Summit Research Repository (Simon Fraser University)

Ahmadi, Yasaman

English

Classification of gap functions with degree 4

Sawyer, Alexandra

Linking estuary rearing habitats to migration traits, behaviour, and survival of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Hughson, Emma

Culture and ambience: Investigating the role of social environments on classification and generation of facial and verbal expressions

Robinson, Kelly

Whorls of becoming: Wayfinding in the praxis of becoming a good relative, relating

Poole, Lisa

Polyamory politics in Canada: Problems and possibilities

Latimer, Brian

The anti-conscription movement in BC and its contribution to the labour revolt of 1918-19

Tobin, Joe

Counselling & traditional Indigenous practices: Examining practitioner enabling processes

Kenday Sivaram, Lakshmi Priya

Healthy me: Exploring personal health journaling with visual analytics for self-reflection and knowledge sharing

Chandi, Aman

Making space: Community-engaged research highlighting a spectrum of intentions, perceptions and ramifications behind the temporary use of transition spaces in Newton, Surrey from 2014-2020

Hall, Hannah


ecology 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 





2020
2021
Ucluelet
Sooke
Nanaimo
Vancouver
Powell
River
Deployment Year



V
ict
or
ia
V
an
co
uv
er
N
an
aim
o
Po
w
ell
Ri
ve
r
Se
ch
elt
A
20
A
18
A
12
A
19
A
6
A
27
A
14
A
4
In
di
vi
du
al
20
22
W
in
te
r 
tr
ac
ks
 o
f g
ul
l A
27
20
21
Se
ch
elt

V
ict
or
ia
D
elt
a
Ri
ch
m
on
d
V
an
co
uv
er
La
nd
fil
l
H
ar
tla
nd
La
nd
fil
l



Cordova
Nass River
Stikine River
Vancouver
Northbound 2021
Southbound 2021
Northbound 2022
Migration Track
N
or
th
bo
un
d 
20
21
S
ou
th
bo
un
d 
20
21
N
or
th
bo
un
d 
20
22
Br
oo
ks
 
Pe
ni
ns
ul
a
N
oo
tk
a 
So
un
d
U
clu
ele
t
Cl
ela
nd
 Is
lan
d
So
ok
e
Br
oo
ks
 
Pe
ni
ns
ul
a
V
ict
or
ia
Fe
br
ua
ry
 –
Ju
ly
  2
02
0
Fe
br
ua
ry
 –
Ju
ly
  2
02
1
M
ig
ra
tio
n 
Tr
ac
k
M
ig
ra
tio
n 
Tr
ac
k













Bi
rd
 
ID
  
Ba
nd
 
ID
 
Se
x 
Bo
dy
 
m
as
s (
g)
 
De
vic
e (
g)
 
Lo
a
d (%
) 
Si
te
 
La
tit
ud
e 
Lo
ng
itu
de
 
De
pl
oy
ed
 
La
st
 d
at
e o
f 
tra
ns
m
iss
io
n 
W
in
te
rs
 
wi
th
 
co
nt
ac
t 
Fi
na
l s
ta
tu
s 
A1
 
15
47
-
09
51
3 
U 
13
10
 
17
 
1.3
 
Ga
rry
 P
oin
t (
Va
nc
ou
ve
r) 
49
.12
50
70
9 
-1
23
.19
26
1 
23
-Ja
n-
20
 
10
-A
ug
-2
1 
2 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A2
 
15
47
-
09
51
4 
U 
11
00
 
17
 
1.5
5 
Va
nc
ou
ve
r L
an
dfi
ll 
(V
an
co
uv
er
) 
49
.10
00
64
4 
-1
23
.00
53
2 
24
-Ja
n-
20
 
10
-O
ct-
20
 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te,
 po
ss
ibl
y b
att
er
y 
fai
lur
e 
A3
 
