Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science
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Stress Factors among Dental Postgraduate Residents of Lahore, Pakistan
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The aim of this study was to identify the stress factors among dental postgraduate residents of Lahore, Pakistan.
METHODOLOGY:
A cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probability convenient sampling techniques. Total 150 dental postgraduate residents were enrolled in this study. Questionnaire was composed of questions regarding stress factors and the influence of stressors on individuals. The data was analyzed; Chi-square test was used to find the statistical association of level of stress with the demographic factors (gender, marital status, and accommodation), professional characteristics (working hours and practice) and impact on the individuals (mood change, weight change and headache). The level of significance was set at P≤0.05.
RESULTS:
Total 150 individuals responded with a mean age of 29 years (SD +/-2.96). Male to female ratio was 1:2.5. The most prevalent factors that contributed to stress were post-graduate examination (81%), clinical case presentations (80%), competition for higher performance (61%), inconsistency of feedback by supervisors (59%), research program (55%) and fear of failure to treat patients (53%). More than half of the respondents (69%) suffered from mood swings and (65%) from tension headaches followed by clenching and bruxism in nearly half of the residents (50%), musculoskeletal problems (49%) and weight changes (48%) with p-value<0.05.
CONCLUSION:
Post-graduate examination, competition for higher performance and increased workload are the most common stressors. There is a need to come up with effective strategies in the postgraduate curriculum to tackle stress.
 
Prevalence of Refractive Error and Strabismus in Primary School Children of Tehsil Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
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Refractive errors and strabismus continue to remain a significant public health problem. Among school children it has an impact on child development. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive error and strabismus among primary school children.
METHODOLOGY:
It was a cross-sectional study. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the school children. Data was collected in November-December 2013. Visual impairment was defined as, presenting VA of < 6/12. A total of 2288 children (1746 boys and 542 girls) were screened from 26 randomly selected schools. Stratified sampling technique was used. Data were collected on pre-designed questionnaires and entered and analyzed by SPSS software version 16.
RESULTS:
The mean age of children was 8.10 + 2.3 years. About 4% children were found visually impaired. The prevalence of refractive error was found to be 5.4%, of which 88.6% was uncorrected refractive error. The prevalence of refractive error was found higher in girls than boys, 6.8% and 5.0% respectively. Among types of refractive error, myopia prevalence was 2.3%, hypermetropia prevalence was 2.0% and astigmatism prevalence was 1.1%. The prevalence of strabismus was 1.3%. Refractive error was found as a main cause of visual impairment in school children. Prevalence of strabismus among this study population is relatively low as compared to the global prevalence of 2% to 5%.
CONCLUSION:
It is recommended that more study to determine the extent of the problem and possible factors for development of refractive error and strabismus types are needed to mitigate these conditions
Thrombocytopenia; Frequency and Association at the Time of Diagnosis in Dengue Fever, Peshawar
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in dengue fever at the time of diagnosis and to see its association with age and gender.
METHODOLOGY: It was a descriptive retrospective study of dengue cases admitted to the Medical Unit of Naseer Teaching Hospital Peshawar during the 2019 outbreak was performed. Only confirmed dengue by serology (IgM) or dengue NS1 (Non-Specific Antigen 1) by Immunochromatographic Technique (ICT) cases were analysed. Complete Blood Count (CBC) was done for all the cases on admission and prevalence of thrombocytopenia on admission was extracted from the records. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data and to calculate Odds Ratio of a gender or age group to have thrombocytopenia at the presentation of dengue fever.
RESULTS: A total of 69 confirmed dengue cases were admitted in Naseer Teaching Hospital in the 2019 outbreak. Out of these 69 cases, 51 (73.9%) were males and 18 (26.1%) were females. The ages of these patients ranged from 10-58 years. Fifty-one (51) patients were more than 20 years of age and eighteen (18) were 20 years or less. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count<150,000×109/L) was present in 57 (82.6%) patients. Patients older than 20 years of age were more likely to have thrombocytopenia at presentation of dengue fever OR=16, (p=0.0003), whereas difference amongst genders in this regard was not statistically significant OR=1.07, (p=0.09).
CONCLUSION: There is a high frequency of thrombocytopenia (82.6%) in early dengue fever. Patients older than 20 years are more likely to have thrombocytopenia in early dengue fever.
