Iowa Heritage Illustrated

Cards, dominoes, and other games filled spare hours. So did letter writing, reading, playing music,singing,and general horseplay.
Camp Life
L
ife in a Civil War camp was " monotonous, stu­
pid/' according to a Union soldier, and made 
"one long to go somewhere, even at the risk of 
being shot." Neither camaraderie nor adventure could 
make up for inclement weather, inadequate equip­
ment, and, always, boring rations. As Franc Wilkie, a 
newspaper correspondent from Iowa, wrote, "Oh ye 
gods, how I do loathe the cursed pork. Its scrofulous, 
greasy, foul-looking slices cover every platter—it re­
poses in superlative nastiness in every barrel!"
Fortunately, tons of fresh and preserved fruits and 
vegetables from Northern relief groups supplemented 
rations, and camp sutlers sold canned goods, like meat, 
Borden's condensed milk, and Van Camp beans. Under 
orders or on their own, soldiers routinely foraged for 
fresh meat, milk, fruits, vegetables, and anything else 
they could find in the increasingly devastated South. 
They took great joy and pride in their efforts. "I must 
close [this letter] in a hury," Iowa soldier W. H. Platt 
scribbled, "for I see a wagin lode of peaches cumining 
and I want to capture one."
Killing long hours in camp was another challenge; 
carving, whittling, playing games and music could only 
while away so many hours. Letters and diaries reveal 
that in the absence of women's better influences, many 
soldiers veered towards liquor and tobacco, swearing 
and gambling, and other activities considered social 
vices. Prostitutes were seldom far from army camps.
by Ginalie Swaim
Josiah Conzett, a solder from Dubuque, wrote of a "so 
called Hotel" near the Kentucky border where soldiers 
could "get most anything they had” for a bag of cof­
fee, including the attentions of a "quite good looking 
Young girl" who worked there. A Davenport newspa­
per reported that "several women of easy virtue, who 
were trifling with the soldiers about Camp McClellan 
Hospital, were treated to a cold bath in the Mississippi 
by order of the officer in charge." Historian Geoffrey 
Ward writes that "one in ten Union soldiers was treat­
ed for venereal disease during the war, and thousands 
more cases were never reported." Back home in Iowa, 
families warned their young soldiers to avoid temp­
tation. Many soldiers worried about it, too, decrying 
immoral behavior around them in camp. Iowa soldier 
Charles B. Senior wrote to his father, "I have got with 
a good mess of boys, 8 of us, they are not a swearing, 
black guarding se t. . . they are quite the reverse, more 
inclined to study and improve their mental faculties. 
We have had several debating schools in our shantv 
since we came here and we study grammar some and 
arithmetic. One of our mess sent to Fowler and Wells 
and got a couple of phrenologic books, and we are 
just beginning to see a dawn of sense in that branch. 
Altogether we have received the name of the literary 
squad, which sounds better to me than [the] card­
playing, blackguarding shanty just below us which is 
known by the name of Gambling Saloon."
4 Iowa Heritage Illustrated
Some well-intentioned soldiers signed temperance 
pledges, formed temperance or religious groups, at­
tended Sunday services, and read Bibles and religious 
tracts distributed by missionary organizations.
Camps sometimes had a portable library (essen­
tially a wooden box) with books on history, science, 
philosophy, poetry, and religion. Dime novels were 
popular, as were were novels by Charles Dickens and 
James Fenimore Cooper, and, especially, newspapers.
W
riting and reading letters was a major dis­
traction from the tedium of camp life. One 
historian estimates that 180,000 letters to and 
from soldiers went through St. Louis and Washington, 
D.C., every day. "If you went into any camp at any 