15
47
-
09
51
5 
F 
10
00
 
17
 
1.7
 
Se
ch
elt
 La
nd
fill
 (S
un
sh
ine
 
Co
as
t) 
49
.48
84
93
9 
-1
23
.71
24
 
27
-Ja
n-
20
 
29
-Ja
n-
20
 
No
ne
 
Ta
g F
ail
ur
e 
A4
 
15
47
-
09
51
6 
F 
87
5 
17
 
1.9
4 
Se
ch
elt
 La
nd
fill
 (S
un
sh
ine
 
Co
as
t) 
49
.48
84
93
9 
-1
23
.71
24
 
27
-Ja
n-
20
 
13
-A
pr
-2
2 
3 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A5
 
15
47
-
09
87
5 
F 
97
5 
17
 
1.7
4 
Ch
as
ter
 C
re
ek
 (S
un
sh
ine
 
Co
as
t) 
49
.39
01
20
4 
-1
23
.55
65
2 
28
-Ja
n-
20
 
13
-M
ay
-2
0 
1 
Mo
rta
lity
 
A6
 
15
47
-
09
87
7 
F 
90
0 
17
 
1.8
9 
W
illi
ng
do
n B
ea
ch
 P
ar
k 
(P
ow
ell
 R
ive
r) 
49
.84
70
06
3 
-1
24
.53
26
5 
29
-Ja
n-
20
 
11
-Ju
n-
21
 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A7
 
12
16
-
01
02
4 
F 
85
0 
17
 
2 
Ts
ey
cu
m 
Be
ac
h (
Sa
an
ich
) 
48
.66
45
71
1 
-1
23
.45
44
9 
18
-F
eb
-2
0 
20
-M
ar
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A8
 
12
16
-
01
02
6 
M 
11
50
 
17
 
1.4
8 
Ch
ale
t B
ea
ch
 (S
aa
nic
h)
 
48
.68
78
84
2 
-1
23
.47
45
 
19
-F
eb
-2
0 
09
-A
pr
-2
2 
3 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A9
 
12
16
-
01
04
0 
F 
92
5 
17
 
1.8
4 
Ca
db
or
o-
Gy
ro
 P
ar
k 
(V
ict
or
ia)
 
48
.45
96
69
3 
-1
23
.29
44
3 
25
-F
eb
-2
0 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
3 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A1
0 
12
16
-
01
04
3 
F 
95
0 
17
 
1.7
9 
W
rig
ht 
Ro
ad
 B
ea
ch
 
(S
oo
ke
) 
48
.36
53
34
8 
-1
23
.73
10
1 
26
-F
eb
-2
0 
05
-A
ug
-2
0 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A1
1 
12
16
-
01
04
5 
F 
11
25
 
17
 
1.5
1 
Bi
llin
gs
 S
pit
 (S
oo
ke
) 
48
.37
77
38
6 
-1
23
.69
15
1 
26
-F
eb
-2
0 
27
-F
eb
-2
0 
No
ne
 
Ta
g F
ail
ur
e 
A1
2 
12
16
-
00
40
5 
F 
90
0 
25
 
2.7
8 
Qu
ee
n E
liz
ab
eth
 
Pr
om
en
ad
e (
Na
na
im
o)
 
49
.17
26
81
8 
-1
23
.94
14
4 
27
-F
eb
-2
0 
26
-A
ug
-2
0 
2 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A1
3 
12
16
-
00
40
7 
F 
94
5 
25
 
2.6
5 
De
pa
rtu
re
 B
ay
 B
ea
ch
 
(N
an
aim
o) 
49
.20
56
96
 
-1
23
.96
91
9 
27
-F
eb
-2
0 
14
-N
ov
-2
0 
2 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A1
4 
24
06
-
09
30
9 
M 
11
55
 
25
 
2.1
6 
Sp
an
ish
 B
an
ks
 B
ea
ch
 
Ea
st 
(V
an
co
uv
er
) 
49
.27
57
89
7 
-1
23
.21
24
4 
07
-Ja
n-
21
 
20
-Ju
l-2
1 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A1
5 
24
06
-
09
31
7 
F 
94
0 
25
 
