Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science
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Role of Psychosocial Factors In Vicarious Traumatization: A Comparative Study
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The present study aimed at investigating the role of psychosocial factors such as, gender, marital status, profession, and personal history of trauma in vicarious traumatization (VT).
METHODOLOGY:
Cross sectional study was conducted at various hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad over the period of 6 months from January 2018 to June 2018. A sample of 170 healthcare professionals (doctors=39, psychiatrists=27, psychologists=36, nurses=30 and others=38) (men=67, women=103) was taken from various hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data were collected by using the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale.
RESULTS:
Results revealed significant differences have been found among various groups of healthcare professionals (doctors, psychiatrist, psychologists, nurses and others) in whom psychiatrists are the most vulnerable group for vicarious traumatization and psychologists are the least vulnerable group. Moreover, healthcare professionals who are married and have personal history of trauma are more vulnerable for vicarious traumatization as compared to those who are unmarried and without personal history of trauma. No significant gender differences have been found among health care professionals on vicarious traumatization.
CONCLUSION:
The findings of present research have emphasized that vicarious traumatization must be addressed and identified in a health setting
Outcome Comparison of Endoscopic (Endonasal Trans-Sphenoidal) Repairs of CSF Leak vs. Transcranial Approach
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To compare the effectiveness of Endoscopic (endonasal transsphenoidal) repair of CSF leak with transcranial approach in terms of post-operative complications.
METHODOLOGY:
This study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Total of 40 patients diagnosed according to inclusion criteria were enrolled and were divided into two groups. One group was treated with endonasal trans-sphenoidal repair, and another was treated with a trans-cranial approach. All patients were followed for 1 year.
RESULTS:
The mean age of enrolled patients was 35.4±11.6 years. There were 62.5% male and 37.5% female. In the endoscopic group the recurrence rate was observed in 3 (15%) of the patients while in the trans-cranial group the recurrence rate was observed in 2 (10%) of the patients. The overall recurrence and success rate was 8% and 92% respectively. About 4 patients developed an infection, which was treated successfully.
CONCLUSION:
It is concluded that the endoscopic approach is safe and effective. The endoscopic approach should be considered as standard procedure for treatment
The Association of Gender with the Patterns of Impactions and Associated Radiolucency’s in Mandible and Maxilla
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To find the association between gender and the patterns of impactions and associated radiolucency in Mandibleand Maxilla.
METHODOLOGY
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients visiting SharifMedical and Dental College (SMDC), Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) and Institute of Dentistry,CMH, Lahore Medical College, Lahore over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021.The angle of the impacted third molar was classified using Winters classification. The Pell and Gregoryclassification was used for depth of third molar impaction and ramus relationship of mandibular third molars.Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 23 and a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
The angle of impaction and gender in impacted mandibular third molars were significantly associated with eachother (p=0.011) while the depth of impaction (p=0.729), and ramus relationship(p=0.318) were not significantlyassociated with gender. The associa tion between gender and periapical radiolucency (p=0.605), peri coronalradiolucency (p=0.591), caries (p=0.499) and external resorption (p=0.499) were non-significant. In maxillaryimpacted third molars the association between gender and depth of impaction (p=0.121), angle of impaction(p=0.284), periapical radiolucency (p=0.111), peri coronal radiolucency (p=0.805) and caries (p=1.000) werenon-significant.
CONCLUSION
In impacted mandibular third molars the periapical, peri coronal radiolucency,caries and external resorption weremore in the males as compared to the females. In maxillary third molar impactions, the periapical radiolucencyradiolucency was greater in males while peri coronal radiolucency was greater in females
Assessment of Nutritional Status Among Adult Girls at Peshawar
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The aim of this study was to examine the relation of Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) with Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio among adult girls.
METHODOLOGY
A descriptive or cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls 18 plus by BS students at Jinnah college for the women’s University of Peshawar, in collaboration with Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC) Khyber Medical College Peshawar. MUAC is a useful cheap, and non-invasive technique used for the assessment of nutritional status that has important effects on health in recovery from illness. The analysis of data was conducted as a review of the filled questionnaire. The statistical relationship between variables and their prevalence was assessed using the Chi-Square test.