KEYWORDS: Dengue Fever, Acute Febrile Illness, Thrombocytopeni
Pre and Post-Operative Dental Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Routine Dental Extraction, Peshawar
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To determine the pre and post-operative dental pain intensity and dental anxiety in patients undergoing tooth extraction and providing counselling with dental treatments.
METHODOLOGY:
It was a comparative study conducted in dental hospitals of Peshawar i.e. Sardar Begum Dental College and Khyber College of Dentistry. A total of 200 participants were selected for this study through simple random sampling technique. Half of the participants (N=100) received dental treatment with counselling, whereas half participants (N=100) got only dental treatment. Informed consent was taken from the participants. Both genders having an age range of 18-60 years were included in the study. Those patients who have severe or other associated dental/medical problems were excluded from the study. Modified Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire and Dental Anxiety Scale-Revised were used for data collection. Both questionnaires have high reliability and validity. The patients were counselled from time to time during the tooth extraction procedure to reduce their anxieties and divert their mind from dental tools and pain. The data was analysed using SPSS 22.0 version.
RESULTS:
The outcome of the study showed that the pain severity and dental anxiety was reduced in the patients taking dental treatment along with counselling after the dental extraction as compared to the patients having only dental treatment. Pain inference also improved after tooth extraction.
CONCLUSION:
Dentists should need to learn counselling skills to provide relief to patients from dental pain and anxiety. Patients suffering from dental pain or diseases also require some psychological interventions along with dental treatment
Risk Factors of Protein Calorie Malnutrition Under Five Years; Tertiary Care Hospitals, Peshawar
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OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this study was to know about the risk factors of malnutrition and the incidence of risk factors among known cases of malnutrition admitted in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar.
METHODOLOGY:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was done. Study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar from March 2019 to July 2019. Study included 100 patients of protein calorie malnutrition less than five years of age. Internationally recognized Gomez classification was used to label patient as malnourished. Risk factors of primary malnutrition including socioeconomic status, ignorance of weaning, poverty, lack of immunization and primary care, maternal illiteracy and risk factors of secondary malnutrition including infections, congenital diseases, malabsorptive disorders and metabolic disorders were assessed. Data was collected through a questionnaire. Tables and graphs were used to determine the frequency of risk factors for protein calorie malnutrition.
RESULTS:
Among 100 patients of PCM 59 were male and 41 were females. After assessment of both genders, risk factors that show close association with protein calorie malnutrition were low socioeconomic status, maternal illiteracy, lack of family planning, poor weaning and repeated infections. Among these risk factors the most frequently observed risk factors for protein calorie malnutrition were low socioeconomic status and repeated infections.
CONCLUSION:
Low socioeconomic condition and repeated infections are the leading cause of protein calorie malnutrition.
KEYWORDS: Malnutrition, Gomez Classification, Frequency, Risk Factor
Infection Control Practices in Peshawar
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OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this study was to assess the infection control practices among dental trainees and house-officers. The use of method of sterilization, to figure out that whether the dental trainees are vaccinated against Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Hepatitis B and C, the color-coded waste segregation protocols implementation in dental hospitals.
METHODOLOGY:
A comparative study was conducted in Sardar Begum Dental Hospital (SBDH), Peshawar. The total number of the participants was 150 dental practitioners (75 training medical officers and 75 house officers) including both genders from different departments of SBDH. A questionnaire was designed to obtain the data on infection control practices, method using for sterilization, vaccination of the trainees and waste segregation protocols. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0.
RESULTS:
Training medical officers (TMO) and house-officers (HO) are following the infection control practices in dental units (p<0.01). The autoclave methods are preferred for sterilization in dental hospital by both trainees (p-value<0.01). Furthermore, TMO’s were vaccinated as compared to the HO’s. Similarly, the TMO’s were more following the color-coded waste disposal protocols.
CONCLUSION:
Despite the information and practices of infection control there is a need for further developments in this area. The authorities should monitor the infection control practices and vaccinations of the trainees and arrange seminars or workshops for them.
KEYWORDS: Equipment, Disinfectant, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Sterilizatio
Hepatitis B; Acquaintance and Prevention in Beauty Therapists, Peshawar
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To assess the knowledge and practices of beauty therapists regarding hepatitis B virus.