2.6
6 
Su
ns
et 
Be
ac
h P
ar
k 
(V
an
co
uv
er
) 
49
.27
81
76
7 
-1
23
.13
65
5 
14
-Ja
n-
21
 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A1
6 
12
16
-
00
41
6 
M 
97
5 
25
 
2.5
6 
Ca
ttle
 P
oin
t (
Oa
k B
ay
) 
48
.43
86
34
7 
-1
23
.29
25
4 
14
-Ja
n-
21
 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A1
7 
12
16
-
00
42
9 
M 
12
95
 
25
 
1.9
3 
W
he
atc
ro
ft P
ar
k 
(N
an
aim
o) 
49
.22
70
22
8 
-1
23
.95
20
8 
18
-Ja
n-
21
 
13
-A
pr
-2
1 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A1
8 
12
16
-
00
43
3 
F 
10
95
 
25
 
2.2
8 
Pa
rsk
vil
le 
Co
mm
un
ity
 
Pa
rk 
(P
ar
ks
vil
le)
 
49
.32
79
61
8 
-1
24
.30
79
4 
19
-Ja
n-
21
 
08
-A
ug
-2
1 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A1
9 
12
16
-
00
44
3 
M 
11
15
 
25
 
2.2
4 
Cr
oft
on
 F
er
ry 
Te
rm
ina
l 
(C
ro
fto
n)
 
48
.86
51
18
9 
-1
23
.64
04
 
21
-Ja
n-
21
 
05
-M
ay
-2
1 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A2
0 
12
16
-
00
36
0 
F 
10
25
 
25
 
2.4
4 
Ha
rtla
nd
 La
nd
fill
 (V
ict
or
ia)
 
48
.53
76
92
6 
-1
23
.46
63
 
22
-Ja
n-
21
 
10
-S
ep
-2
1 
2 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A2
1 
24
06
-
09
33
1 
F 
95
0 
25
 
2.6
3 
Ho
rse
sh
oe
 B
ay
 (W
es
t 
Va
nc
ou
ve
r) 
49
.37
53
53
6 
-1
23
.27
54
8 
22
-Ja
n-
21
 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A2
2 
12
16
-
00
36
1 
M 
12
65
 
25
 
1.9
8 
Ha
rtla
nd
 La
nd
fill
 (V
ict
or
ia)
 
48
.53
76
92
6 
-1
23
.46
63
 
22
-Ja
n-
21
 
06
-Ju
n-
21
 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A2
3 
12
16
-
00
36
2 
F 
10
55
 
25
 
2.3
7 
Na
na
im
o L
an
dfi
ll 
(N
an
aim
o) 
49
.11
95
21
4 
-1
23
.90
34
5 
26
-Ja
n-
21
 
04
-M
ay
-2
1 
1 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A2
4 
12
16
-
00
36
4 
F 
94
5 
25
 
2.6
5 
Na
na
im
o L
an
dfi
ll 
(N
an
aim
o) 
49
.11
95
21
4 
-1
23
.90
34
5 
26
-Ja
n-
21
 
31
-Ja
n-
21
 
No
ne
 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
A2
5 
24
06
-
09
33
3 
M 
12
65
 
25
 
1.9
8 
Va
nc
ou
ve
r L
an
dfi
ll (
De
lta
) 
49
.09
84
20
3 
-1
23
.02
11
5 
26
-Ja
n-
21
 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A2
6 
12
16
-
00
37
2 
M 
10
65
 
25
 
2.3
5 
Go
od
rid
ge
 R
oa
d (
So
ok
e)
 
48
.38
82
74
1 
-1
23
.66
20
3 
27
-Ja
n-
21
 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A2
7 
24
06
-
09
34
0 
F 
96
5 
25
 
