The Annals of Iowa

Front Matter, The Annals of Iowa, v. 79 no. 1 2020

Review of: Germans in Illinois, by Miranda E. Wilkerson and Heather Richmond

Efford, Alison Clark

98      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
this book is focused exclusively on Wisconsin, Wagner’s methodology 
could be replicated for similar studies of LGBTQ history in Iowa or 
other midwestern states.  
 The strength of Wagner’s book lies in the vast amount of material 
he presents to readers. Every chapter covers multiple individuals, 
places, and archives. In doing so, however, the text often reads as a col-
lection of discreet examples that fit his overarching narrative about 
evolving ideas of homosexuality. A deeper engagement with more cur-
rent secondary sources on LGBTQ history (Wagner touches on a hand-
ful of classics) might have led to a more robust analysis of the fascinat-
ing individuals, places, and archives he examines. Doing so might also 
allow him to forgo the unnecessary apologia in the introduction, asking 
forgiveness for focusing so heavily on queer men. The book has numer-
ous examples of queer women and gender nonconforming individuals 
as well as people of color, but those examples fade into the background 
without an analysis of race and gender that an engagement with more 
current scholarship could provide. 
 Readers will find Wagner’s book accessible, engaging, and enlight-
ening. They will no doubt be impressed by the large amount of research 
he presents in 363 pages and the opportunities for further scholarship 
he uncovers. He proves beyond a doubt that, yes, queer people have 
been here all along. Readers of this volume will undoubtedly eagerly 
anticipate the second volume.   
 
 
Germans in Illinois, by Miranda E. Wilkerson and Heather Richmond. 
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2019. xi, 218 pp. Illus-
trations, graphs, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $24.50 paperback. 
Reviewer Alison Clark Efford is associate professor of history at Marquette 
University. She is the author of German Immigrants, Race, and Citizenship in the 
Civil War Era (2013). 
By surveying the German immigrant experience in Illinois, Miranda E. 
Wilkerson and Heather Richmond have performed a valuable service. 
Germans contributed heavily to the distinctive economic, political, and 
cultural mix of the Midwest in the late nineteenth and early twentieth 
centuries, and now a reliable and engaging book summarizes their ex-
perience in one significant state. Complete with informative maps and 
images, Germans in Illinois stands out as an appealing synthetic study 
that should attract a wide readership. 
 Wilkerson and Richmond’s thematic chapters advance their narra-
tive, beginning with the context of European emigration in the 1830s and 
1840s and concluding with the twenty-first–century legacy of German 
Book Reviews and Notices      99 
immigration. German Europe was struggling in the 1840s as agricultural 
crises hit and small-scale producers competed with large manufacturers. 
Economic challenges and political restrictions both contributed to the 
revolutions of 1848, so after the revolutions failed, some Germans emi-
grated for political reasons and others did so in the hope that their des-
perate economic situation would improve. Wilkerson and Richmond 
correct their own error that “it was the most vulnerable who left the 
homeland” (12) by quoting historian Mack Walker, who wrote that those 
who left were people “who had something to lose and who were losing 
it, squeezed out by interacting social and economic forces” (15).  
 Throughout, the authors draw on the work of other scholars and il-
lustrate their points with published primary sources. For example, their 
description of “chain migration,” in which migrants followed family and 
friends to the United States, includes part of a translated letter home, a 
missionary account, and intermarriage statistics. A “side story” excerpted 
from Alfred Kolb’s Als Arbeiter in Amerika (1909) vividly portrays indus-
trial work in nineteenth-century Chicago. Kolb found working in a bi-
cycle factory and brewery so repetitive and exhausting that it stripped 
him of his dignity and left him too tired to communicate his discontent. 
 Turning to politics and culture, Wilkerson and Richmond describe 
anti-immigrant sentiment and the regulation of alcohol consumption. 
Chicago’s Lager Beer Riot of 1855 was a response to Mayor Levi Boone’s 
decision to close taverns on Sundays. The immigrant-led protest turned 
violent, resulting in one death. In 1860 a majority of Illinois’s German-
born voters supported Abraham Lincoln, as was the case in Iowa and a 
few other states. Germans in Illinois conveys the complexities of German-
American partisanship, although it inaccurately asserts that newspaper 
editorials favored Lincoln “across the board” (11). Even in Illinois, 
almost every city that boasted a Republican German-language news-
paper in 1860 also had a Democratic one. Although the authors cover 
the German-language press, they do not appear to have consulted it. 
They do use Wilkerson’s linguistic research to good effect, arguing that 
the “verticalization” of German American institutions before and after 
1900 caused the use of the German language to decline even before 
World War I. Wilkerson and Richmond judiciously present German 
imigrants’ opposition to U.S. participation in the Great War and note 
that government-sanctioned harassment of Germans was short-lived. 
They are clear, however, about the extent of wartime persecution, provid-
ing an excellent account of the ethnically motivated murder of Robert 
Prager in 1918. 
 Despite its prudent portrayals, Germans in Illinois does not incorpo-
rate some of the more interesting conclusions of recent histories of Ger- 
100      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
man America. Historians have been working on German interactions 
with Native Americans, assimilation and whiteness, ongoing transna-
tional ties, women’s organizing, and tensions among neighbors during 
World War I, but these do not feature in the book. Careful coverage 
takes the place of innovative interpretation. This trade-off is perhaps to 
be expected in a book for a general audience, but it stands as an oppor-
tunity missed.  
 Specifically, failing to include the latest historical research hampers 
comparison between German Americans and other immigrants, one of 
the authors’ goals. The introduction likens nineteenth-century Germans to 
Spanish-speakers today and maintains that anti-German sentiment was 
not “unlike the divisive situation with regard to present-day immigrants 
and refugees” (3). Readers would have been better equipped to assess 
such claims if the book had acknowledged the advantages Germans en-
joyed. It goes unmentioned that German immigrants were moving onto 
land from which Sauk, Meskwaki, and other Algonquian-speakers had 
been expelled a few decades earlier. The immigrants’ whiteness gave 
them access to the ballot, as the authors note, and also economic oppor-
tunities and cultural capital. They arrived with resources that helped 
them do “well for themselves” (61) and “fit in well” (62). The authors of-
ten relegate discussion of the relative status of Germans to endnotes. Ger-
mans in Illinois would be even more valuable if it had better integrated 
explanations of inequality into its narrative and analytical structure.  
 
