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Anaphylaxis and vaccination: Risks and realities
No full textThe article is about the problem of anaphylaxis in the post-vaccination period. Data on the frequency of its prevalence and lethality depending on the type of vaccine are presented. Variants of a clinical picture of anaphylaxis and differential-diagnostic approaches are indicated. The major causal components of vaccines, anaphylaxis inducers, and methods for their identification are mentioned. Therapeutic approaches are analyzed, false myths and contraindications to vaccination are indicated. The experience of carrying out preventive individual measures is generalized. © 2018 National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation. All rights reserved
Molecular typing of ST239-MRSA-III from diverse geographic locations and the evolution of the SCCmec III element during its intercontinental spread
No full textST239-MRSA-III is probably the oldest truly pandemic MRSA strain, circulating in many countries since the 1970s. It is still frequently isolated in some parts of the world although it has been replaced by other MRSA strains in, e.g., most of Europe. Previous genotyping work (Harris et al., 2010; Castillo-Ramírez et al., 2012) suggested a split in geographically defined clades. In the present study, a collection of 184 ST239-MRSA-III isolates, mainly from countries not covered by the previous studies were characterized using two DNA microarrays (i) targeting an extensive range of typing markers, virulence and resistance genes and (ii) a SCCmec subtyping array. Thirty additional isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and, together with published WGS data for 215 ST239-MRSA-III isolates, were analyzed using in-silico analysis for comparison with the microarray data and with special regard to variation within SCCmec elements. This permitted the assignment of isolates and sequences to 39 different SCCmec III subtypes, and to three major and several minor clades. One clade, characterized by the integration of a transposon into nsaB and by the loss of fnbB and splE was detected among isolates from Turkey, Romania and other Eastern European countries, Russia, Pakistan, and (mainly Northern) China. Another clade, harboring sasX/sesI is widespread in South-East Asia including China/Hong Kong, and surprisingly also in Trinidad & Tobago. A third, related, but sasX/sesI-negative clade occurs not only in Latin America but also in Russia and in the Middle East from where it apparently originated and from where it also was transferred to Ireland. Minor clades exist or existed in Western Europe and Greece, in Portugal, in Australia and New Zealand as well as in the Middle East. Isolates from countries where this strain is not epidemic (such as Germany) frequently are associated with foreign travel and/or hospitalization abroad. The wide dissemination of this strain and the fact that it was able to cause a hospital-borne pandemic that lasted nearly 50 years emphasizes the need for stringent infection prevention and control and admission screening. © 2018 Monecke, Slickers, Gawlik, Müller, Reissig, Ruppelt-Lorz, Akpaka, Bandt, Bes, Boswihi, Coleman, Coombs, Dorneanu, Gostev, Ip, Jamil, Jatzwauk, Narvaez, Roberts, Senok, Shore, Sidorenko, Skakni, Somily, Syed, Thürmer, Udo, Vremera, Zurita and Ehricht
Chemical composition of natural raw materials in producing innovative food products
No full textThe Far Eastern Economic Region is a unique area with specific plant species composition growing there, which can be used in food technologies. These species include the Jerusalem artichoke, Chinese magnolia vine, hawthorn berry and cowberry. This article considers how natural raw materials from the Far Eastern Region of Russia can be used to produce innovative nutritionally balanced food products. Safety and quality parameters of raw materials and finished products were assessed using such methods as the organoleptic assessment, methods for determining chemical composition of food items, biological methods for determining nutritional value of products, and calculation method for linking food quality to its parameters. Research resulted in the profiles of functional ingredients of plant origin that were further included into formulations of melted cheese products, dry mixtures intended for the production of flour confectionery products, and ground meat systems. © 2018 by the authors; licensee Modestum Ltd., UK
HIV resistance prediction to reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Focus on open data