time, you would see dozens and sometimes hundreds 
of soldiers writing letters," wrote soldiers' relief work­
er Marv Livermore. "Some would be stretched at fullj
length on the ground, with a book or a knapsack for a 
table—some sitting upright against the trunks of trees, 
with the paper resting on their drawn-up knees—oth­
ers would stand and write."
In a long, detailed letter to his parents, Iowan 
George Bradway scribbled, "Will tell you about our 
equipments . . . we received a cap [and a] pair of first 
rate sewed shoes. 2 pair of wolen stockings to pair of
Because repairing uniforms was part of a soldier’s 
life, women fashioned small sewing kits called house­
wives (below) for them. “Never came anything so handy, 
Iowan Cyrus Boyd wrote in his diary. “ It contains needles, 
pins, buttons, thread and just what every soldier needs. In it 
the needles do not rust and are always in good shape.” An­
other soldier wrote, “The admirable little housewives sent 
by our Dubuque ladies elicited three 
hearty cheers for their senders, and one  
containing a lock of golden hair is a bone 
of contention. . . . W hose  sheeny tress is 
it? The lady who put it there had better  
write to the one she wishes to have it, or 
else a dozen duels may result.”
drawers 2 shirts 1 blous one pair pants, they are all first 
rate clothes except the shirts they are rough and corse 
. . . I brough both of my shirts along I have 4 now I 
wished I had sent them home fore I have so much to 
carry. . . . we have 1 knapsack any amount of straps 
and buckles on it which we carry our woolen blanket 
a oill cloth blanket. . .  we have a haver sack which will 
hold about half a peck the haver sack and knapsack are 
made of oil cloth and all the rest is stout heavy Leather 
the cartridge box has a steut belt which goes over the 
left shoulder then we have a belt around our waist 
which holds our cap box bayon stabbard and holds 
the cartridge box to its place and there is too straps 
that hooks into it from the knap sack, we have a heavy 
brass plate on our belt with U.S. on it and another on 
the strap that holds the cartridge box with an eagle on 
it . . . our guns are the enfield rifle they are small and 
easy to handle they weigh 10 lbs they are strong and 
well made . . .  they allso have a strap on them to swing 
them over our backs, so you see we are pretty well 
riged and I think we will have to use them, they say 
there is hard fighting down the river."
Letters between soldiers and home folk sustained 
relationships, conveyed news and affection, and at­
tempted to assuage loneliness and fear. John Ensign 
Mitchell wrote to Lizzie Arrowsmith, "My dear friend 
Lizzie: Your real-good-old-fashioned letter arrived in 
safety yesterday. I have read and reread it and every 
time it does me more good. . . . While all is clamor in 
camp preparing for some battle or move, a letter just 
received from Lizzie so kind and good brings me a 
contented mind. The rose came unimpaired in your 
letter. I will never stop thanking you for it. Just from 
Iowa and away out here in the wilderness. It seems so
SEWING KIT SHSI (DES MOINES) PHOTOGRAPH LIBRARY OF C O N G R ESS
BOTH AOS FROM LAU M A N S  OW N  CAMP NEWSPAPER. SHSI (IOWA CiTY)
Wanted to E xchange.— The
Seventh have some 900 mosquito bars 
they wish to exchange for Government 
blankets. None of the U. S. contrac­
tors need apply, as we wish to deal 
with honorable men.
Wanted Immediately. —  One
hundred and .fifty fly wall tents, nine 
hundred uniforms, wood daily, and 
straw sufliciont to sleep the whole bloody 
7th. Contractors will send in their 
bids before another rain. For further 
particulars inquire at this office.
Ads above imply dissatisfaction with equipment and supplies.
T h e  S o ld ie r s ’
B u l l e t  P r o o f  V e s t
Has been rcpuutixlly 
and thoroughly tested 
with Pistol Bullet» nt 10 
pnew, Kill** Hu I lets ut 4'I 
rods, by many Army 