2.5
9 
Irv
ine
s L
an
din
g (
Su
ns
hin
e 
Co
as
t) 
49
.63
27
49
4 
-1
24
.05
73
8 
28
-Ja
n-
21
 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A2
8 
24
06
-
09
35
5 
F 
95
5 
25
 
2.6
2 
Lu
nd
 M
ar
ina
 (L
un
d, 
Up
pe
r 
Su
ns
hin
e C
oa
st)
 
49
.98
12
86
7 
-1
24
.76
23
3 
09
-F
eb
-2
1 
12
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A2
9 
15
47
-
09
88
0 
M 
11
30
 
17
 
1.5
 
W
illi
ng
do
n B
ea
ch
 P
ar
k 
(P
ow
ell
 R
ive
r) 
49
.84
69
85
1 
-1
24
.53
25
8 
10
-F
eb
-2
1 
13
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A3
0 
24
06
-
09
36
8 
F 
91
5 
17
 
1.8
6 
Sa
lis
h S
oil
s I
nc
 C
om
po
st 
Fa
cil
ity
 (S
un
sh
ine
 C
oa
st)
 
49
.48
19
17
6 
-1
23
.74
72
9 
17
-F
eb
-2
1 
13
-A
pr
-2
2 
2 
Cu
rre
ntl
y o
pe
ra
tin
g 
A3
1 
15
47
-
54
05
0 
U 
11
35
 
17
 
1.5
 
Sa
lis
h S
oil
s I
nc
 C
om
po
st 
Fa
cil
ity
 (S
un
sh
ine
 C
oa
st)
 
49
.48
19
17
6 
-1
23
.74
72
9 
17
-F
eb
-2
1 
17
-F
eb
-2
1 
No
ne
 
Mo
rta
lity
 
Bi
rd
 
ID
 
Ye
ar
 
De
pa
rte
d 
wi
nt
er
in
g 
gr
ou
nd
s 
De
pa
rte
d 
Sa
lis
h 
Se
a 
He
rri
ng
 
sp
aw
n 
(d
) 
Br
ee
di
ng
 
gr
ou
nd
s 
ar
riv
al 
Mi
gr
at
io
n 
du
ra
tio
n 
(d
) 
St
op
ov
er
s 
(d
) 
Br
ee
di
ng
 
gr
ou
nd
s 
de
pa
rtu
re
 
W
in
te
rin
g 
gr
ou
nd
s 
ar
riv
al 
Mi
gr
at
io
n 
du
ra
tio
n 
(d
) 
St
op
ov
er
s 
(d
) 
No
te
s 
A2
3 
1 o
f 1
 
20
21
-0
3-
13
 
20
21
-0
3-
24
 
12
 
20
21
-0
4-
13
 
31
 
13
 
Ta
g f
ail
ur
e 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
No
rth
bo
un
d s
top
ov
er
s n
ea
r 
Po
rt 
Ha
rd
y, 
no
rth
 of
 P
ric
e 
Isl
an
d, 
an
d s
ou
th 
of 
Ke
tch
ika
n. 
A2
 
1 o
f 1
 
20
20
-0
3-
09
 
20
20
-0
3-
23
 
15
 
20
20
-0
4-
05
 
27
 
7 
20
20
-0
9-
05
 
Inc
om
ple
te 
- 
tag
 fa
ilu
re 
NA
 
NA
 
No
rth
bo
un
d s
top
s a
t N
as
s 
Ri
ve
r, 
ne
ar
 S
itk
a I
sla
nd
, a
nd
 
the
 A
lse
k R
ive
r e
stu
ar
y. 
 
