Iowa Heritage Illustrated

Johnson, Bill

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B a tt le  Flags  
P ro je c t
by Bill Johnson
P
erhaps you were once among 
the thousands and thousands of 
visitors to the state capitol who 
peered into the glass cases at nearly 
200 faded and fragile battle flags 
crammed inside. Some were bundled 
together with once-lustrous silk cord 
and tassels. Other bundles were 
pierced by wire, staples, or screws. 
Corroded pins held paper labels on 
brittle silk.The flags leaned against 
each other like weary old soldiers.
Most of the flags were carried to 
the capitol on August 10, 1894, in a 
mile-long procession of Civil War 
veterans “with unsteady steps and tear 
dimmed eyes.” A governor’s procla­
mation and legislative action had 
directed that flags “ borne by Iowa 
regiments and batteries during the 
war of the rebellion” be preserved 
and displayed in the capitol. Many of
the flags had been in the possession 
of the adjutant general for years, and 
on Battle Flag Day they were re­
trieved from the arsenal in Des Moines. 
Others came from the collections of 
the State Historical Society and from 
the hands of regimental members, 
who had lovingly preserved them 
over the years.
The flags “ looked weird and 
somber in the bright sunlight as 
though they had come from another 
world," a reporter noted, “and 
brought back to the minds of the 
veterans as nothing else could the 
solemnity of the occasion. It was a 
scene which never occurred before 
and never will again.”
General J. W. Noble acknowl­
edged in his speech that the violence 
of battles and the passage of time had 
taken a considerable toll on the flags:
“At one time they gleamed in the 
sunlight fresh and beautiful, their 
colors as bright as the flowers of the 
prairies.” He continued, “On their 
silken folds are inscribed the names of 
the many battles in which they have 
been borne— Those names are 
crumbling with decay.”
The flags were being placed in 
“shrines of safety," Noble said, and it 
is clear that the legislature believed 
that with this action, the flags were 
permanently taken care of, because 
no government agency was given the 
authority or appropriations to further 
manage and preserve the collection.
For decades, the battle flags were 
a key element of public tours of the 
statehouse. And for decades, the flags 
continued to deteriorate. By today’s 
standards, the glass display cases in 
the rotunda were not adequately
Summer 2006 69
sealed from dust and other contami­
nants, including cigarette smoke and 
grease and smoke from the capitol 
kitchen below. The lights installed 
along the cases in 1905 to illuminate 
the flags did additional damage (we 
now know that light is one of the 
most destructive forces on fabric). 
Sometimes a particular flag was 
temporarily removed by a Grand 
Army of the Republic post for cere­
monial use. When it was returned to 
the case, pollen, dust, and other con­
taminants might have accompanied it.
Flags from the Spanish-American 
War were added to the rotunda dis­
plays in 1908, and after World War I, a 
case was added for flags of that 
conflict. In the 1970s the Iowa adju­
tant general decided to try to 
preserve the flags, but the process 
was too costly, and only four were 
treated. The flags remained in the 
cases for another two decades.
In the late 1990s, in response to 
concerns expressed by several 
organizations and private citizens, the 
Iowa Battle Flag Preservation Com­
mittee was formed to investigate 
preservation efforts. In 1999, the 
General Assembly provided $50,000 
to conduct a study. The next year 
Fonda Thompsen, a nationally known 
flag conservator, presented her 
findings and recommendations to the 