RESULTS
Results showed that according to MUAC 20.8% and BMI of 22.55% adult girls were underweight. Our study also revealed that 7(5.83%) adult females were underweight according to MUAC measurements but had normal BMI with a statically significant value of p 0.000. In correlation with waist-hip ratio and MUAC, 24.2% of adult females were having an unacceptable hip ratio (which means that their waist-to-hip ratio is either average, high, or extreme) but had normal MUAC. This correlation between MUAC and waist-to-hip ratio was also highly significant (p 0.046). Besides, we also got the measurements of obese and overweight girls.
CONCLUSION
In this study, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was statistically and significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p=0.000). As MUAC is a very simple and inexpensive method to assess nutrition, so this is a very good tool to be used in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan
Salivary Composition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients
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The purpose of the study was to determine the salivary composition of Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.
METHODOLOGY:
A retrospective study was conducted over 6 months on data of 60 Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients obtained from the patient records of the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Peshawar. Salivary pH, Sodium, Potassium, and total proteins of Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients were recorded.
RESULTS:
Sodium, Potassium, and total protein concentration in saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients were 23.5 mM/L, 96.7mM/L, and 234.6 mM/L, respectively. These values were significantly higher than normal salivary concentration.
CONCLUSION:
It was concluded that the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients contains higher concentrations of Sodium, Potassium, and total proteins
A Methodical Approach to Scrutinize the Role of Body Mass Index in Heart Rate Increment and Recovery
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Heart rate (HR) is a crucial health indicator and is also one of the health factors we need to pay explicit attention to. Body Mass Index (BMI) is considered a cofactor in heart-related issues like heart rate increment and recovery. Thus a study was conducted to determine the relationship between BMI and the rate of heart rate increment and recovery.
METHODOLOGY
24 participants aged 17-20 were examined during elliptical machine training once a week continuously for three months. Their regular resting heart rate and change in heart rate during and after the elliptical workout were recorded and compared with BMI.
RESULTS
The HR increments were noted alongside BMI for male participants below BMI 21.13, and female participants below BMI 20.16. The heart rate increment tempo decreases alongside the increased BMI for both sexes afterwards. The heart rate recovery (HRrecovery) for male participants falls with the BMI increase to ~25 and increases thereafter. The female participants show a differing trend: HRrecovery rates increase following BMI growth till BMI ~ 20 and then decrease parabolically till the maximum BMI among female participants. The findings suggest no linear and non-significant correlation between BMI and heart rate increment or HRrecovery. The coefficient of determination is too tiny (R2 = 0.1395 for males and R2 = 0.003 for females) to indicate the causation between BMIs and HRrecovry.
CONCLUSION
This is the first study scrutinizing the role of body mass index on heart rate increment and heart rate recovery. Thus BMI should not be used as the cofactor or risk for heart activity or impaired functions
Epidural Hematoma in Different Ages Due to Road Traffic Accidents on Computed Tomography Scan Brain
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In developing countries, road traffic accidents are common and primarily affect middle-aged men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of epidural hematoma in people of various ages owing to road traffic incidents on computed tomography scan brain.
METHODOLOGY:
From February 2018 to January 2021, a cross-sectional descriptive study was done in the Department of Neurosurgery. A total of 460 individuals were chosen from emergency room visits due to traffic accidents. Individuals who had suffered a head injury and had an epidural hematoma on a computed tomography scan were included in the study. The frequency of epidural hematoma in different ages was determined.
RESULTS:
A total of 460 patients were enrolled in the trial, with 196 (42.60%) having epidural hematomas and 264 having no epidural hematomas (57.39%). Males accounted for 152 (77.55%) of the 196 epidural hematoma cases, while females accounted for 44 (22.45%), with an average age of 19 years and a range of 2-55±9.59 years. All the people who had a head injury were divided into three groups. The prevalence of epidural hematoma varied by age, with 75.51% (15-44 years), 20.40% (14 years), and 4.08% (>45 years) being the most common.