A2
5 
1 o
f 2
 
20
21
-0
3-
11
 
20
21
-0
3-
19
 
9 
20
21
-0
4-
15
 
34
 
23
 
20
21
-0
9-
07
 
20
21
-1
0-
29
 
52
 
46
 
No
rth
bo
un
d s
top
s a
t N
as
s 
Ri
ve
r (
~2
 w
ee
ks
), 
so
uth
 of
 
Ke
tch
ika
n (
6 d
ay
s),
 th
e S
tik
ine
 
Ri
ve
r e
stu
ar
y, 
an
d B
ar
an
of 
Isl
an
d. 
 So
uth
bo
un
d t
ra
ve
lle
d t
wo
 da
ys
 
to 
Ju
ne
au
 an
d s
tay
ed
 fo
r 4
6 
da
y s
top
ov
er
, th
en
 si
x d
ay
s o
f 
dir
ec
t tr
av
el 
to 
Sa
lis
h S
ea
.  
A2
5 
2 o
f 2
 
20
22
-0
3-
01
 
20
22
-0
3-
14
 
14
 
20
22
-0
4-
04
 
34
 
19
 
Ha
s n
ot 
ye
t 
oc
cu
rre
d 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
No
rth
bo
un
d s
top
s a
t s
am
e 
loc
ati
on
 fo
r s
im
ila
r d
ur
ati
on
s 
ex
ce
pt 
las
t s
top
ov
er
 w
as
 at
 
Da
ng
er
ou
s R
ive
r D
elt
a i
ns
tea
d 
of 
Ba
ra
no
f Is
lan
d. 
 
 
Bi
rd
 
ID
 
Ye
ar
 
De
pa
rte
d 
wi
nt
er
in
g 
gr
ou
nd
s 
De
pa
rte
d 
Sa
lis
h 
Se
a 
He
rri
ng
 sp
aw
n 
(d
) 
Br
ee
di
ng
 
gr
ou
nd
s 
ar
riv
al 
Mi
gr
at
io
n 
du
ra
tio
n 
(d
) 
St
op
ov
er
s 
(d
) 
Br
ee
di
ng
 
gr
ou
nd
s 
de
pa
rtu
re
 
W
in
te
rin
g 
gr
ou
nd
s 
ar
riv
al 
Mi
gr
at
io
n 
du
ra
tio
n 
(d
) 
No
te
s 
A2
6 
1 o
f 2
 
20
21
-0
3-
25
 
20
21
-0
4-
09
 
He
rri
ng
 us
e 
ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
20
21
-0
4-
09
 
~ 1
 
0 
20
21
-0
9-
14
 
20
21
-0
9-
15
 
~ 1
 
NA
 
A2
6 
2 o
f 2
 
20
22
-0
3-
12
 
20
22
-0
3-
12
 
He
rri
ng
 us
e 
ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
20
22
-0
3-
13
 
~ 1
 
0 
Ha
s n
ot 
ye
t 
oc
cu
rre
d 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
A1
7 
1 o
f 1
 
20
21
-0
3-
18
 
20
21
-0
3-
20
 
~1
 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
~ 1
6 
Ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
Ta
g f
ail
ur
e 
NA
 
NA
 
Ind
ivi
du
al 
wa
s m
ob
ile
 
fro
m 
20
21
-0
3-
21
 to
 
20
21
-0
4-
05
 w
ith
 
fre
qu
en
t tr
ips
 be
tw
ee
n 
Pr
ice
 Is
lan
d a
nd
 
Br
oo
ks
 P
en
ins
ula
.  
A7
 
1 o
f 3
 
NA
 
NA
 
No
ne
 ob
se
rve
d 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
Di
d n
ot 
mi
gr
ate
 
