We are a group of students and professor from Michigan State University seeking to replicate this Muenk et al study as part of a course: Psyc 490: Research Method
Bilingualism has been proposed to confer advantages in cognitive aging, yet the neural mechanisms underlying any such advantages remain debated. In a pre-registered analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from elders in the HABS-HD cohort, we asked whether bilingualism affects three measures of brain structure (total brain volume, hippocampal volume and white-matter lesions) and/or moderates the relationship between brain structure and two measures of cognition (executive function and episodic memory). Overall, we found no significant differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in their baseline brain structure or subsequent change in brain structure, suggesting that a life of bilingualism does not affect Brain Reserve or Brain Maintenance in old age. However, bilingualism did moderate the baseline relationship between total brain volume and executive function, and between hippocampal volume and episodic memory, such that these cognitive functions were less dependent on these brain measures in bilinguals. This suggests that bilingualism functions as a form of Cognitive Reserve. Further, exploratory analyses showed that the effects of bilingualism on hippocampal volume, and on its relationship with episodic memory, might differ according to clinical dementia status. In summary, our findings suggest that bilingualism is associated with altered brain–cognition relationships, rather than with preservation of brain structure
Slow-moving environmental hazards create uneven stress and conflicting risk perceptions, which can weaken solidarity. Yet, how leadership and identity can manage such diversity remains unclear. We shed light on this issue through an ethnographic study of identity leadership in a school in Finland with long-standing poor indoor-air quality and health issues. We identified five components (i.e. contents) of shared social identity managed by the principal that acted to support good morale and mutual support in the group. Together these identity contents produced a system of meanings offering a shared social identity to both those whose health was impacted by the stressor and those who were largely unaffected. We conclude that leaders are not only identity entrepreneurs and impresarios who manage and craft shared identities, but they are also ‘conductors of identity’ who play a key role in stabilizing a system formed by different identity contents
We present a dynamic, stochastic, and spatial model that incorporates disaster risk to study the role of local aggregate risks and moving frictions in the spatial economy. A disaster temporarily reduces regional productivity and suspends transportation networks. The model is applied to the analysis of Japan’s Tokai Trough Earthquake (TTE) and maglev train project. Estimation is based on sufficient statistics of future expected values by future migration flows and novel data on rail network disruption from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The TTE risk reduces welfare not only in vulnerable regions close to the expected epicenter but also in more distant regions, revealing the regional spillover effects of the disaster risk. The maglev train project increases welfare by 1.6\% on average, with effects that are larger in the north-east regions under the economy with TTE risk, highlighting the distributional effect under the disaster risk
Background: Facility location is a crucial aspect of humanitarian logistics, particularly in disaster response. In this field, temporary facilities are a cost-effective alternative, as they can be quickly deployed and offer flexibility to address increased demand and the dynamic nature of post-disaster conditions.
Methods: This study performs a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines to examine facility location problems involving temporary or modular facilities in humanitarian logistics. A total of 63 articles were analyzed from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. To reduce risk of bias, each article was classified by 2 researchers.
Results: Most studies focus on earthquake-related scenarios in Asian countries. Despite being temporary, only 6\% of the articles consider both opening and closing decisions for facilities, and only 36\% include decisions regarding modular capacity.
Conclusions: Research in this field should incorporate multi-period planning, addressing both opening and closing decisions, which would allow for the transfer of modules between facilities to enhance flexibility and responsiveness. Additionally, further study is needed on the location of temporary donation-related facilities
The proposal for the Canada-G20 Trade Bloc (CG20TB) represents a sophisticated evolution in the multilateral trading system, shifting from traditional regionalism to a "plurilateral-globalist" model. By synthesizing Canada’s robust legal architecture including the Bank of Canada Act, the Export Development Act, and the Investment Canada Act, with the G20’s expansive economic reach, the CG20TB would effectively institutionalize the world’s most powerful economic collective. In an era where global cooperation is increasingly "interest-based" and "bespoke," this bloc would serve as a stabilizing force, harmonizing the regulatory standards of both G7 advanced economies and G20 emerging giants. This alignment is not merely an administrative exercise; it is a strategic necessity to mitigate the risks of "multipolarity without multilateralism," ensuring that the 79.5% of global GDP represented by these nations remains anchored in a rules-based framework.
