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SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia cases in pneumonia picture in Russia in March-May 2020: Secondary bacterial pneumonia and viral co-infections.
No full textBackground We are communicating the results of investigating statistics on SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonias in Russia: percentage, mortality, cases with other viral agents, cases accompanied by secondary bacterial pneumonias, age breakdown, clinical course and outcome. Methods We studied two sampling sets (Set 1 and Set 2). Set 1 consisted of results of testing 3382 assays of out-patients and hospital patients (5-88 years old) with community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia of yet undetermined aetiology. Set 2 contained results of 1204 assays of hospital patients (12-94 years old) with pneumonia and COVID-19 already diagnosed by molecular biological techniques in test laboratories. The results were collected in twelve Russian cities/provinces in time range 2 March - 5 May 2020. Assays were analysed for 10 bacterial, 15 viral, 2 fungal and 2 parasitic aetiological agents. Results In Set 1, 4.35% of total pneumonia cases were related to SARS-CoV-2, with substantially larger proportion (18.75%) of deaths of pneumonia with COVID-19 diagnosed. However, studying Set 2, we revealed that 52.82% patients in it were also positive for different typical and atypical aetiological agents usually causing pneumonia. 433 COVID-19 patients (35.96%) were tested positive for various bacterial aetiological agents, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae infections accounting for the majority of secondary pneumonia cases. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2, a low-pathogenic virus itself, becomes exceptionally dangerous if secondary bacterial pneumonia attacks a COVID-19 patient as a complication. An essential part of the severest complications and mortality associated with COVID-19 in Russia in March-May 2020, may be attributed to secondary bacterial pneumonia and to a much less extent viral co-infections. The problem of hospital-acquired bacterial infection is exceptionally urgent in treating SARS-CoV-2 patients. The risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia and its further complications, should be given very serious attention in combating SARS-CoV-2
Dynamics of Russian television news broadcasting in the context of the reflection of the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textThis article presents an analysis of the functioning of the leading Russian television channels in March - May 2020, during the coverage of the problem of coronavirus infection. The informational priorities of channels and the linguistic aspects of presentations are investigated. The stages of coverage of the problem are determined, as well as the actors that dominate the information space. Attention is drawn to the application of event interpretation techniques, the implementation of new forms of television broadcasting in Russia under the influence of a new virus pandemic. Analyzed the information issues that appeared on television channels: “First”, “Russia 1”, “Russia 24”, “NTV”. The reports of Murat Zaripov on Rossiya 1 channel, Mikhail Chernov on NTV channel, which touched upon current issues of the pandemic in Russia and the central problem are rather clearly presented: the restrictions of the authorities introduced to save the lives of citizens and people's unwillingness to comply with the restrictions are analyzed. A personality protest aimed at realizing one’s own desires and ignoring social norms has become one of the most characteristic phenomena during the coverage of the topic of coronavirus infection. The most frequent images are distinguished: “doctors - rescuers”, violators, volunteers. New terms are formulated and updated: medical authorities, plateau, self-isolation index, self-isolation, self-preservation. The determination of these and other data allows us to better understand the specifics of coverage of the topic of a new coronavirus infection by leading Russian television companies
Modern Approaches to the Study of Medicines Used in the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Covid-19
No full textThe new coronavirus (COVID-19) was first detected in the city of Wuhan in China in December 2019. Most patients infected with COVID-19 had clinical manifestations of dry cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue and malaise, pneumonia, and bilateral chest CT infiltration. Soon COVID-19 spread around the world and turned into a pandemic. Now this disease affects many patients around the world. Patients with concomitant diseases have a high risk of COVID-19 infection, the infection is quite severe, leading to organ dysfunction, which is acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney damage, septic shock, pneumonia and death. Currently, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an imminent threat to global public health. Experts around the world are now actively searching for medicines that can stop the infection. Despite the fact that some modern therapeutic drugs have demonstrated quite high capabilities in the field of prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19, various side effects have occurred during their use. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of the safety profile of therapeutic agents against COVID-19 is highly relevant