METHODOLOGY:
A cross-sectional study conducted on beauty therapists of Peshawar. It was an interview-based questionnaire. Beauty therapists were investigated about hepatitis B transmission, vaccination, sterilization, use of gloves, and sterile equipment. Data was collected from most of the beauty salons of Peshawar. Data was analysed using SPSS 17.
RESULTS:
Around 90.6% therapists reported that they have knowledge about hepatitis B transmission by reuse of pointers (needles), 56.1% identified that vaccine can prevent hepatitis B, 98.7% beauty therapists that were interviewed reported exposure to blood during their work. 14.3% reported using gloves and 19.4% reported using only aprons. 20.4% of beauty therapists claimed sterilizing their instruments between clients, 51.4% reused needles whereas 88% reused orange sticks.
CONCLUSION:
Alertness about hepatitis and risks of transmission among beauty therapists is minimum, and their repetition of needles and inappropriate cleaning of tools is one of the reasons to spread hepatitis, which is widespread.
KEYWORDS: Beauty Therapists, Hepatitis B, Transmission, Piercing, Barbers, Beauty Industry, Tattoois
Prevalence of Bullying and Perceived Social Support Among Students in Peshawar
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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bullying and perceived social support among students in Peshawar, Pakistan.
METHODOLOGY:
It was a cross-sectional descriptive survey, conducted in different private and government sector schools, colleges and universities of Peshawar (November2019-February 2020). A total of 1000 students participated in the study. We employed a stratified sampling technique and selected a proportion of students from every academic year. Female students aged 15-24 were included in the study. Informed consent was taken from the students and the concerned authorities of the institutes. A questionnaire was designed to assess the prevalence of bullying behavior and the availability of perceived social support. Pre-testing of the questionnaire was performed on 10% of the population. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS version 21.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of bullying was more in university students as compared to college and school students. Similarly, most of the private sector students were the victims of bullying. Family and friends were highly perceived as social support.
CONCLUSION:
A multidisciplinary approach involving affected children, their parents, school personnel, media, non-governmental organizations, and security units are required to achieve an effective approach for the prevention of violence targeting children in schools as victims and/or perpetrators
Stroke Risk Factors in Public Sector Hospitals, Peshawar
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To determine the incidence of risk factors regarding stroke amid diagnosed patients in public sector hospitals of Peshawar.
METHODOLOGY:
The study design was cross sectional. Duration of the study was from May till August 2018. It was conducted in two public sector hospitals of Peshawar (Khyber Teaching Hospital and Lady Reading Hospital). A total of 300 patients participated after taking informed consent. Convenient sampling technique was used. Data was entered in excel sheets and then imported for analysis in SPSS version 21.
RESULTS:
Study results showed that 62% patients were males and 38% were females. Males age distribution less than 40 years were 24% and more than 41 years were 76%. Similarly, females were 21% and 79% respectively. Major medical risk factors found were hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The environmental risk factors were physical inactivity, smoking and obesity. The less common risk factors were alcohol and oral contraceptive use.
CONCLUSION:
The identified medical risk factors in the study can be improved and modified by regular check-ups and drug compliance. However, the environmental factors including physical inactivity, smoking and obesity can be reversed by acquiring healthy lifestyles.
KEYWORDS: Stroke, Hypertension, Obese, Diabetes, Smokin
Gender Differences in Imaginary Audience And Depressive Symptomatology Among College Students
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The present study aimed to investigate gender differences on Imaginary Audience (IA) and depression among college students.
METHODOLOGY:
Six hundred college students, both boys (n=299) and girls (n=274) completed cross sectional survey. Data was collected from different colleges of Peshawar (KPK) from September- December 2016 using purposive sampling technique. The age range of the sample was 17-22 (M=19, SD=1.47) years. Two scales, New Imaginary Audience Scale (NIAS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to them.
RESULTS:
Analysis of the findings was made using stepwise deletion technique for sample distribution and t-test. Statistically significant gender differences were found on New Imaginary Audience Scale (t=-2.48, p= .001) and Beck Depression Inventory (t=3.07, p= .02). Mean score was on NIAS were among girls, while on depression boys mean scores were prominent.
CONCLUSION:
The results of the present study concluded gender differences on both variables i-e NIAS and Depression. The findings further suggest that girls have prominent features of new imaginary audience in their student’s life whereas, boys pertain depressive symptoms during this period