A7
 
2 o
f 3
 
20
21
-0
5-
21
 
20
21
-0
5-
21
 
He
rri
ng
 us
e 
ind
ete
rm
ina
te 
20
21
-0
7-
03
 
1 
0 
NA
 – 
no
 
br
ee
din
g s
ite
 
ob
se
rve
d 
NA
 
NA
 
Ind
ivi
du
al 
wa
s m
ob
ile
 
by
 20
21
-0
5-
31
 w
ith
 
fre
qu
en
t tr
ips
 be
tw
ee
n 
the
 ce
ntr
al 
co
as
t a
nd
 
we
st 
co
as
t o
f V
I 
thr
ou
gh
ou
t J
un
e. 
A7
 
3 o
f 3
 
NA
 
NA
 
No
ne
 ob
se
rve
d 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
NA
 
Di
d n
ot 
mi
gr
ate
 






Habitat Type
Natural
Wetland and Freshwater
Cropland
Urban
Ice and Snow
Region Landfill Urban Natural West Coast  Total  
Lower Mainland 8 26 0 0 34 
Greater Victoria 10 36 9 0 55 
Southern 
Vancouver 
Island 
7 24 5 0 36 
Northern Salish 
Sea 
8 37 23 0 68 
West Coast 0 0 0 10 10 




Indicator of 
health: 
Physiological Trait: n = Mean ± Standard 
Deviation 
Range 
“Nutritional state” Free triglycerides 
(g/mmoL) 
156 1.23 ± 0.82   0.28 – 5.42 
Glucose (g/mmoL) 152 14.9 ± 3.46   9.3 – 29.1 
“Aerobic capacity” Hemoglobin (g/dL) 126 15.91 ± 2.49   9.96 – 23.0 
Hematocrit (%) 151 46.4 ± 4.4   31.8 - 58 
“Oxidative status” OXY 
(μmol HClO/mL) 
139 242 ± 34   158 - 320 
dROMs 
(mg H2O2/dL) 
151 2.38 ± 1.51   0.43 – 10.3 
  “Body Size” Mass 200 1022 ± 142   775 - 1435 
Tarsus 202 68.8 ± 3.7   59.9 – 78.1 
Mass/Tarsus 
“condition” 
199 14.8 ± 1.6   11.4 – 20.0 
Comparison 
 