 
Age of Fear: Othering and American Identity during World War I, by Zachary 
Smith. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019. xi, 233 pp. 
Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $59.95 hardcover. 
Reviewer Anita Talsma Gaul is history instructor at Minnesota West 
Community & Technical College. She is the author of The Women of 
Southwest Minnesota and the Great War (2018). 
Zachary Smith argues that the belligerency and anti-Germanism dis-
played during the years of American involvement in World War I were 
ultimately fueled by white Americans’ internal fears about the “security 
and stability of their national and ethnic identity” (2). White, Anglo-
Saxons (i.e., “Americans”) felt that their identity was under threat from 
within and without. From within, urbanization, industrialization, and 
modernization were weakening Anglo-Saxon masculinity and strength. 
From without, the influx of foreigners and immigrants was slowing, 
even reversing, Anglo-Saxon cultural advancement.  
 Smith begins by establishing these preexistent fears of a weakening 
Anglo-Saxon race. Elites worried that a “perceived decline in Anglo-


English

Germans in Illinois

Review of: Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal, by Frank Kelderman

Bowes, John P.

190      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
figures or images that captured the authors’ attention. The authors give 
the rock art images descriptive names, but they do not go beyond de-
scription into serious anthropological analysis, extensive typologies, or 
a thorough study of the rock walls under different lighting conditions. 
They compare a few of the sites with nineteenth-century drawings of 
similar rock art figures or early twentieth-century photographs of the 
same sites to demonstrate how time is destroying these cultural re-
sources. The authors did not intend to do any in-depth analysis of the 
images or their potential ages.  
 My initial impression of this volume was that it looks like a coffee- 
table book with about 100 stunning color images of sandstone outcrops, 
spirit-beings, and Europeans (soldiers) as well as some creative (and 
much more not-so-creative) graffiti. I did recognize familiar petroglyph 
figures seen elsewhere, and the authors also draw some parallels with 
similar images at other sites. Scholars may not use all of these pictures 
for analysis or to draw comparisons with other carefully studied rock 
art sites, such as many recorded rock art images in northeastern Iowa. 
(See Lori A. Stanley “A Century of Iowa Rock Art Research,” Journal of 
the Iowa Archeological Society 49 [2002], 65–85.) However, after consider-
ing the volume more closely, I came to appreciate that these magnificent 
photographs will stand the test of time as thorough, reliable historical 
records of prehistoric sites that will inevitably erode into dust. 
 
