Summit Research Repository (Simon Fraser University)

Jones, Jacob

English

Ice Age changes: Antarctic sea ice and sea-surface temperature in the Southwest Pacific Ocean and their relationship to ocean circulation, marine productivity, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

Kumagai, Brendan

Dynamic prediction of the National Hockey League draft with rank-ordered logit models

Schematic section of layers and levels, Unit 11

Schematic section of layers and levels, Unit 25

Driver, Jonathan

Testani, Alessandria

Preston, Randall

Pendleton, Roxanne

Vallieres, Claudine

Master faunal catalogue

Codes to describe skeletal element and part of skeletal element, HbRf-39 master faunal 
catalogue 
Compiled (with minor editing) by Jonathan Driver from: 
 Alessandria Testani. 2020. Zooarchaeology and ethnozoology at Tse’K’wa (Charlie Lake Cave), 
North Peace Region, British Columbia. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Archaeology, 
Simon Fraser University 
Each identified specimen was given a code to describe the skeletal element (e.g. HU = humerus) 
and a code to define which part of the skeletal element was represented (e.g. 1 = whole 
element; 105 = distal end of a long bone with at least 50% of the diaphysis present). 
Element Codes – Mammals 
For the analysis of Randal Preston’s legacy data in A. Testani’s thesis, the following element 
codes were created 
ZX – Carpal or tarsal 
ZV – Rib or vertebral process 
ZW – Tubular compact bone 
 
Mammalian element codes arranged anatomically 
AN ANTLER 
HC HORN CORE 
CR CRANIAL 
BO BASIOCCIPITAL 
BS BASISPHENOID 
BU BULLA 
FA FACIAL 
FR FRONTAL 
LA LACRIMAL 
MX MAXILLA 
NS NASAL 
OC OCCIPITAL CONDYLE 
OX OCCIPITAL 
PE PETROSA 
PO PAROCCIPITAL 
PR PARIETAL 
PM PREMAXILLA 
PS PRESPHENOID 
SP SPHENOID 
SQ SQUAMOSAL 
TE TEMPORAL 
ZG ZYGOMATIC 
MN MANDIBLE 
HY HYOID 
VE VERTEBRA 
AT ATLAS 
AX AXIS 
CE CERVICAL 
TH THORACIC 
RI RIB 
OO OSSIFIED COSTAL CARTILAGE 
ST STERNUM 
LU LUMBAR 
SA SACRAL 
UR CAUDAL 
 
LO LONG BONE (Only used for chemically sampled specimen) 
 
SC SCAPULA 
CL CLAVICLE 
HU HUMERUS 
RA RADIUS 
UL ULNA 
CP CARPAL 
SK SCAPHOID 
LY LUNATE 
MC METACARPUS 
ML LATERAL METACARPUS (UNGULATES) 
 
IN INNOMINATE 
FE FEMUR 
PA PATELLA 
FI FIBULA 
TI TIBIA 
AS ASTRAGALUS 
CA CALCANEUS 
TA OTHER TARSALS 
MT METATARSUS 
MV LATERAL METATARSUS (UNGULATES) 
 
MP METAPODIAL 
1P PROXIMAL PHALANX (FIRST PHALANX) 
2P MEDIAL PHALANX (SECOND PHALANX) 
3P TERMINAL PHALANX (THIRD PHALANX) 
PH PHALANX 
SE SESAMOID 
 
BA BACULUM 
 
Coding system for mammalian teeth 
The only teeth to be coded are loose teeth. Teeth that can be fitted back into 
mandibles and maxillae were not coded. Each tooth is assigned a two-letter code. 
The first letter defines the type of tooth (incisor, premolar etc.). The second letter 
describes the tooth as either deciduous or permanent. Remember that only incisors, 
canines and premolars have deciduous precursors; there are no deciduous molars. 
Tooth name codes (first letter) 
Y INCISOR 
K CANINE 
X PREMOLAR 
Z MOLAR 
T UNKNOWN TOOTH FRAGMENT 
Age codes (second letter) 
D DECIDUOUS 
P PERMANENT 
N NOT KNOWN 
 
Element Codes – Birds 
For bird skeletal elements, use all applicable mammalian codes, with the following additions 
and 
changes. 
Mandible - although bird mandibles are composed of more than one skeletal element, in most 
cases the portions that survive archaeologically will not be of individual specimens but 
composite pieces. Therefore, bird mandibles will be coded as MN (as in mammals). 
 