Officer?, nml i* approv­
ed ami worn by them.
It 1*simple, light, and 
is a true economy of life 
— It will eave thou- 
&un<l$. It will aliso 
double the value and 
power of the rsoldior; 
ntnl every man in an 
miny entitled to it? 
protect, Ion. Nos. J, *2, 
and 3 express the size* 
of men, and No. 2 Ills
nearly  all.
Price for Privates1 
Ve?U $5. Officer** Vest, 
$7. They will he sent 
to any address whole­
sale < r retail.
Sold by MESSRS. ELLIOTT* No. 231 Broadway, New 
York, and by all Military Stores. Agents wanted.
An ad for a bullet-proof vest. Iowa soldier Cyrus Boyd 
wrote in his diary: “Man selling ‘bullet proof* vests [was]  
in camp to-day. The boys say our Capt purchased one. 
They submitted som e for trial about one half of them  
were bored through by musket balls. They sold for $8.00 
to $ I 6.00. If the bullet did not go through it would knock a 
man into the middle of next week so that he might as well 
be killed first as last.”
strange that the letters could come so direct without 
being disturbed by the enemy."
Like Lizzie's rose, locks of hair and pressed flow­
ers were sometimes tucked inside letters. Alonzo Ab- 
ernethy, intrigued by Southern plants, sent samples 
of cotton and cotton seeds back home. Another sent 
the scab from his smallpox inoculation in camp, hop­
ing that it could be used again to inoculate his fam­
ily. Soldiers often asked for photographs from home 
or enclosed photographs of themselves in military 
attire. Iowan James Adams Shedd explained to his 
sister the pose he had taken: "I wanted to have my 
knapsack and blankets on but they make one look 
round shouldered, and as though he has a hump on 
his back, so 1 took them off, and took the position 
we usually take when on 'Dress Parade.' The pos­
ture is called 'Parade rest' and is the one taken when 
listening to the details on orders which are read by 
the Adjutant. The overcoat is much darker than the 
picture shows. . . . The beard is darker. . . . On the 
whole it is a very good likeness."
Not all Civil War correspondence was between sol­
diers and people back home. Historian Patricia Richard 
uncovered a variety of correspondence advertisements 
placed in newspapers by Union soldiers eagerly seek­
ing women with whom they could exchange letters. 
Iowa soldiers Charles Clayton and William Cozen stat­
ed in their ad that they had "lately had the misfortune 
to lose their sweethearts and to supply their places 
wish to open correspondence."
Although some of these exchanges veered toward 
marriage, soldiers like Clayton and Cozen were skirt­
ing 19th-century courtship customs; their ad implied 
neither commitment nor obligation. Instead, Richard 
states, such men "hoped to relive some of the playful 
moments they enjoyed with women before they en­
listed." And surely this kind of correspondence was 
yet another way for soldiers to kill time in "monoto­
nous, stupid" army camps. ♦>
NOTE ON SOURCES
Quoted materials related to Alonzo Abernethy, Cyrus Boyd, John 
Ensign Mitchell. W. H. Platt, Charles B. Senior, and James Adams Shedd 
are in Special Collections, State Historical Society of Iowa. Secondary 
sources include Marilyn Mayer Culpepper, Trials and Triumphs: Women 
of the American Civil Wor; Russell L. Johnson, ‘"Volunteer While You 
May:’ Manpower Mobilization in Dubuque. Iowa,” Union Soldiers and the 
Northern Home Front, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller: Susan J. 
Matt, Homesickness; Scott Reynolds Nelson and Carol Sheriff, A People 
at War: Civilians and Soldiers in America's Civil War, Patricia L. Richard, 
"‘Listen Ladies One and AH': Union Soldiers Yearn for the Society of 
Their 'Fair Cousins of the North,’" Union Soldiers and the Northern 
Home Front, ed. Cimballa and Miller; Dorothy Volo and James Volo, 
Daily Life in Civil War America; and Geoffrey C. Ward, The Civil War.
6 lozua Heritage illustrated