No full textResearch and development of new antiretroviral agents are in great demand due to issues with safety and efficacy of the antiretroviral drugs. HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) is an important target for HIV treatment. RT inhibitors targeting early stages of the virus-host interaction are of great interest for researchers. There are a lot of clinical and biochemical data on relationships between the occurring of the single point mutations and their combinations in the pol gene of HIV and resistance of the particular variants of HIV to nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The experimental data stored in the databases of HIV sequences can be used for development of methods that are able to predict HIV resistance based on amino acid or nucleotide sequences. The data on HIV sequences resistance can be further used for (1) development of new antiretroviral agents with high potential for HIV inhibition and elimination and (2) optimization of antiretroviral therapy. In our communication, we focus on the data on the RT sequences and HIV resistance, which are available on the Internet. The experimental methods, which are applied to produce the data on HIV-1 resistance, the known data on their concordance, are also discussed. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
Secretome of Intestinal bacilli: A natural guard against pathologies
No full textCurrent studies of human gut microbiome usually do not consider the special functional role of transient microbiota, although some of its members remain in the host for a long time and produce broad spectrum of biologically active substances. Getting into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with food, water and probiotic preparations, two representatives of Bacilli class, genera Bacillus and Lactobacillus, colonize epithelium blurring the boundaries between resident and transient microbiota. Despite their minor proportion in the microbiome composition, these bacteria can significantly affect both the intestinal microbiota and the entire body thanks to a wide range of secreted compounds. Recently, insufficiency and limitations of pure genome-based analysis of gut microbiota became known. Thus, the need for intense functional studies is evident. This review aims to characterize the Bacillus and Lactobacillus in GIT, as well as the functional roles of the components released by these members of microbial intestinal community. Complex of their secreted compounds is referred by us as the "bacillary secretome." The composition of the bacillary secretome, its biological effects in GIT and role in counteraction to infectious diseases and oncological pathologies in human organism is the subject of the review. © 2017 Ilinskaya, Ulyanova, Yarullina and Gataullin
Genome analysis of E. coli isolated from Crohn's disease patients
No full textBackground: Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). The phylogeny of E. coli isolated from Crohn's disease patients (CDEC) was controversial, and while genotyping results suggested heterogeneity, the sequenced strains of E. coli from CD patients were closely related. Results: We performed the shotgun genome sequencing of 28 E. coli isolates from ten CD patients and compared genomes from these isolates with already published genomes of CD strains and other pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. CDEC was shown to belong to A, B1, B2 and D phylogenetic groups. The plasmid and several operons from the reference CD-associated E. coli strain LF82 were demonstrated to be more often present in CDEC genomes belonging to different phylogenetic groups than in genomes of commensal strains. The operons include carbon-source induced invasion GimA island, prophage I, iron uptake operons I and II, capsular assembly pathogenetic island IV and propanediol and galactitol utilization operons. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CDEC are phylogenetically diverse. However, some strains isolated from independent sources possess highly similar chromosome or plasmids. Though no CD-specific genes or functional domains were present in all CD-associated strains, some genes and operons are more often found in the genomes of CDEC than in commensal E. coli. They are principally linked to gut colonization and utilization of propanediol and other sugar alcohols. © 2017 The Author(s)
Homology between segments of human hemostatic proteins and proteins of viruses which cause acute respiratory infections or diseases with similar symptoms
No full textObjectives: To identify homologous segments of human hemostatic and viral proteins and to assess the role of human hemostatic proteins in viral replication. Materials and Methods: The following viruses were chosen for comparison: influenza B (B/Astrakhan/2/2017), coronaviruses (Hcov229E and SARS-Co), type 1 adenovirus (adenoid 71), measles (ICHINOSE-BA) and rubella (Therien). The primary structures of viral proteins and 41 human hemostatic proteins were obtained from open-access www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov and www.nextprot.org databases, respectively. Sequence homology was determined by comparing 12-amino-acid segments. Those sequences identical in ≥ 8 positions were considered homologous. Results: The analysis shows that viral proteins contain segments which mimic a number of human hemostatic proteins. Most of these segments, except those of adenovirus proteins, are homologous with coagulation factors. The increase in viral virulence, as in case of SARS-Co, correlates with an increased number of segments homologous with hemostatic proteins. Conclusion: Hemostasis plays an important role in viral replication and pathogenesis. The conclusion is consistent with the literature data about the relationship of hemostasis and inflammatory response to viral infections