Tracheal Rings -  (TR) 
 
Vertebral column - Same codes, but posterior thoracics, lumbars, sacrals, and anterior caudals 
are fused to form the synsacrum (SS). The most posterior vertebra is the pygostyle (PY). 
Ribs - Same codes but birds also have separate sternal ribs (SR) which lie 
between the ribs and the sternum. 
 
Pectoral girdle - Same code for scapula; add coracoid (CO) and furculum (FU) 
 
Pelvic girdle - Same codes 
 
Wing - Same codes for analogous skeletal elements. The carpometacarpus is coded as a 
metacarpus (MC), as in the mammals. See below for phalanx codes. 
 
Leg - Same codes for analogous skeletal elements. The tibiotarsus is coded as a tibia (TI). The 
tarsometatarsus is coded as a metatarsus (MT), as in mammals. Birds don't 
have tarsals. See below for phalanx codes.  
Ossified tendons (OT) might be recovered. 
 
The phalanges of the feet are often difficult to distinguish, with the exception of 
the terminal phalanx. If confident of the position of the individual phalanx, use 
the following codes: proximal phalanx (P1), second phalanx (P2), third phalanx (P3), 
terminal phalanx (P4). If no distinction can be made PH (phalanx) will be used. 
 
TR TRACHEAL RING 
SS SYNSACRUM 
PY PYGOSTYLE 
SR STERNAL RIB 
CO CORACOID 
FU FURCULUM 
PH ANY PHALANX 
P1 PROXIMAL PHALANX 
P2 SECOND PHALANX 
P3 THIRD PHALANX 
P4 TERMINAL PHALANX 
EG EGG SHELL 
QU QUADRATE 
OT OSSIFIED TENDON 
 
Element Codes – Amphibians and Reptiles 
When possible, the codes for mammals and birds are to be used for amphibian 
and reptile skeletal elements that have the same names. Use the system for bird phalanges to 
code 
phalanges of amphibians and reptiles. Notes and additions to the codes are as follows: 
 
Cranium and Mandible - Use CR and MN (as for mammals and birds) for any 
fragments that are composed of more than one named skeletal element 
 
Vertebrae - are not always named in the same way as birds and mammals. For 
unassigned vertebrae use VE. Some reptiles and amphibians have urostyle (US). 
 
Long bones - As radius/ulna and tibia/fibula are fused together in amphibians, use RU 
for the former and TF for the latter. 
 
Sternum - All portions of the sternal complex should be coded as ST (same as birds and 
mammals). 
 
The unique element codes for amphibians and reptiles are: 
PL PLASTRON 
CC CARAPACE 
SH SHELL (INDETERMINATE TURTLE SHELL) 
VE VERTEBRA 
US UROSTYLE 
RU RADIUS/ULNA 
TF TIBIA/FIBULA 
Part Codes 
A one- or two-digit code is used to describe the portion of the element 
represented. 
Mammal Element Part Codes 
Antler/ horn core 
1 Complete 
10 Fragment attached to cranium 
2 Fragment 
Cranial 
The cranium is composed of individually named skeletal elements. If the cranial fragment 
consists only of a single skeletal element, name the element and use the following codes 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
If the specimen is a complete cranium, or if it is a fragment made up of more than 
one cranial skeletal element use the following codes. 
1 Complete 
3 Posterior fragment 
4 Anterior fragment 
5 Ventral fragment 
6 Dorsal fragment 
7 Other fragment 
20 Complete posterior to nasals 
21 Fragment with complete maxilla and premaxilla 
22 Fragment with complete maxilla 
23 Fragment with partial maxilla 
24 Fragment with complete premaxilla 
25 Fragment with partial premaxilla 
26 Fragment with maxilla and partial premaxilla 
27 Fragment with partial maxilla and premaxilla 
28 Fragment with partial maxilla and partial premaxilla 
 