English

Camp Life

7  Vf ir tl’.L 'i'iu !''r> / f A
4 J2-
—
BOTH ÍTEMS SHSI
Evidence 
of Opposition
ĈrvjiíLvSLKrYUH 3j XJl3lXjU\_tv̂ jX)C XXT&\rv>̂
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A w a r n i n g  t o  I o w a  T r a i t o r s .
A rnan by the name of Wade, was kil­
led by the shot of a revolver, on last 
Saturday morning in the streets of Belle- 
fontain, Mahaska County. lie has been 
a resident of this county foi several years, 
but went South after the war commenc­
ed and joined the rebel army. He came 
back a short time since and made no re­
serve in his boasts of how he had been 
butchering Union men, and that he had 
delighted to see the blood running freely 
from the throats of the Union soldiers 
whom he assisted in murdering:. HeO
cheered for Jeff. Davis and the Southern 
Confederacy. The citizens of Belllefon- 
tain determined to arrest him. Accor­
dingly on the day above named, he and 
his wife were passing through the town 
in a wagon at which time they stopped 
him and demanded his weapons and the 
surrender of himself. At this he drew 
out his revolver and cocked it. They 
caught the arm that held it and in the 
struggle he threw his arm behind his 
body when the weapon was discharged, 
the ball passing through his body killing 
him instantly. This is the substance as 
reported to us by a citizen of that vicini­
ty, who was present a few minutes after 
he was killed. Our informant thinks ho 
accidentally shot himself in the struggle 
to resist being taken.—Knoxville Repub­
lican.
BOTH FROM E O O W IL L S  S T A R  ABOVE AUGUST 9. 1862 RIGHT APRIL 3 1863
XCTOJCX.
X. 2.0 - \
A SCRIBBLED WARNING in an autograph book, a 
pin made of a sliced butternut, and two newspaper 
articles remind us tha t not all lowans supported the 
Civil W ar. In an overwhelmingly Republican state 
like Iowa, those who opposed Lincoln’s adm inistra­
tion, who wanted a negotiated peace, or whose war 
spirit seem ed insufficient were judged to be rebel 
sympathizers or Copperheads (named after the 
“traitorous” snake). O ther names for opponents to 
the war were Peace Democrats, secesh (for Seces­
sionists) and B utternuts (for the source of dye for 
Confederate uniforms).
As the war escalated, the sides became polar­
ized. Outrage spilled over into newspapers, dissen­
sion split churches, and mob violence erupted.
It’s a fascinating, complex, and eye-opening story, 
one best told by historian H ubert Wubben in Civil 
War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement.
P r a c t ic a l  C o p p e r iie a d l s m .—The Cop­
perheads of Jefferson county are carry­
ing things at a high rate. They hare il­
lustrated their spite against union men 
by symtematic depredations on their 
property. They burned a hay stack and 
other property belonging to Judge Black 
A lot of villains while returning from a 
peace meeting on the night of the 6 th of 
December, destroyed a considerable 
amount of l  hion property along the road 
The same style of Copperhead scamps 
burned the hay-stacks belonging to J. T.
A . A-KVTFTCTA' r rg .
Ü». Arm. a U u „
John (omitII I r i t  f / r t a i  I /•/,
// /s/£.
Top: Saws for amputations were ba­
sic to army surgeons’ kits. Scientific 
American published illustrated articles
•
SHS1 (DES MOINES)
on amputation techniques. Between 
1861 and I 873, the number of patents 
filed for artificial limbs, crutches, wheel 
chairs, and similar assistive devices 
quadrupled from the number filed in 
the previous I 5 years. Many of the new 
patents were filed by women. The war 
advanced the study of neurological in­
juries, among them phantom-limb pain 
from amputations.
SHSI (IOWA CITY) AM ERICAN AGRICULTURIST, OCTOBER 1065. PAGE 321 
----------------------------------------------- —
and others who have lost their
► Limbs will lind wagons to propel themselves at 
LEWIS TIBBALS, 510 Broadwajr, New York, 
directly opposite St. Nicholas Hotel. Also Children’s Car­
riages, Baby Tenders, Spring and Cantering Horses, Swings, 
and Toys. L. TIBBALS.
26 Iozva Heritage Illustrated