State Historical Society of Iowa, a 
division of the Department of Cultural 
Affairs, which submitted the report to
the legislature. Supported by the 
legislature and governor, funding was 
established for the Iowa Battle Flags 
Project and continues as part of the 
annual infrastructure legislation. (In 
addition, the conservation of five flags 
in 2005 was funded by a grant from 
Save America’s Treasures and interna­
tional and state Questers study clubs.)
I
n January 2001, the staff of the 
State Historical Society museum 
began the transfer of the first 
group of flags from the capitol 
to the State Historical Building 
one block west. Through the gener­
ous help of the Heartland Regional 
Council of Carpenters and the 
apprentice program of Carpenters 
Local 106, an enclosure was built in 
the rotunda. This provided a place to 
prepare the flags for transfer and gave 
the public a glimpse of the process.
The flags were removed with the 
same dignity in which they had been 
delivered a century ago. Dressed in 
period uniforms, Civil War reenactors 
of the 24th and 15th Iowa regiments, 
and Sons of Union Veterans of the 
Civil War, served as an honor guard. 
With some anxiety and great effort, 
the century-old glass door of the dis­
play case was swung upward, releasing 
the smell of stale air. Slowly, the staff 
unbound the bundles of flags. Each 
movement of air or touch of hand 
sent particles of cotton gauze or
silken flag drifting down. As each flag 
was brought out from the case, it was 
enveloped in acid-free materials and 
transported to the Society’s conser­
vation laboratory for treatment. 
(Follow the intricate stabilization 
steps on the following pages.)
The Iowa Battle Flags Project is 
an ambitious, long-term undertaking. 
The process is tedious and challeng­
ing, and it requires skilled hands. 
Meticulous records are kept at each 
step. Meanwhile, historical research is 
conducted regarding the flags and the 
military units associated with them. 
Each flag takes weeks to stabilize. 
Only then will it be considered for 
public exhibition, which is limited to 
six months to minimize exposure to 
light. Cases in the capitol rotunda are 
being retrofitted with climate and 
light controls, as part of the capitol 
restoration.
More than 230 flags (from the 
capitol and State Historical Society 
collections) are being conserved, one 
flag at a time. For the Civil War flags 
alone, current estimates indicate that 
stabilization will require ten years. ❖
Bill Johnson is the museum curator o f battle 
flags at the State Historical Society of Iowa.
Rally ’Round the Flags
•  Tour the Iowa Battle Flags Conservation Labo­
ratory at the State H istorical Building, 600  E. 
Locust, Des Moines. Reservations are required. 
Tours are on the third Saturday o f  each month 
and begin a t 1:30 p.m. The project conservator 
and project historian lead the hour-and-a-half 
tour. Croups are lim ited to ten. M ust be age ten 
or older. $20 per person ( 10 percent discount 
fo r m em bers). For tour reservations, call 5 15-
283-1757, o r e -m a il m useum .store@ iowa.gov.
•  Adopt A Flag. Individuals, groups, and businesses 
are invited to select and help fund a flag ’s conser­
vation. Donor levels begin at $500  with increas­
ing benefits. For in fo rm a tion  on Adopt A Flag,call 
515-281-5111 ; e-m ail sheila.hanke@iowa.gov.
•  For a complete understanding o f  the Iowa Battle
Flags Project and more photos, explore this 
W ebsite: www.lowaFlags.org.
•  Purchase the colorful battle flags poster at 
the Museum Store in the State Historical Build­
ing. Proceeds benefit the Battle Flags Project
•  Watch for more stories about the flags in up­
coming issues o f  this magazine.
70 Iowa Heritage Illustrated