 
Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal, 
by Frank Kelderman. Native Traces Series. Albany: State University of 
New York Press, 2019. xi, 274 pp. Illustrations, notes, index. $95 hardcover. 
Reviewer John P. Bowes is professor of history at Eastern Kentucky Uni-
versity. He is the author of Land Too Good for Indians: Northern Indian Re-
moval (2016). 
The diplomatic record of the nineteenth-century United States is replete 
with Native American voices. The nature of federal Indian policy and 
the drive to expand the American empire from the late 1700s forward 
meant that indigenous leaders frequently sat down and negotiated with 
American officials over land, annuities, and policies. As with any pri-
mary source material, however, the central question is how these rec-
ords can and should be used. To what extent can treaty council journals, 
memorials, and more public literature prove representative of Native 
positions and concerns? What power did those voices have to influence 
the encounters between Native leaders and federal officials? 
 In Authorized Agents, Frank Kelderman addresses those questions 
and more through an introduction and four case-study chapters. At the 
Book Reviews and Notices      191 
core of his analysis are “indigenous publication projects,” which he de-
fines as “mediated forms of indigenous representation that are pro-
duced with non-Native collaborators, which take place in institutional 
and diplomatic networks but also intervene in them”(10). That defini-
tion, though perhaps initially intimidating to read, incorporates critical 
pieces of his argument. As he notes, the documentary record was not 
created in a vacuum but instead was shaped by federal power and co-
lonial structures that limited the agency of Native peoples. Native ora-
tors spoke at councils, but non-Indians translated and wrote down their 
words. Memorials or petitions composed for delivery to federal officials 
were penned by non-Natives even if dictated by indigenous leaders. 
Nineteenth-century diplomatic structures and processes privileged the 
voices of prominent Native men, which means that the indigenous 
voices on record are not as representative as one might want. 
 Kelderman acknowledges those limitations yet also argues effec-
tively that these records should not be dismissed. When considered 
within their historical context and read with a critical eye, the writings 
produced by Native peoples in the removal era of the nineteenth cen-
tury can broaden our understanding of the events involved. The indig-
enous publication projects “contribute to a larger body of Native litera-
ture that critiqued the workings of American empire,” Kelderman 
writes, “and they are recuperable when we do not demand from them 
paradigmatic notions of indigenous resistance” (30). 
 The four case studies at the heart of Authorized Agents provide a 
range of experiences and perspectives. In the first chapter Kelderman 
examines the record of a delegation of Pawnee, Kanza, Otoe, Missouri, 
and Omaha men from the upper Missouri River valley. The speeches 
on record demonstrate that the Pawnee orators and their peers used 
their visit to the American capital to advance a specific vision of diplo-
macy grounded in indigenous power and presence. The second case 
study uses the speeches and writings of Black Hawk, Keokuk, and 
Hardfish in part to illustrate how leaders within the same nation used 
their words and positions to advocate differing policies. Rather than 
emphasizing those differences and the tensions they created, however, 
Kelderman focuses on the way each of the three men “offered alterna-
tives to the colonial narrative that legitimated indigenous displacement” 
in the 1830s (122). 
 The person of Peter Pitchlynn, the third case study of the book, pro-
vides the opportunity to analyze the voluminous written works of a 
well-known Choctaw leader who engaged with American officials in a 
variety of arenas. Pitchlynn’s promotion of education as a tool for Choc-
taw nation building provides a key piece of the book’s larger argument. 
192      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
Through the political, educational, and economic transitions supported 
by Pitchlynn and others, readers gain insight into the work of Choctaw 
elites as they sought to build a new Choctaw Nation west of the Missis-
sippi River. For his final case study Kelderman turns to Ojibwe authors 
and the romanticized image of the Indian headman. Even as American 
officials saw “real political value in representing Ojibwe leaders through 
the trope of the sympathetic Indian chief” (179), Ojibwe writers like 
George Copway sought to promote images of Ojibwe communities and 
politics that could not be so easily distilled. 
 Authorized Agents addresses each of the four cases with the com-
plexity they deserve, and Kelderman never pushes his argument be-
yond what the evidence allows. Although the nature of the project re-
sults in case studies that don’t flow smoothly from one to the next, each 
chapter offers a critical perspective that pushes readers to think differ-
ently about how to understand and work with the writings of Native 
peoples in the nineteenth century.  
 