r P value 
Triglycerides vs Glucose 0.206 0.01 
Triglycerides vs Hemoglobin 0.032 0.72 
Triglycerides vs Hematocrit -0.027 0.75 
Triglycerides vs OXY 0.129 0.13 
Triglycerides vs dROMs 0.246 0.002 
Glucose vs OXY -0.049 0.58 
Glucose vs dROMs -0.012 0.88 
Hemoglobin vs Glucose -0.004 0.97 
Hemoglobin vs Hematocrit 0.292 <0.001 
Hemoglobin vs OXY 0.064 0.51 
Hemoglobin vs dROMs 0.064 0.49 
Hematocrit vs Glucose -0.287 <0.001 
Hematocrit vs OXY 0.099 0.26 
Hematocrit vs dROMs 0.282 <0.001 
OXY vs dROMs 0.198 0.022 
Handling time vs Hemoglobin -0.111 0.32 
Handling time vs Hematocrit 0.170 0.11 
Handling time vs Triglycerides 0.037 0.73 
Handling time vs Glucose 0.186 0.09 
Handling time vs OXY 0.021 0.86 
Handling time vs dROMs 0.047 0.67 
Note: Significance was measured at the 95% confidence level and significant results are denoted in bold. 
Trait Region 
West Coast Northern 
Salish Sea 
Southern 
Vancouver 
Island 
Greater 
Victoria 
Lower Mainland 
Mean ± 
SE 
n =   Mean ± 
SE 
n =   Mean ± SE n 
=   
Mean ± 
SE 
n 
=   
Mean ± SE n 
=   
Mass  1068 ± 
38 
9  1048 ± 
19 
67  1099 ± 22 33  1049 ± 
15 
53  1072 ± 22 32 
Triglycerides  -0.04 ± 
0.10 
9  -0.03 ± 
0.06 
53  0.02 ± 0.06 29  0.02 ± 
0.04 
38  -0.02 ± 0.07 25 
Glucose  1.2 ± 
0.1 
9  1.2 ± 0.1 52  1.2 ± 0.1 30  1.2 ± 0.1 36  1.2 ± 0.1 24 
Hemoglobin 
(region*sex 
+ sex*mass) 
 15.3 ± 
0.9 
9  15.2 ± 
0.5 
41  14.4 ± 0.6 23  14.6 ± 
0.6 
25  15.6 ± 0.6 23 
Hematocrit  43.7 ± 
2.7 
9  43.6 ± 
2.4 
50  45.6 ± 2.5 30  46.9 ± 
2.4 
36  42.9 ± 2.5 25 
OXY  239 ± 
14 
9  234 ± 8 44  243 ± 9 26  254 ± 6 34  240 ± 10 26 
dROMs  0.34 ± 
0.08 
10  0.28 ± 
0.05 
50  0.37 ± 0.06 30  0.41 ± 
0.05 
38  0.30 ± 0.07 23 
Note: Triglycerides, glucose, and dROMs were log transformed. Models for all traits were run with year as a random 
effect, except for hemoglobin which was only sampled in 2020. Models for mass, triglycerides, hemoglobin, and 
dROMs included sex as an interaction term. Sex*mass was included as an additional interaction term for hemoglobin. 
Trait Habitat Type 
West Coast Natural Urban Landfill 
Mean ± SE n =   Mean ± SE n =   Mean ± SE n =   Mean ± SE n =   
Mass  1068 ± 38 9  1022 ± 23 36  1061 ± 12 118  1103 ± 23 31 
Triglycerides -0.037 ± 
0.099 
9  0.021 ± 
0.062 
34  -0.024 ± 
0.041 
90  0.029 ± 
0.073 
21 
Glucose  1.16 ± 0.06 9  1.20 ± 0.05 30  1.20 ± 0.05 90  1.20 ± 0.5 22 
Hemoglobin 
(habitat*sex + 
sex*mass) 
 15.9 ± 0.9 9  15.8 ± 0.7 24  14.8 ± 0.4 68  16.5 ± 0.7 20 
Hematocrit  44.3 ± 2.3 9  44.9 ± 1.9 31  45.4 ± 1.8 89  44.7 ± 2.0 21 
OXY  239 ± 14 9  238 ± 8 26  246 ± 6 84  231 ± 10 20 
dROMs  0.349 ± 0.09 10  0.369 ± 0.06 31  0.347 ± 0.06 88  0.270 ± 0.07 22 
Note: Triglycerides, glucose, and dROMs were log transformed. Models for all traits were run with year as a random 
effect, except for hemoglobin which was only sampled in 2020. Models for Mass, triglycerides, hemoglobin, and 
dROMs included sex as an interaction term. Sex*mass was included as an additional interaction term for hemoglobin. 

Trait Fixed effect Estimate DF P value 
Mass Sex 222.10 192 <0.001 
Triglycerides Sex -0.156 149 <0.001 
Hemoglobin Sex -14.988 
 
3,114 0.007 
Hemoglobin Mass -0.009 
 
3,114 0.04 
 
Hemoglobin Sex*Mass 0.0134 3,114 0.01 
dROMs Triglycerides 0.2253 141 0.003 
Glucose (Sex) 0.0133 143 0.39 
Hematocrit (Sex) -0.879 143 0.24 
OXY (Sex) -4.056 134 0.51 
Note: Significance was measured at the 95% confidence level and significant results are denoted in bold. Year was 
included as a random effect in all models except hemoglobin which was only measured in 2021. Only significant fixed 
effects were included as terms in subsequent models testing variation of gull mass and physiological biomarkers by a) 
region or b) habitat. Significant effects of mass were included as covariates whereas sex was included as an 
interaction term with region or habitat. Glucose, hematocrit, and OXY did not have any significant fixed effects. 
 

Biomarker PC1 PC2 
Triglycerides 0.177 0.655 
Glucose -0.177 0.432 
Hemoglobin 0.438 -0.199 
Hematocrit 0.501 -0.436 
OXY 0.393 0.302 
dROMs 0.583 0.253 
























The movement ecology and physiological health of glaucous-winged gulls wintering in the Salish Sea

Simon Fraser University

Not a member yet