English

The Iowa Battle Flags Project

Hartley, William G

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Sculptor Torlief S. Knaphus’s The H andcart Pioneer, at Western HistoricTrails Center in Council Bluffs, depicts Mormons’ ardu­
ous migration on foot from Iowa to Salt Lake City. Western HistoricTrails Center explores the story of westward migration 
trails, including the Mormon Trail.
The Mormon 
Handcart Migration
by William G. Hartley
82 lawa Heritage Illustrated I
O
ne hundred and fifty years ago, the
Mormon handcart migration began. 
Between 1856 and I860, Mormons 
organized ten handcart brigades, 
involving 3,000 Latter-day Saints 
(LDS) travelers, mostly from Europe. Although three 
of the brigades left the last two years from Florence, 
Nebraska Territory, just west of the Missouri River, 
seven of the ten crossed Iowa.
Although handcarts have become the primary 
visual symbol of the entire Mormon migration west­
ward to Utah, less than 5 percent traveled in handcart 
brigades. The far larger westward migration began in 
1846, when members of the Church of Jesus Christ of 
Latter-day Saints (Mormons) were compelled to leave 
their main settlements in and around Nauvoo, Illinois, 
and find homes in the West. Crossing the Mississippi 
and southern Iowa beginning in 1847, they headed to 
Utah. From then until the transcontinental railroad 
opened in 1869, Mormons from the United States and 
Europe flowed to outfitting places yearly to join LDS 
wagon trains heading west. But outfitting was 
costly—the 1856 costs translate to $10,000-$12,000 in 
today's dollars. Such expense, especially after paying 
for travel from Europe to Iowa, meant that hundreds 
each year could not afford the trek west. To help those 
lacking money, the LDS Church created a revolving 
loan fund, the Perpetual Emigrating Fund, and agents 
arranged group rates on sailing ships and riverboats 
for the emigrants. By 1855 the fund was drained, so 
some other form of assistance was needed. In 1856 
church leaders devised the system of handcart com­
panies, whereby emigrants who could not afford the 
expense of covered wagons and four oxen could pull 
small, inexpensive handcarts the 1,300-mile distance.
Because most migrants (Mormon and non- 
Mormon) who traveled west in oxen-pulled wagon 
trains actually walked instead of rode, the vehicles 
they chose related more to hauling baggage than to 
moving people. Although nine LDS-sponsored wagon 
trains outfitted at Iowa City in 1856,1857, and 1858 
and headed to Utah, the advantages of handcarts 
were obvious in this era of wagons. Low cost was one 
advantage. The trip from England to Utah (including 
passage by ship, riverboats, and train to Iowa) cost 
less than 10 percent of what it cost for a wagon, oxen, 
equipage, and supplies. Faster daily travel was 
another advantage—handcart companies could move 
more rapidly than oxen, leave earlier in the day, and 
travel longer. The handcart pullers did not need to find 
campsites offering grass and water for oxen. They 
were spared the intense labor involved with oxen—
hitching, unhitching, double yoking to go uphill, 
getting them across rivers, taking them to pasture at 
midday and evening, watering them, guarding them 
at night, and rounding them up each morning. They 
did not have to worry about oxen injuries or illness, or 
about finding campsites with ample grass and water 
for the oxen. Disadvantages of the handcarts were 
that people had to power the carts themselves; the 
small carts could carry only bare essentials; and the 
travelers had no protection during the day from sun, 
wind, and rain like that provided by covered wagons 
(they did have big group tents to sleep in at night).
The outfitting campground site for the 1856 and 
1857 handcart companies was on Clear Creek in 
present-day Coralville, on Iowa City's northwestern 
shoulder. Mormons from the East Coast who joined 
the handcart companies traveled by train to Iowa 
City, the western terminus of the railroad. They 
camped on the outfitting grounds and waited for the 
carts to be ready, filling time by sewing together tents 
and covers for the carts. Designs for fabricating the 
carts came from church headquarters in Utah. The 
first companies employed four different handcart 
designs, experimenting to see what worked best. 