 
The Bone and Sinew of the Land: America’s Forgotten Black Pioneers and the 
Struggle for Equality, by Anna-Lisa Cox. New York: PublicAffairs, 2018. 
xviii, 280 pp. Maps, notes, index. $28.00 hardcover. 
Reviewer Jennifer Harbour is associate professor of black studies and wom-
en’s studies at the University of Nebraska Omaha. She is the author of Or-
ganizing Freedom: Black Emancipation Activism in the Civil War Midwest (2020). 
Anna-Lisa Cox’s new monograph tells the story of black farming settle-
ments in the antebellum and wartime Old Northwest (what is present-
day Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin). In her introduc-
tion, Cox argues that, while her deliberate use of the words pioneer and 
frontier may seem problematic and redolent of indigenous genocide, she 
aims to engage the historiography by framing the lost history of “The 
First Great Migration” as agricultural, ambitious, and decidedly African 
American. The growing communities that resulted from that migration, 
she posits, spread across five states with free people who envisioned 
themselves as farmers with citizenship rights. How on earth, Cox won-
ders, did historians overlook where and how black men and women 
became pioneers on the land carved out by the Northwest Territory in 
1787? This space was to date the largest piece of American land to be 
free from slavery—at least in theory. The territory also offered equal 
voting rights to property-owning men, thus making it a safe haven for 
hundreds of black people who had the money and means to migrate 
and settle.  


Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal

Review of: Civil War Congress and the Creation of Modern America: A Revolution on the Home Front, edited by Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon

Kehrberg, Richard F.

Book Reviews and Notices      93 
state with strong Confederate resistance. Every battle history is a story of 
powerful personalities and key questions, both of which Patrick handles 
well. The list of personalities is long and fascinating. Brief biographical 
sketches, with photos of the key participants, enhance the volume.  
 This is, above all, Nathaniel Lyon’s story. Lyon, who was killed at 
the height of the battle, becomes a sort of Union Albert Sidney Johnston 
or Stonewall Jackson, generals linked forever with the question, “What 
if he hadn’t been killed?” Lyon was a complex character, totally fearless 
and self-confident yet seemingly indecisive at Wilson’s Creek. Why did 
he call councils of war for the first time? Why did he listen to General 
Franz Sigel and divide his army? Who was Sigel? Why was he important 
to Missouri Unionists? What happened to Sigel at Wilson’s Creek? Why 
did he fail Lyon? 
 This is just as much a Confederate story, best exemplified by Clai-
borne Fox Jackson, Missouri’s Confederate governor who was also a gen-
eral. Missouri politics and generalship are explained through Jackson 
and other Confederates such as John S. Marmaduke and Ben McCulloch. 
 This is also a story of the soldiers who fought the battle—young vol-
unteers, Union and Confederate, who, despite poor equipment and 
inexperience, proved to be remarkable soldiers. The Battle of Wilson’s 
Creek was the climactic moment in the legend of the First Iowa Infantry, 
Iowa’s only three-month regiment. 
 The book works well as both a campaign and battle history; scholars 
can easily create a day-by-day, attack-by-attack calendar of the campaign 
and battle. It is succinct, entertaining, and informative. If this book is an 
example of the Civil War Campaigns and Commanders Series, the full 
series would be a fine part of a scholar’s library. 
 
