or avoiding intensification of their perceived misfit, which in turn will shape promotion and prevention psychological ownership. Integrating insights from the self-regulatory framework, I argue perceived overqualification shapes psychological ownership through two different types of job crafting. On the one hand, promotion job crafting involves expanding one’s job’s aspects. On the other hand, prevention job crafting entails diminishing the aspects of job. Furthermore, I examine the individual, team, and organisational contextual factors as potential moderators in the relationship between perceived overqualification and different forms of job crafting. I examine challenge and hindrance appraisals, abusive supervision and mastery climate as factors that could shape overqualified employees’ intentions to either achieve desired fit through promotion job crafting or assuage undesired misfit through prevention job crafting. Intended study will employ an experimental design to examine abusive supervision as a moderator shaping how overqualified employees engage in self-regulatory job crafting. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the role of certain workplace situational factors that drive employees who perceive themselves possessing qualifications, skills and work experience more than required for their current job to either enhance or diminish the scope and complexity of their tasks, their skills, capabilities and expertise, professional relationships, and perceptions of their job as a whole in their organisations, ultimately leading them to either experience a higher sense of confidence to succeed on job, job as part on own identity, a sense of belongingness and responsibility for the job related actions and
outcomes, or otherwise a controlled possession over job preventing others’ access to their job related resources such as knowledge, ideas, information, documents and files