Agents purchased prefabricated carts in St. Louis and 
Chicago, which were shipped to Iowa City. They 
hired Iowa City craftsmen to build others. Workers at 
the outfitting camp as well as wheelwrights in Iowa 
City and St. Louis constructed the two-wheeled 
handcarts, usually of hickory or oak. In the first year, 
100 carts were built at St. Louis, 100 in Iowa City, and 
about 70 at the campground. In response to Brigham 
Young's direct orders, green wood was used in some 
hubs, which contributed to later breakdowns.
The covered family carts each had a small wagon 
box three or four feet long with the side and end 
boards about eight inches high, while the larger, open 
carts had no covers or sideboards. Carts were de­
signed with an extended rectangular handle in front 
by which two people could pull the cart. One journal 
entry described the carts this way: "The carts which 
are delivered to us are well constructed and light. 
They have very strong wooden wheels, four feet high. 
The rim is made of two ... fellies around which is 
fastened an iron tire. They have wooden axles upon 
which are attached two shafts eight feet long and five 
matching cross pieces. The carts are four feet wide 
and weigh 60 pounds."
According to a common myth, the handcart loads 
weighed 600 pounds. The truth is that each cart was 
built to carry about 100 pounds of food, clothing, and 
equipment, and the actual load was usually 100 to 150
Summer 2006 83
pounds. Each traveler was limited to 17 pounds of 
baggage. Four or five persons were assigned to each 
cart, with 20 assigned to each large, round tent that 
the LDS agents provided. One wagon and team 
accompanied each 20 carts, hauling the heavy tents, 
food, and equipment, and carrying incapacitated 
travelers when necessary. Mule-team wagons kept up 
with the handcarts; wagons pulled by oxen had to 
travel longer days to keep up.
O
n August 2,1856, the New York Evening
Post published a non-Mormon's 
description of the Iowa City camp 
when it was near its fullest, busiest 
time. "The camp, as viewed from the 
brow of a neighboring hill... presents a fine spectacle. 
Over one hundred tents, and perhaps as many cov­
ered wagons, with their spires and arches of dazzling 
white—contrast well with the green sward of prairie 
and the sparkling ripples of the river running close 
beside. ... In all about three thousand have rendez­
voused in this spot, of whom some eighteen hundred 
still remain. . . . The tents are arranged in rows, with 
wide streets between them—the wagons generally in 
rings, with the entrance at one side, and sleeping tents 
on the outside.. . . There are in all four hundred and 
forty-five oxen, twenty mules, and a few horses.. . . 
There is seen, as you enter camp, a smithery, a work­
shop and a store, all full of business and industry. . ..
I have made acquaintance of their leaders, and have 
found them courteous, cultivated, and in business 
transactions, uncommonly 'sharp.' "
The first two handcart companies, captained by 
Edmund Ellsworth and Daniel McArthur (both 
returning from missionary service in Great Britain), 
left the Iowa City outfitting grounds on June 9 and 11, 
1856, and traveled close together all the way to Utah. 
Together, they contained 497 people, 100 handcarts, 5 
wagons, 24 oxen, 4 mules, and 25 tents. Their wagons 
hauled provisions to last them until they reached 
Florence, Nebraska Territory, 275 miles to the west, 
where they were reprovisioned. Both companies 
arrived in Florence on July 8, the Ellsworth Company 
27 days after starting, the McArthur Company, 25 days.
On some days the handcart travelers in Iowa 
walked and pulled 20 miles or more. On July 1, 
Mormon diarist Archer Walters noted that the 
Ellsworth Company had "traveled about 15 miles. 
Walked very fast,—nearly 4 miles an hour." 
Twenty-four-year-old Twiss Bermingham, a Dublin 
University graduate traveling with his wife and three
children, wrote on July 3 that the McArthur Company 
started at 5 a.m. and traveled "a long and tedious 
journey of 25 miles" before camping at 7:15 p.m.
Iowa's summer humidity and heat took a toll. 
Bermingham recorded that "some of the Brethren 
fainted on the road and were carried into camp in the 
ox-team. I nearly fainted myself from exhaustion." 
They reached Florence City "generally very fatigued," 