 
Civil War Congress and the Creation of Modern America: A Revolution on the 
Home Front, edited by Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon. Perspec-
tives on the History of Congress, 1801–1877. Athens: Ohio University 
Press for the United States Capitol Historical Society, 2018. vi, 226 pp. 
Illustrations, graphs, notes, bibliography, index. $35 hardcover. 
Reviewer Richard F. Kehrberg lives in Ames, Iowa. His research and writ-
ing have focused on U.S. military history. 
The Civil War dramatically changed the nature and scope of the U.S. 
government. It forced Congress to expand the size of the central gov-
ernment and enact legislation to sustain the war effort. Moreover, the 
absence of Southern senators and representatives allowed Congress to 
take action on a number of previously controversial issues, ranging from 
federal support for internal improvements and education to encouraging 
94      THE ANNALS OF IOWA 
western settlement. The seven essays in Civil War Congress and the Crea-
tion of Modern America attempt to chart some aspects of this “revolution 
on the home front.” 
 Perhaps the most pressing issue facing the Civil War Congress was 
the need to sustain the Union war effort. Two of the most vexing aspects 
of that problem are addressed in essays by Jennifer L. Weber on con-
scription and by Jenny Bourne on the 37th Congress and national eco-
nomic policy. The war put enormous strains on Northern manpower. 
By 1862, it was clear that volunteerism would not meet the army’s de-
mand for new soldiers. As a result, Congress passed the Enrollment Act 
of 1863, creating a national program of conscription, an act that trans-
ferred the problem of military manpower from the states to the central 
government and, Bourne argues, permanently altered the relationship 
between the two spheres. 
 The government also faced the challenge of paying for the war. 
Congress introduced a number of new schemes to raise funds: the first-
ever income tax (as well as the Internal Revenue Service to enforce it), 
large-scale borrowing, and the sale of debt. Just as the Enrollment Act 
attempted to nationalize military manpower, Congress moved to na-
tionalize the country’s currency and banking systems with the Legal 
Tender and National Bank Acts, developments that allowed the gov-
ernment to print paper money. As a result, by 1865 and thereafter, the 
federal government was firmly in control of monetary policy, and the 
nation had a unified currency.  
 Congress’s actions on conscription and economic policy were rev-
olutionary, redefining and expanding the powers of the federal govern-
ment. Its actions on education were less dramatic. Peter Wallenstein ar-
gues in his wide-ranging essay on the Morrill Land-Grant College Act 
of 1862 that not only did Congress provide land to help fund education, 
but the very idea of giving eastern public colleges western lands also 
gave easterners a reason to support western settlement.  
 The remaining four essays do not focus on the Civil War Congress, 
but on Abraham Lincoln and the city of Washington, D.C. Daniel W. 
Stowell examines the Treasury Department’s efforts to hire female cler-
ical workers, an innovation that caused no little controversy. Guy Gug-
liotta looks at the completion of the U.S. Capitol. Jean H. Baker surveys 
life in the wartime White House. Paul Finkelman goes the furthest 
afield, analyzing President Lincoln’s pardon of Dakota men convicted 
of war crimes in during the 1862 Dakota War in Minnesota. 
 Overall, the volume’s essays present an interesting look at Civil War 
Washington, even if most of them fail to live up to the title’s promise of 
a revolution on the home front and the creation of modern America.  


Civil War Congress and the Creation of Modern America: A Revolution on the Home Front

Review of: The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 Journey, by Patrick J. Jung. 

Nichols, Roger L.