Mandible 
1 Complete 
30 Molar and premolar toothrow 
31 Molar row with partial premolar row 
32 Premolar row with partial molar row 
33 Fragment of molar row 
34 Fragment of premolar row 
35 Anterior to premolars 
36 Posterior to molars 
37 Anterior through molar row 
38 Anterior through partial molar row 
39 Anterior through partial premolar row 
40 Premolar and molar row plus ascending ramus 
41 Partial premolar row, molar row, and ascending ramus 
42 Partial molar row plus ascending ramus 
43 Ventral fragment of horizontal ramus 
44 Mandibular condyle 
45 Fragment of ascending ramus 
46 Fragment of ventral body of mandible, no toothrow 
47 Dentary fragment 
48 Articular fragment 
49 Angular fragment 
130 Anterior fragment (incisor area) 
 
Loose teeth 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
 
Hyoid 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
 
Vertebrae 
1 Complete 
50 Complete centrum 
51 Centrum fragment 
52 Unfused epiphysis of centrum 
53 Centrum plus neural arch 
54 Neural arch fragment 
55 Transverse process, complete or fragment 
56 Spinous process, complete or fragment 
57 Anterior or posterior zygopophysis 
58 Vertebra split along anterior/posterior axis 
59 Vertebra split along medio/lateral axis 
7 Other fragment 
 
Ribs 
1 Complete 
70 Ventral fragment 
71 Dorsal fragment 
72 Shaft fragment 
 
Costal cartilage 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
 
Sternum 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
 
Scapula 
1 Complete 
80 Glenoid area plus part of blade 
81 Blade fragment 
82 Fragment of glenoid area 
 
Innominate 
1 Complete 
90 Fragment with ilium, acetabulum, pubis and ischium 
91 Ilium fragment 
92 Ilium plus acetabulum 
93 Ischium and/or pubis fragment 
94 Ischium and/or pubis fragment plus acetabulum 
95 Acetabulum fragment 
 
Long bones (includes humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpus, femur, fibula, tibia, 
metatarsus and phalanges) 
1 Complete 
100 Proximal end complete, plus >50% of shaft 
101 Proximal end present but incomplete, plus >50% of shaft 
102 Proximal end complete, plus <50% of shaft 
103 Proximal end present but incomplete, <50% of shaft 
104 Unfused proximal epiphysis 
105 Distal end complete, plus >50% of shaft 
106 Distal end present but incomplete, plus >50% of shaft 
107 Distal end complete, plus <50% of shaft 
108 Distal end present but incomplete, plus <50% of shaft 
109 Unfused distal epiphysis 
110 Diaphysis (Shaft) 
Other skeletal elements (includes carpals, tarsals, sesamoids, patella, clavicle, 
baculum) 
1 Complete 
120 Fragment with more than 50% 
121 Fragment with less than 50% 
 
Bird Element Part Codes 
As far as possible, bird codes will follow mammal codes. Differences are discussed 
below: 
Mandible 
As birds lack teeth, most mammalian codes will be inappropriate. Therefore, 
the following codes will apply: 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
3 Posterior fragment 
4 Anterior fragment 
 
Sternal ribs 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 
 
Sternum 
This skeletal element is more complex in birds, and requires more codes 
1 Complete 
4 Anterior fragment 
7 Other fragment 
 
Furculum 
1 Complete 
5 Ventral fragment 
6 Dorsal fragment 
7 Other fragment 
 
Coracoid 
1 Complete 
4 Fragment with anterior end (end which articulates with scapula) 
6 Fragment with posterior end (end which articulates with sternum) 
7 Other fragment 
Reptile and Amphibian Element Part Codes 
Same system for mammals and birds. For all skeletal elements not included in those systems, 
use 
the following codes: 
1 Complete 
2 Fragment 


Element codes

Radiocarbon dates

Dulvy, Nicholas K.

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Simon Fraser University

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