in dust-stained clothes and with sunburned faces.
Returning missionary Edward Bunker led the 
third company, which contained mostly Welsh 
Saints—320 persons, 64 handcarts, and 5 wagons 
pulled by mule teams. They left Iowa City on June 28 
and reached Florence July 19—a record-setting 22-day 
journey despite "heavy rain and wind storms which 
blew down our tents and washed away our hand­
carts." "People made fun of us as we walked, pulling 
our carts," Priscilla Evans noted, but she admitted 
that although "we were very tired at night, still we 
thought it was a glorious way to go to Zion."
John D. T. McAllister, one of the officials who 
disbursed equipment and supplies at the outfitting 
camp, wrote a "Handcart Song" that was sung by 
many handcart pioneers—and by Latter-day Saints 
ever since.
Ye Saints who dwell on Europe's shore 
Prepare yourselves with many more 
To leave behind your native land 
For sure God's judgments are at hand.
Prepare to cross the stormy main 
Before you do the Valley gain,
And with the faithful make a start 
To cross the plains with your handcart.
Chorus:
Some must push and some must pull 
As we go marching up the hill,
And merrily on the way we go 
Until we reach the Valley, oh!
O
f the five handcart companies that
crossed Iowa in 1856 (six if counting 
Jesse Haven's division of the Martin 
Company), the Ellsworth, McArthur, 
and Bunker companies made the long, 
strenuous trek to Utah successfully But the last two, 
the ill-fated James G. Willie and Edward Martin 
companies, left late because ships bearing the emi­
grants sailed late from England, and their large
84 Iowa Heritage Illustrated
numbers required extra time to prepare additional 
handcarts and supplies. After problems and slow­
downs in Nebraska, they were trapped by severe 
blizzards in Wyoming, and some 200 out of 1,076 lost 
their lives.
The last to use Iowa City for outfitting were the 
Israel Evans and Christian Christiansen companies in 
1857. J. F. F. Dorius in the Christiansen Company 
described the camp, where tents pitched in a 
circle-like fashion accommodated 18 people each. 
"Each family obtained a handcart from the railroad 
station," he said. Three days later they broke camp. "I 
felt glad in enjoying this free life outdoors," he wrote 
that day. But so many became sick by mid-June that 
the four mule-pulled wagons were filled to capacity. 
An elderly woman died in the outfitting camp on June 
21 and was buried "in the Woods." (Such non-cemetery 
burials by Mormon wagon and handcart companies 
became the source of many Iowans' local traditions 
about Mormon graves being on lands they now own.)
The 111-mile stretch of U.S. Highway 6 from Iowa 
City to Des Moines closely parallels the old 
river-to-river road along which the 1856 and 1857 
handcart brigades traveled. They passed where South 
Amana now is and rolled along one mile south of 
Marengo. (A young traveler in the first handcart 
company, Job Welling, Jr., not quite two years old, 
died on June 17,1856, near present-day Grinnell and
was buried the next day.) The handcart route contin­
ued westward through Newton. Turning southward, 
the handcart brigades passed through Mitchellville 
and into Des Moines, where they crossed the Des 
Moines River. At Adel, the travelers forded the North 
Raccoon River and moved on to present-day Wiscotta 
and then west to the now vanished town of Dal- 
manutha (41 miles west of Des Moines). They walked 
for many miles beside Turkey Creek, closely follow­
ing present-day State Route 83. At Lewis, the 
handcart route joined the 1846 Mormon Trail route 
and followed it into Council Bluffs. They moved 
north and crossed the Missouri River at Florence, 
Nebraska Territory. This ended their journey through 
Iowa. ♦>
William G. Hartley is an associate professor of history at Brigham 
Young University, founding president of the Mormon Trails 
Association, past president of the Mormon History Association, 
and charter member of the Iowa Mormon Trails Association.
NOTE O N  SOURCES
This article appeared in a slightly different form as part o f a larger article. "M or­
mons and Early Iowa History ( 1838 to  1858): Eight Distinct Connections.” in Annals 
o f Iowa, 59:3 (Summer 2000). Research sources appear in the footnotes o f the 
longer article.
Summer 2006 85