From a macroeconomic perspective, the establishment of a USD167.90trillionglobaltrademarketplace(atPPP)createsagravitationalpullcapableofredefininginternationalcapitalflowsandForeignDirectInvestment(FDI).ForCanada,leveragingtheCG20TBwouldfacilitateunprecedentedglobalaccesstotheCanadianfinancialsystemandstockmarket,transformingTorontointoaprimaryliquidityhubforG20−widesustainabledevelopmentprojects.Bysystematicallyloweringtradebarriersandtariffsacrossacombinedeconomyofthismagnitude,theblocwouldunlockeconomiesofscalethatarecurrentlystifledbyprotectionist"frontloading"andsupplychainfragmentation.ThiscaliberofintegrationaddressestheIMFandWorldBank’scallfor"growth−orientedcooperation,"providingablueprintforenvironmentaleconomicswheresustainablesocioeconomicdevelopmentisincentivizedthroughpreferentialmarketaccessforgreentechnologies.Ultimately,theCG20TBfunctionsasahigh−levelresponsetothe"economicreckoning"predictedbycurrentglobalriskreports.BygroundingitsoperationsininternationalcovenantssuchastheICESCRandICCPR,theblocensuresthatthepursuitoffinancialstabilitydoesnotbypasstheuniversalmandateforhumanrightsandcivilliberties.TheintegrationofCanadianlegalstandardsknownfortheirtransparencyandconsumerprotectionintotheG20frameworkwouldexporta"goldstandard"offinancialgovernance.Thistradeblocwouldnotjustbeamarketplace,butaglobalregulatorysanctuary,fosteringaresilient,inclusive,andtechnologicallyadvancedeconomicorderthatcanwithstandthegeostrategicshocksofthe21stcentury.AdvocatingforcreationoftheCanada−G20TradeBloc(CG20TB),whereasCanadaisamemberoftheG20,theprimaryintergovernmentalforumforinternationaleconomiccooperationamongtheworld’sleadingdevelopedandemergingeconomies;whereby,inaccordanceandcompliancewithTheUnitedStatesCodeTitle2,Title3,Title12,Title15,Title19,Title22,Title26,Title31,andTitle35;theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR),theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR),theBankofCanadaAct(R.S.C.,1985,c.B−2),theFinancialAdministrationAct(R.S.C.,1985,c.F−11),theFinancialConsumerAgencyofCanadaAct(S.C.2001,c.9),theExportDevelopmentAct(R.S.C.,1985,c.E−20),theCanadianInternationalTradeTribunalAct(R.S.C.,1985,c.47(4thSupp.)),andtheInvestmentCanadaAct(R.S.C.,1985,c.28(1stSupp.)),whereastheprimarypurposeoftheCanada−G20TradeBloc(CG20TB)istostimulateinternationaltrade,ForeignDirectInvestment(FDI),internationaleconomicdevelopmentandgrowth,loweringandreducingtradebarriersandtariffs,addressmajorissuesrelatedtotheglobaleconomy,suchasinternationalfinancialstability,EnvironmentalEconomicsandsustainablesocioeconomicdevelopment,andfacilitatingglobalaccesstotheCanadianstockmarketandfinancialsystem.Subsequently,theG20countries,whichaccountfor79.5167.90 trillion. This calculation is based on GDP in Purchasing Power Parity terms (PPP). Therefore, the Canada-G20 Trade Bloc (CG20TB), would create, develop and establish a USD$167.90 trillion global trade marketplace
Antisemitism, characterized by prejudice, discrimination, and hostility toward Jews, is marked by two enduring paradoxes. First, although people typically defer to powerholders, perceptions of Jews as powerful are associated with disdain rather than deference among antisemites. Second, antisemitism emerges among individuals with opposing ideological worldviews, those who strongly support societal hierarchies and those who vehemently oppose them. To explain these paradoxes, we introduce the Dual Threat Model of Antisemitism, which highlights the central role of perceived Jewish power in fueling antisemitism. The model posits that perceived Jewish power—defined as perceived control over valuable resources—elicits two distinct types of threat. For proponents of hierarchy, perceived Jewish power threatens in-group dominance, challenging their desire to maintain group superiority. For opponents of hierarchy, perceived Jewish power threatens egalitarian ideals, undermining their vision of a fair and equal society. Evidence from the US, Mexico, Australia, UK, Germany, and Poland lends cross-cultural support to the model. We discuss the implications of the model and the empirical evidence for designing interventions aimed at curbing antisemitism
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