CONCLUSION:
It was concluded from this study that epidural hematoma determined by computed tomography scan brain is more frequent in middle age
Abdominal Hysterectomy for Benign Gynecological Diseases
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This study aims to assess the Pap smear screening method’s accuracy in detecting precancerous lesions.
METHODOLOGY
After fulfilling the inclusion criteria patients were selected, the patient’s bladder was emptied and put in a dorsal position, and Cusco’s speculum was introduced after lubrication followed by insertion of Ayer’s spatula, applied on the transformational zone, and rotated in 360 degrees. Specimen smeared on glass slides and sent to the laboratory with fulfilled lab pre-requisite form. Patients were requested to follow up with a histopathology report.
RESULTS
Mean age of the patient was 38.111+9.461 years. Among the 77 patients whose samples were taken 15.4% were asymptomatic, 32.1% with vaginal discharge, 17.9% vaginal discharge,17.0% with intermenstrual bleeding and 16.7% were having lower abdominal pain with p value=0.087. Histopathology reports were interpreted upon follow-up visit among those 1.3% came out to be positive for malignancy, 76.6% negative for malignancy while 22.1% had an inadequate sample.
CONCLUSION
The most common method for screening for cervical cancer is the Pap smear, but its efficacy in detecting early precancerous lesions is very low, possibly due to laboratory error or false technique to a gynecologist of sample technique in our tertiary care hospital. Other screening methods should be used instead of conventional Pap smear
Role of Ultrasound in Early Detection of Molar Pregnancy
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The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ultrasound in the detection of early pregnancies presenting with placental molar changes.
METHODOLOGY
This retrospective study was carried out at Radiology department of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, between Aug 2020 and July 2021. All cases suspected of molar changes were evaluated from 10-14 weeks of gestation. The patient were referred to our department because of fetal abnormality, maternal disease or age and family or previous pregnancy history or were identified from an ongoing ultrasound screening study for aneuploidy by measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Transabdominal or transvaginal sonography was used to examine the fetus and placenta.
RESULTS
Total 85 patients of molar pregnancies were enrolled in the study. Age ranged between 20-45 years with a mean age of 32.5 years. There were 60(70.6%) complete moles (CM) and 25(27.4%) partial moles (PM) were suspected on ultrasound. In case of complete mole coexisting with a normal singleton or twin pregnancy, the molar placenta was clearly separated from the normal placenta, whereas with partial moles the molar structures were dispersed inside the placental mass.
CONCLUSION
Ultrasound detection of molar pregnancy remains a diagnostic challenge. Data suggest that there has been an increase in both the predictive value and the sensitivity of ultrasound over time; however, the diagnostic criteria remain ill defined. Prior to managing a miscarriage, being aware of the possibility of molar pregnancy will guide treatment and allow for adequate follow-up
Knowledge and Practices Regarding Informed Consent among Dental Practitioners
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To assess the knowledge and practices of dental practitioners regarding informed consent.
METHODOLOGY:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 dentists at the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore from June 2019 to June 2020. A pre-validated questionnaire was used. Mann Whitney U test was performed to find the statistical difference in the knowledge and practice scores across the gender and place of practice of dentists and the Kruskal Wallis test for scores across the years of clinical experience and qualification of dentists.
RESULTS:
The mean practice score was significantly different across levels of qualification (p=0.032) but not across years of practice (0.366). There was no significant difference in the mean knowledge score across years of practice (p=0.744) and levels of qualification (p=0.366). The highest mean score among knowledge questions was seen for the questions which inquired if informed consent should be taken before treatment. The highest mean score among practice questions was seen for the question which inquired if dentists obtained informed consent from parents before treating children.
CONCLUSION:
The mean knowledge score for females was higher in comparison to males and was the highest in dentists with an experience of greater than 10 years. Most dentists were aware of the concepts, types and processes of informed consent and the importance of taking the patient`s consent before treatment. Taking informed consent from patients before treatment, keeping it as part of their record and taking parents’ consent before treating children were practiced