The Mormon Handcart Migration

Liepa, John

Hometowns of Iowa's Major Leaguers

Keyes, Charles R

Preparing for the War in the Fat Land

Index for 2006
Abemethy, Alonzo, 65 
"Above and Beyond 
the Call of Duty: 
Iowa's Medal of 
Honor Recipients," 
77-81
Adam, George Gor­
don, 64-68 
Adam, Helen, 68 
Adam, Phebe, 64-68 
Adams-Farwell, 158- 
59, Winter cover 
"African Americans in 
Iowa Baseball," 32 
African Americans, 12- 
17, 28-31, 32, 41-42 
Allison, William Boyd, 
130-31
Amana Colonies 
(Iowa), 177
Anson, Adrian "Cap," 
18
Archaeology', 98-105 
Architecture: 36,122- 
25,179
Art and artists, 58-60 
"As if in a Dream: 
Automobile Projects 
and Production in 
Iowa, 1870-1983," 
146-65
Atkinson, Buena Vista 
Crowell, diary of, 
92-94
Atkinson, Wallace, 
92-94
Automobiles, 146-65, 
168-85, Winter cover
Bancroft, David I 
"Beauty," 18 
Barnie, Bill, 21 
"Baptized by the Blood 
of Many a Brave 
Fellow: The Battle 
Flag of the 9th Iowa 
Infantry," 64-68 
Baseball 1-48 and 
Spring covers 
"Baseball Card Images 
of Iowa's Hall of 
Famers," 18 
"Baseball Mania 
Strikes Iowa," 3-7 
Bauer, Douglas, article 
by, 33
Beardsley, William S., 
138-39'
Bergman, Marvin, 
article by, 95-96 
Beymer, Frank, 2 
Black, Dennis, article 
by, 50-63
Blazek, Frank, 101,104 
Blue, Robert, 136-38 
Bode, Marilyn, 167 
Boies, Horace, 129 
Bonson, Robert, 60 
"Boosting the Home 
Team," 26 
Branstad, Terry, 143 
Bryan, William Jen­
nings, 120-21 
"Bud Fowler: The.First 
African American 
Professional Baseball 
Player and the 1885 
Keokuks," 28-31 
Business history: 
automobiles, 146-65. 
See also Baseball
Calvin, Samuel, 122-25 
"Car Culture, Iowa 
Style," 168-87 
Carlisle, Tom, 138 
Carroll, Bervl F., 130- 
34,161
Carroll (Iowa), 36 
Cars: Sec Automobiles 
Cedar Rapids (Iowa), 
26
Chariton (Iowa), 35 
"Charles Good's Act 
of Kindness and the 
Handcart Children," 
88-91
Childhood, 34-35, 88- 
91,120-21
Christian, Ralph J., ar­
ticle by, 28-31,38-42 
Church of Jesus Christ 
of Latter-Day Saints: 
See Mormons 
"The Cincinnati Red 
Stockings and Cal 
McVey, Iowa's First 
Professional Baseball 
Player," 12-17 
Civil War, 50-63, 64-68, 
69-70, 71-76 
Clarke, Fred "Cap," 18 
Clarke, George W., 134 
Colbv, William M., 
156-59
Conservation: flags, 
69-70, 71-76 
"Courage and 
Conduct: Francis J. 
Herron," 50-63 
Crawford, Otis, 66 
Crowell, Buena Vista, 
92-94
Cummins, Albert 
Baird, 128-32
Darling, J. N. ("Ding"), 
128-38
Davenport (Iowa),
3-4, 37
Decatur County 
(Iowa), 120-21 
Deignan, Osborn W., 
77-78
Des Moines (Iowa), 27, 
69-70, 88-91,146-48 
Des Moines Auto­
mobile Company, 
147-48,165
Description and travel, 
82-91, 92-94, 186-91 
De Witt (Iowa), 24-25 
Dillworth, Roy, 27 
Dolliver, Jonathan 
Prentiss, 132 
Dubuque (Iowa), 4 
Duesenberg, August, 
149,152-53 
Duesenberg, Fred, 
149-53
Edwards, Junior D., 
80-81
Elections: 120-21, 126- 
43. See also Politics 
Elson, James, 66, 68 
Elthon, Leo, 139 
Entler, John S., Spring 
inside back cover 
Erbe, Norman, 141
Faber, Urban "Red," 18 
Feller, Bill, 19