Evidence of Opposition

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The tented portion of this wagon was used as a traveling darkroom for preparing and developing large glass photographic 
plates. The men seated may have worked for Mathew Brady, whose name appears on the box in the front of the wagon.
Photographers & Artists Capture the War
MATHEW BRADY, whose name is associated with 
thousands of Civil War images, hired more than 20 
photographers to capture the war up close. They pho­
tographed soldiers playing cards, officers writing at 
camp desks, surgeons preparing to amputate limbs, 
the Signal Corps stringing telegraph wire, black team­
sters handling mules.
And they photographed young men lying dead 
on the battlefield. "If [Mathew Brady] has not brought 
bodies and laid them in our dooryards and along 
streets, he has done something very like it," the New 
York Times commented early in the war.
Brady's field photographers used portable dark­
rooms in which to prepare and develop the images. 
Historian Barry Pritzer explains the steps. "Inside the 
wagon were cameras of different sizes, chemical tanks, 
tripods, and several hundred fragile glass plates, upon 
which the success of the entire operation depended. 
When ready for use, the plates, usually 8" x 10", were 
carefully coated with collodion (a delicate operation 
even in a normal studio) lowered into a solution of ni­
trate of silver for three to five minutes and then placed 
in a holder, ready for insertion into the camera. After
exposure, the plates were returned for developing to a 
darkroom that was stuffy at best and rank from post­
battle aromas at worst. The time between coating the 
plates and developing them did not normally exceed 
eight or ten minutes. . . .  A breath of wind, a bit of light 
or a sudden jolt could ruin the whole process."
Photographers could not capture action because 
long exposure times were needed. But field artists 
did this quite well, effectively conveying the chaos of 
cannons firing, trees crashing, and soldiers charging. 
Eyewitness field artists, including Winslow Homer, 
Thomas Nast, and Iowa's Alexander Simplot, sketched 
scenes and then sent them to Harper's Weekly and Frank 
Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, which published full- and 
double-page engravings based on the sketches. Field 
artists also sketched ordinary scenes in camp and sen­
timental scenes of soldiers' families back home. Harp­
er's Weekly, it was said, "has been read in city parlors, 
in the log hut of the pioneer, by every camp-fire of our 
armies, in the wards of our hospitals, in the trenches 
before Petersburg, and in the ruins of Charleston."
—by Ginalie Swaitn
56 Ioiva Heritage Illustrated
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Photographers & Artists Capture the War

Holmgren, David

Pammel Court: A Solution to Housing World War II Veterans at Iowa State College

Perry, Michael J

A family at home along the Yellow River, below Pinneys Springs, Allamakee County, 1914. Ellison Orr photographed sev 
eral log houses in northeast Iowa. Most were abandoned.
The W orld  of Ellison O rr
SH SI (IOWA CITY): ELLISON ORR COLLECTION
by M ichael J. Perry
Born in I 857, Ellison James O rr wore many hats 
in his 93 years of life in Iowa. Farmer teacher; sur­
veyor county clerk, telephone company manager 
and archaeologist were professions that kept Orr 
busy His avocational interests also filled up his 
time.
Early in the 20th century, O rr took up pho­
tography, a hobby that he turned to whenever he 
found a few spare moments or felt the need to 
capture on film the natural and cultural world of 
Iowa.
The photos here are a mere sample of a larger 
collection of nearly 350 photos that document his
wide-ranging interests.
Left: Orr photographed two workers in Guttenberg, 1916. One 
man watches from below as another is suspended from a utility 
pole. At one time Orr was manager of a telephone company, so 
he may have had a particular interest in scenes like this one.
82 Iowa Heritage Illustrated
S
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A family at home along the Yellow River, below Pinneys Springs, Allamakee County, 1914. Ellison Orr photographed sev­
eral log houses in northeast Iowa. Most were abandoned.
The W orld  of Ellison O rr
SH SI (IOWA CITY) ELLISON ORR COLLECTION
82 Iowa Heritage Illustrated
by M ichael J. Perry
Born in 1857, Ellison James O rr wore many hats 
in his 93 years of life in Iowa. Farmer teacher sur­
veyor county clerk, telephone company manager 
and archaeologist were professions that kept Orr 
busy. His avocational interests also filled up his 
time.
Early in the 20th century, O rr took up pho­
tography, a hobby that he turned to whenever he 
found a few spare moments or felt the need to 
capture on film the natural and cultural world of 
Iowa.
The photos here are a mere sample of a larger 
collection of nearly 350 photos that document his 
wide-ranging interests.
Left: Orr photographed two workers in Guttenberg, 1916. One 
man watches from below as another is suspended from a utility 
pole. At one time Orr was manager of a telephone company, so 
he may have had a particular interest in scenes like this one.