Stereoselective synthesis of novel adamantane derivatives with high potency against rimantadine-resistant influenza A virus strains
No full textA series of (R)- and (S)-isomers of new adamantane-substituted heterocycles (1,3-oxazinan-2-one, piperidine-2,4-dione, piperidine-2-one and piperidine) with potent activity against rimantadine-resistant strains of influenza A virus were synthesized through the transformation of adamantyl-substituted N-Boc-homoallylamines 8 into piperidine-2,4-diones 11 through the cyclic bromourethanes 9 and key intermediate enol esters 10. Biological assays of the prepared compounds were performed on the rimantadine-resistant S31N mutated strains of influenza A-A/California/7/2009(H1N1)pdm09 and modern pandemic strain A/IIV-Orenburg/29-L/2016(H1N1)pdm09. The most potent compounds were both enantiomers of the enol ester 10 displaying IC50 = 7.7 μM with the 2016 Orenburg strain. © The Royal Society of Chemistry
Epidemiology of hospital admissions with influenza during the 2013/2014 Northern hemisphere influenza season: Results from the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network
No full textBackground: The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network was established in 2012 to obtain valid epidemiologic data on hospital admissions with influenza-like illness. Here we describe the epidemiology of admissions with influenza within the Northern Hemisphere sites during the 2013/2014 influenza season, identify risk factors for severe outcomes and complications, and assess the impact of different influenza viruses on clinically relevant outcomes in at-risk populations. Methods: Eligible consecutive admissions were screened for inclusion at 19 hospitals in Russia, Turkey, China, and Spain using a prospective, active surveillance approach. Patients that fulfilled a common case definition were enrolled and epidemiological data were collected. Risk factors for hospitalization with laboratory-confirmed influenza were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Findings: 5303 of 9507 consecutive admissions were included in the analysis. Of these, 1086 were influenza positive (534 A(H3N2), 362 A(H1N1), 130 B/Yamagata lineage, 3 B/Victoria lineage, 40 untyped A, and 18 untyped B). The risk of hospitalization with influenza (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) was elevated for patients with cardiovascular disease (1.63 [1.33-2.02]), asthma (2.25 [1.67-3.03]), immunosuppression (2.25 [1.23-4.11]), renal disease (2.11 [1.48-3.01]), liver disease (1.94 [1.18-3.19], autoimmune disease (2.97 [1.58-5.59]), and pregnancy (3.84 [2.48-5.94]). Patients without comorbidities accounted for 60% of admissions with influenza. The need for intensive care or in-hospital death was not significantly different between patients with or without influenza. Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risk of confirmed influenza (adjusted odds ratio = 0.61 [0.48- 0.77]). Conclusions: Influenza infection was detected among hospital admissions with and without known risk factors. Pregnancy and underlying comorbidity increased the risk of detecting influenza virus in patients hospitalized with influenza-like illness. Our results support influenza vaccination as a measure for reducing the risk of influenza-associated hospital admission. © 2016 Puig-Barberà et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Structure-function relationships of antimicrobial peptides and proteins with respect to contact molecules on pathogen surfaces
No full textThe Antimicrobial peptides (e.g. defensins, hevein-like molecules and food-protecting peptides like nisin) are able to interact specifically with contact structures on pathogen surfaces. Besides protein receptors, important recognition points for such contacts are provided by pathogen glycan chains or surface lipids. Therefore, structural data concerning surface exposed glycans and lipids are of the highest clinical interest since these recognition functions play a key role when optimising anti-infection therapies. Approaches in nanomedicine and nanopharmacology in which various biophysical techniques such as NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) and X-ray crystallography can be combined with biochemical and cell-biological methods will lead to improved antimicrobial peptides by this rational drug design approach. Such a strategy is extremely well suited to support clinical studies focussing on an effective fight against multiresistant pathogens. The data sets which are described here can be considered as universal for the design of various antimicrobial drugs against certain pathogens (bacteria, viruses and fungi) which cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Furthermore, these insights are also helpful for progressing developments in the field of food conservation and food preservation. A detailed analysis of the structure-function relationships between antimicrobial peptides and contact molecules on pathogen surfaces at the sub-molecular level will lead to a higher degree of specificity of antimicrobial peptides. © 2016 Bentham Science Publishers