Feller, Bob, 18,19 
"The First Election 1 
Remember," 120-21 
Fish, Don, article by, 19 
Fisher, Ann, 167 
Flags, 54, 64-68, 69-70, 
71-76, Summer cover 
Fletcher, Frank Jack, 79 
Fort Dodge (Iowa), 
5-6,9
Foster, Fred, 144 
Foster, John E., 97 
Fowler, Bud, 28-31 
Francis, Betty, 9
Galloway, William, 
154-55
Garfield, James, 112-15 
Garst, Warren, 130-31 
Gatch, C. H., 60 
Gillette, Edward H., 
110, Fall inside back 
cover
Gipe, James G., 66 
Golden, Mike, 20 
Goldsmith, Wally, 21 
Good, Charles Henry, 
88-91
Grandy, Fred, 143 
Granger, George, 66 
Graves, J. K., 59-60 
Green, Levi A., 66 
Grinnell (Iowa), 160-64
Hallinan, Jim, 21 
Hammill, John, 136 
Hanke, Sheila, article 
by, 71-76
Harding, William L., 
135
Hartley, William G., 
article bv, 82-85,
88-91
Havlicek, Frank, 101, 
102
Herring, Clyde, 136 
Herron, Adelaide 
Flash, 57-58 
Herron, Francis J.,
50-63
Hickenlooper, Bourke 
B„ 136,138 
Hill, James, article by, 
122-25
Hixon, Charlene 
Nichols, 167 
Hockett, Philip G., 
article by, 146-65 
"Hocksv and Hoop,"
33
Hoegh, Leo, 139-40 
Hoffman, Himena, 
manuscript by,
120-21
Holmgren, David, 
article by, 126-43 
"Hometowns of Iowa's 
Major Leaguers," 11 
Horses, 170-71,174-75 
Howard, Jimmie E„ 81 
Howsare, Katherine, 
167
Hubbard, Nathaniel 
M., 127
Hughes, Harold E., 
140-42
Hull, John A. T., 132
"In Excellent Spirits: 
Mormon Diary Ac­
counts of Crossing
Iowa," 86-87 
"The Iowa Battle Flags 
Project," 69-70 
Iowa City (Iowa), 8-9, 
83-85, Winter inside 
back cover
Iowa Falls (Iowa), 184 
"Iowa's Governors in 
Cartoons," 126-43 
"Iowa's Passion for the 
Game," 2 
Iowa Soldiers' and 
Sailors' Monument, 
58-60
"Iowa Women in 
Baseball," 8-10 
"Iowans Remember 
the Polio Scare," 167 
"An Iowan's Yukon 
Adventure," 186-91 
Irwin, John N., 20 
Izac, Eduoard Victor, 
79-80
Jackson, James, 77 
Johnson, Bill, article 
by, 64-68, 69-70; in­
troduction by, 186 
Johnson, Irma P, 167
Keokuk (Iowa), 3,4,
16, 20-23
Keyes, Charles R., 
manuscript by,
98-105
"Kids Rule the Dia­
mond," 34-35 
Kraschel, Nelson, 136
Lansing (Iowa), 180-81 
Larrabee, William, 127 
Le Mars (Iowa), 181 
Lepper, Marie, 172 
Liepa, John, article 
bv,3-7, 11, 12-17,18, 
20-23
Loveless, Herschel, 140 
Luellen, Clem, 19
Macbride, Thomas, 
122-25
Mammoths, 186 
Manchester (Iowa), 185 
Manufacturing: See 
Automobiles 
Marriage, 92-94 
Marshalltown (Iowa), 
5-6
Mason City (Iowa), 
156-59
Mason, Edward,
149-53
May, James, 167 
Maytag, Fred, 149-53 
McAlister, William 
Cleaves, 17 
McVey, Calvin, 5,12- 
17,22
McWhorter, Tyler, 127 
Medal of Honor, 57-58, 
77-81
Medical treatment: See 
Polio
Meredith, Edwin T.,
135
Mickey, Virginia, 167 
Migration: See 
Mormons 
Military and war:
50-81
Miller, Frank, 139-41
Mining, 186-91 
Mitchell, Robert B., 
article by, 106-19 
Monetary policies, 
106-19
Montrose (Iowa), 12 
Morain, Tom, article 
by, 166
"The Mormon Hand­
cart Migration," 
82-85
Mormons, 82-85, 86-87, 
88-91
Mt. Pleasant (Iowa), 3 
Mullen, Margaret, 23 
Mullen, Oscar, 23 
Mullen, Peg, article 
by, 23
Music, Summer inside 