Gaseous Nitric Oxide and Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes with Thiol-Containing Ligands as Potential Medicines that Can Relieve COVID-19
No full textIt is shown that the inhalation of gaseous nitric oxide (gNO) or sprayed aqueous solutions of binuclear dinitrosyl iron complexes with glutathione or N-acetyl-L-cysteine by animals or humans provokes no perceptible hypotensive effects. Potentially, these procedures may be useful in COVID-19 treatment. The NO level in complexes with hemoglobin in blood decreases as the gNO concentration in the gas flow produced by the Plazon system increases from 100 to 2100 ppm, so that at 2000 ppm more than one-half of the gas can be incorporated into dinitrosyl complexes formed in tissues of the lungs and respiratory tract. Thus, the effect of gNO inhalation may be similar to that observed after administration of solutions of dinitrosyl iron complexes, namely, to the presence of dinitrosyl iron complexes with thiol-containing ligands in lung and airway tissues. With regard to the hypothesis posited earlier that these complexes can suppress coronavirus replication as donors of nitrosonium cations (Biophysics 65, 818, 2020), it is not inconceivable that administration of gNO or chemically synthesized dinitrosyl iron complexes with thiol-containing ligands may help treat COVID-19. In tests on the authors of this paper as volunteers, the tolerance concentration of gNO inhaled within 15 min was approximately 2000 ppm. In tests on rats that inhaled sprayed aqueous solutions of dinitrosyl iron complexes, their tolerance dose was approximately 0.4 mmol/kg body weight
Relevance of the problem and the current situation with infectious morbidity in the Russian Federation
No full textThe article provides an overview of domestic and foreign literary sources devoted to an urgent challenge in modern health care — infectious morbidity. The extraordinary socio-economic importance of infectious diseases at the present stage throughout the world, including in the Russian Federation, based on their global spread and high economic losses associated with disability, treatment costs and anti-epidemic measures. In recent decades, the emergence of previously unknown “new” infectious diseases and the return of “old” infections, many of which pose a high epidemiological danger and are characterized by high mortality, have been noted. Among the significant reasons for the emergence of “new” infections, an increase in infectious diseases, changes in the nature of the course of known diseases, it is necessary to note such reasons as a change in a person's lifestyle and the introduction of new technologies. In Russia, a high incidence of acute respiratory infections is recorded annually. An increase in the incidence of acute intestinal infections of viral etiology and a decrease in the incidence of these diseases of bacterial etiology are noted. An urgent problem is the high level of morbidity and mortality from infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, as well as the incidence of chronic viral hepatitis and an increase in mortality from their unfavorable outcomes. Natural focal infections remain an important problem, among which hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and tick-borne infections occupy a significant place. The threat of the invasion of infections that cause emergencies in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population into the Russian Federation territory remains. Infectious diseases are becoming one of the leading causes of premature mortality in the working-age population. In 2020, the Russian Federation faced the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, which led to high morbidity and mortality. Thus, infectious diseases are an urgent problem for the Russian Federation at the present stage, necessitates the development of a targeted program to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases
Global health care system after coronavirus: Who has responsibility to protect
No full textThe debate between the US and China about the responsibility for the COVID-19 pandemic raises important questions about the obligations of national governments in the global health care domain. Whereas the US attempts to put the blame on China do not have any serious legal or moral justifications, there is certainly a rationale for the establishment of certain minimal standards in the provision of health care for particular countries. Externalities in the global health care protection are too obvious – costs of underinvestment into the national health care system are borne not only by the country in question, but by the whole world.
It is argued that countries should have certain obligations in providing health care services and protecting the population from diseases, especially infectious diseases, similar to the obligations in the framework of the responsibility to protect (R2P) concept that requires countries to protect their citizens from human rights violations. From the point of view of ensuring high life expectancy at a given level of per capita income and spending on health care, China is doing better than many other countries, including the United States that has high per capita income, spends 17% of GDP on health care, but does not provide universal access to health care and lags behind countries with a similar level of economic development in terms of life expectancy (79 years)
Distance learning impact on the English language teaching during COVID-19.