1
USI (IOWA CíTY): E LU SON ORR
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By water clear enough to show reflections, a woman balances on a log as she fishes for sucker in Village Creek, which flows into the 
Mississippi.
N o r th e a s t  Io w a
Many of the scenes O rr photographed were of 
his native northeast Iowa, especially Allamakee 
County. Curious and observant, he was a self- 
trained naturalist, interested in botany, geology, 
and ornithology His childhood memoir describes 
prairies and sloughs, birds and beaver dams, wild­
cats and rattlesnakes.
84 I  own Heritage Illustrateli
J
Mushrooms in soft maple woods on the Turkey River bot­
toms near Elkader, 1914. Orr often photographed close-ups of 
wildflowers as well.
Right: Two citizens of Ion, about 1915. Ion is now an Al­
lamakee County ghost town, along the Yellow River and four 
miles west of the Mississippi.
Below: Fishing by the Yellow River dam at Forest Mills, 1914. 
In the foreground, a dog cools off in the river while fetching 
a stick.
V»
^  ■ V - ' w * -  . : , v '  ‘ *
ALL TH REE PH O TO S: SH SI (IOWA CITY): ELLISON O R R  COLLECTION
■ ■ l
'
Fall &  Winter 2011 85
From his childhood, Orr recalled, 
“Though the meadow lark and 
the bobolink were very common, 
their nests were exceedingly hard 
to find.” As an adult, Orr noted on 
the back of the photo the location 
of this meadowlark nest in a road­
side ditch as NW'/i, NW'/i, Section 
23, Union Prairie Township, Allama­
kee County, I 947.
BOTH PH O TO S. SH SI (IOWA CITY): ELUSON O R R  COLLECTION
“In those [pioneer] days,” Orr wrote, “the only fences were of rails ten feet long, split out of oak and elm logs. The slippery 
elm, Ulmus fulva, was supposed to make the most durable ones. Out of these was built a very substantial zig-zag fence. The 
bottom rails were laid on a small flat stone or block of wood. The pioneers believed that if the fence was built in the ‘dark of 
the moon,’ it would sink into the ground, but if it was built in the ‘light of the moon’ it would not.” Orr added, “Only a few of 
the lanky, scrub, half-wild cattle of that day ever acquired the high art of jumping. [A rail fence] was said to be horse high, pig 
tight, and bull stout.” Although this Allamakee County photo was taken in 1940, this old fence retains the typical eight to ten 
horizontal rails and remnants of the vertical stakes.
86 Iowa Heritage Illustrated
OFFICE O F THE STATE ARCHAEOLOGIST CH A RLES R KEYES COLLECTION
Amidst tall prairie in Allamakee County, Orr (right) and Charles Reuben Keyes 
(next to him) search for evidence of a burial and village area associated with the 
Oneota culture, 1500-1600 A.D. As director of the new Iowa Archaeological Sur­
vey, Keyes hired Orr as field supervisor and then assistant director. Orr was 77 
when he was hired. As a young man Orr had learned surveying skills from a Civil 
War topographical engineer.
Fall &  Winter 2011 87


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Camp Life

Evidence of Opposition

Photographers & Artists Capture the War

Pammel Court: A Solution to Housing World War II Veterans at Iowa State College

The World of Ellison Orr

Yearly Index, Iowa Heritage Illustrated, v.92 2011

Civil War Statues at the Iowa Capitol

Iowa's Nymphs, Naiads, & Graces: Performing Delsarte for the Masses

Iowa Heritage Illustrated, vol.92 no.1, Spring 2011

Iowa SHARES & the Cambodian Refugees

248

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