84 
Book Reviews and Notices 
The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 
Journey, by Patrick J. Jung. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 
2018. vii, 225 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $28.95 
hardcover. 
Reviewer Roger L. Nichols is emeritus professor of history at the Univer-
sity of Arizona. He has written extensively about American Indian history 
and about the history of the frontier and the American West, including fron-
tier exploration. 
Most students of midwestern history have heard of the series of French 
explorers who crisscrossed the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi 
River valley. In The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet, Patrick Jung 
examines the development of the erroneous popular depictions of the 
life and work of Jean Nicolet, who traveled from New France to the 
shore of Lake Michigan in the early seventeenth century. Jung begins 
with a Wisconsin public school presentation of Nicolet as a French ex-
plorer meeting the Pauns (Winnebago) in 1634, wearing a Chinese silk 
robe and thinking that he had arrived in China. From there, much of the 
rest of the discussion focuses on how that idea developed and how his-
torians and others have kept it alive for generations. In his examination, 
Jung asks a series of questions about particular events or people and 
presents his version of what happened. The book’s thesis is that narra-
tives showing Nicolet as an explorer looking for the fabled Northwest 
Passage to Asia are mistaken. He presents Nicolet as a diplomat, not an 
explorer.  
 Because there is little evidence related directly to Nicolet, Jung de-
votes only one of five chapters to him and his actions. Instead, he offers 
a thorough examination of the career of Samuel de Champlain, the mil-
itary commander of New France during the early seventeenth century 
and Nicolet’s immediate superior. Much of the discussion of Cham-
plain repeats earlier scholarship about him. Jung uses that scholarship 
to support his view that, by the 1630s, the French leader had focused his 
efforts on building a strong colony rather than on searching for a route 
to Asia. The analysis identifies two threats to Champlain’s plans for 
strengthening New France: the dangerous Five Nations Iroquois Con-
federacy in neighboring New York and, less understood, the Pauns 
(Winnebago), who seemed to threaten the far western fur trade. Jung 
shows how Champlain dealt with the Iroquois himself but sent Nicolet, 
Book Reviews and Notices      85 
a skilled translator and experienced diplomat, west to seek peace with 
tribes there. 
 Jung concludes with a wide range of questions: who went with Ni-
colet, which route they used, even what year the expedition occurred. 
To answer these queries, Jung examines and usually discounts earlier 
scholarship and shows how it contributed to existing misperceptions of 
the diplomat’s actions. He carefully dissects the myth that shows Nicolet 
awing the Indians in his Chinese silk robe, suggesting that it was a mere 
silk cape that would have been used in France as a mark of his rank. In 
dismissing that image, Jung points to studies of public memory and 
how historical reproductions develop. 
 The scholarship here is wide-ranging and thorough but offers no 
gripping narrative. Instead, Jung offers a detail-laced prose in which he 
admits that “Jean Nicolet’s journey did not make any great impact on 
the larger community of New France” (149). That being the case, one 
wonders how much the study contributes to any new or expanded un-
derstanding of midwestern history.  
  
 
The Alchemy of Slavery: Human Bondage and Emancipation in the Illinois 
Country, 1730–1865, by M. Scott Heerman. America in the Nineteenth 
Century Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. 
239 pp. Maps, illustrations, graphs, notes, bibliography, index. $45 hard-
cover. 
Reviewer Sharon E. Wood is professor of history at the University of Ne-
braska, Omaha. The author of The Freedom of the Streets: Work, Citizenship, 
and Sexuality in a Gilded Age City (2005), she is writing a life history of 
Priscilla Baltimore, a slave who liberated herself and became a leader in the 
free black community of St. Louis and southern Illinois. 
This is a book for anyone interested in the history of the Midwest in the 
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries or the history of slavery in North 
America. Drawing together political, legal, and social histories, Heer-
man traces the practice of human bondage in a place often considered 
a “free” state. Although common wisdom assumes that Illinois, carved 
out of the Northwest Territory, was closed to slavery under U.S. law, 
historians generally understand that the practice of enslavement per-
sisted in the state at least until 1845. Heerman offers a clear and detailed 
history of slavery’s tenacity—and why only the Thirteenth Amendment 
to the U.S. Constitution actually ended slavery in the Land of Lincoln. 
 Heerman builds his argument on a framework of empires: Indige-
nous, French, British, and American. The “alchemy” of his title captures 
the way migrants into the Illinois country successfully maintained 


The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 Journey

Review of: An Environmental History of the Civil War, by Judkin Browing and Timothy Silve

Karamanski, Theodore

An Environmental History of the Civil War

Front Matter, The Annals of Iowa, v. 79 no. 4 Fall 2020

Review of: The History of Starved Rock, byMark Walczynsk

Conard, Rebecca

The History of Starved Rock

Review of: The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago: Anthony Overton and the Building of a Financial Empire, by Robert E. Weems, Jr

Delton, Jennifer

The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago: Anthony Overton and the Building of a Financial Empire

Review of: Such Anxious Hours: Wisconsin Women’s Voices from the Civil War, edited by Jo Ann Daly Car

Not a member yet