back cover
Neppel, Ralph G., 80 
"Not Yet Ready for 
the Big Leagues: The 
1875 Keokuk West­
erns, Iowa's First 
Professional Baseball 
Team," 20-23
Pearce, William 
("Billy"), 157,159 
Perkins, George D„ 
128-29
Perry, Michael, intro­
duction by, 98 
Pike, Charley, 7 
Pisgah (Iowa), 36 
Pitlik, Frank, 104 
Polio, 166-67 
Political cartoons, 
126-43
Politics, 106-19,120-21, 
126-43
"Preparing for War in 
the Fat Land," 98-105
Racism, 95-96,167 
Radden, Viola, 173 
Randall, Samuel,
112-15
Ray, Robert, 142-43 
"Reading the Past," 
95-96, 166 
Reel, Jess, 176 
Religion: See Mormons 
Richardson, D. N., 58 
Rickels, Robbie, 178 
Rural life, 98-105,169, 
175. See also Baseball
"Saving Calvin Hall: 
The Back Story," 
122-25
Salvage yards, 183 
Schaal, David F.,
186-91
Schaal, Marietta Miller, 
manuscript by 
186-91
Schmieder, Adolf, 1 
Shaw, Leslie, 127,
146-47
Shimek, Bohumil, 125 
Sioux City (Iowa), 170- 
71,180-81
Smith, Walter I., 132 
Social conditions and 
problems: liquor 
control, 135, 141 
Social life and cus­
toms: automobiles,
168-87; marriage, 
92-94; mourning, 10; 
in Yukon, 186-91.
See also Baseball, De­
scription and travel 
Spaulding, Henry, 
160-64
Sports: See Baseball 
"Sports Sites: The Old 
Ball Park," 36-37 
State Historical Society 
of Iowa, 69-76, 77, 
186
"Stitch by Stitch, Step 
by Step," 71-76 
Swaim, Ginalie, article 
by, 2, 8-10, 26-27, 
34-35,168-85, Spring, 
Summer, Fall, Winter 
inside back covers
Tade, Christine, 167 
Tilgner, Tom, 167 
Titus, Calvin Pearl, 
78-79
"Town Teams," 43-47 
Transportation: See 
Automobiles 
Trimble, William, 20 
Turner, Dan W., 136
University of Iowa,
8-9,122-25 
"Untamed Green- 
backer: James Baird 
Weaver," 109-19
Vandever, William, 
65,68
Voyce, Inez, 9
Walsh, Marie, 159 
"Warming Up Feller," 
19
Washington (Iowa), 4 
"The Waterloo Mul­
lens and the White
Sox," 23
Waterloo (Iowa), 23, 
150,154-55, Spring 
back cover 
" 'We Are Just Mar­
ried,' " 92-94 
Weaver, Clarissa 
(Clara) Vinson, 108 
Weaver, James Baird, 
106-19, Fall inside 
back cover, 144 
"Wilkie: James Leslie 
Wilkinson and the 
Iowa Years," 38-42 
Wilkinson, James 
Leslie, 18, 38-42 
Williams, C. L., 20 
Wilson, George, 136 
Women: automobiles, 
Winter inside back 
cover; baseball, 8-9,
40; marriage, 92-94; 
travel, 186-91. See 
also Social life and 
customs
W'oods, Fred E., article 
by, 88-91
York, Willis B„ 137 
Yukon Territory, 186-91
192 Iowa Heritage Illustrated


Index for 2006

The Cininnati Red Stockings and Cal McVey, Iowa's First Professional Baseball Player

Not a member yet

The Iowa Battle Flags Project

The Mormon Handcart Migration

Hometowns of Iowa's Major Leaguers

Preparing for the War in the Fat Land

Index for 2006

The Cininnati Red Stockings and Cal McVey, Iowa's First Professional Baseball Player

Saving Calvin Hall: The Back Story

Charles Good's Act of Kindness and the Handcart Children

In Excellent Spirits: Mormon Diary Accounts of Crossing Iowa

We Are Just Married'

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