No full textThese days, distance learning has almost completely replaced traditional teaching methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of quarantine measures. A sharp rise in interest in distance learning methodology has raised a number of new questions and challenges. This research examines changes in the training process and cognitive abilities and academic performance during the coronavirus pandemic. Students of the I.M. Sechenov University and Al Ain University were surveyed (103) during classroom and distance English learning before and during the COVID-19. Three samples of the average values of the respondents' self-assessment of academic performance, cognitive abilities (namely concentration and memory), progress in performing oral assignments, progress in performing written assignments, ability to absorb information while reading and by ear; general health condition during the training and were obtained and tested for the Gaussian distribution law compliance. All of the rates studied fell during distance learning during a pandemic compared to distance learning outside a pandemic. However, it should be noted that they still turned out to be higher than the marks obtained in classroom teaching. Students were interviewed for possible factors influencing the reviewed teaching modes effectiveness (the survey showed that these factors are an increase in the amount of leisure time, ability to take breaks more often, more comfortable learning environment, no need to spend time on the road to the university)
The CO 2 integral emission by the megacity of St. Petersburg asquantified from ground-based FTIR measurements combined withdispersion modelling
No full textAbstract. The anthropogenic impact is a major factor of the climate change which is highest in industrial regions and modern megacities. Megacities are a significant source of emissions of various substances into the atmosphere, including CO2 which is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. In 2019 and 2020, the mobile experiment EMME (Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment) was carried out on the territory of St. Petersburg which is the second largest industrial city in Russia with a population of more than 5 million people. In 2020, several measurement data sets were obtained during the lockdown period caused by the COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease of 2019) pandemic. One of the goals of EMME was to evaluate the CO2 emission from the St. Petersburg agglomeration. Previously, the CO2 area flux has been obtained from the data of the EMME-2019 experiment using the mass balance approach. The value of the CO2 area flux for St. Petersburg has been estimated as 89±28 kt km−2 yr−1 which is three times higher than the corresponding value reported in the official municipal inventory. The present study is focused on the derivation of the integral CO2 emission from St. Petersburg by coupling the results of the EMME observational campaigns of 2019 and 2020 and the HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectories) model. The ODIAC (Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2) database is used as the source of the a priori information on the CO2 emissions for the territory of St. Petersburg. The most important finding of the present study based on the analysis of two observational campaigns is a significantly higher CO2 emission from the megacity of St. Petersburg as compared to the data of municipal inventory: ~75800±5400 kt yr−1 for 2019, ~68400±7100 kt yr−1 for 2020 (~70000±16000 kt yr−1 during the lockdown) versus ~30000 kt yr−1 reported by official inventory. The comparison of the CO2 emissions obtained during the COVID-19 lockdown period in 2020 to the results obtained during the same period of 2019 demonstrated the decrease in emission of 8 % or 5800 kt yr−1
Efficiency of public administration in terms of distribution coronavirus infection as the basis of national security
No full textThe article examines individual issues of state security through the prism of the effectiveness of public administration in the conditions of the spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in Russia in 2020. The article analyzes the norms of Federal laws, according to which it is necessary to take measures to pro-tect the population from natural and man-made emergencies, including the spread of diseases that pose a danger to others. The decisions of the chief state sanitary doctors of the Russian Federation and the subjects of Russia that restrict the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen without having legal grounds for this are subjected to critical reflection. The article formulates conclusions that should help to improve the efficiency of public administration, which, in turn, will not reduce the level of personal protection, that is, to maintain national security at the proper level
Analysis and methodology of inhibiting COVID-19 spread on a university campus
No full textMost of the states in the U.S. are slowly transitioning back to "normal", and educational institutions must weigh in the decision of maintaining the quality of the courses while protecting the health of students in the academic years ahead. We are interested in investigating the circumstances that would help schools stay open during COVID-19, creating safe educational conditions under such a severe situation. Our goal is to move a certain number of courses online to achieve a satisfactory infection rate most efficiently. At the same time, we attempt to maximize the number of face-to-face classroom experiences as most students prefer attending courses on campus over attending them online. In our model, we introduce three parameters to evaluate the risk of every course and determine the most suitable set of courses to be converted online. The parameters include Degree Centrality, Closeness Centrality, and Betweenness Centrality. Those parameters are aggregated in a rectified value. We describe the methodology of our approach and future work, in which we will conduct simulation and sensitivity analyses. © 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors