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Government support of small businesses in the 2020 crisis conditions from the market approach viewpoint
No full textThe paper offers a situational overview of small business as a driver of economic growth in Russia during the 2020 crisis and the main aspects of current state policy on market-based support of that sector. The analysis also highlights major barriers that have arisen lately impeding the efficiency of governmental efforts to support small business. However, new aspects stimulating business development in market economy emerge together with the obstacles. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020
Using digital technologies to create equal opportunities in higher education in the Russian Federation: COVID-2019 lessons
No full textThe article examines the experience of higher education educational organizations of the Russian Federation in the development and implementation of digital tools and services to form equal access to educational content. The Anti-Crisis Measures adopted by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to regulate the higher education sector are being evaluated to ensure that education is accessible and that the learning process is stopped during the COVID-19 pandemic.Over the past few months, studies in higher education on the quality of digital solutions used and their adequacy during the spread of the pandemic of the new COVID-2019 coronavirus infection and the transition mainly to remote forms of educational services show a low degree of readiness to provide equal access to education and reflect the risks of social conflict. It is important to ensure the digital readiness of higher education organizations to provide quality educational services through the introduction of advanced domestic programs and technologies, including those with elements of artificial intelligence; training of teachers and the administrative staff of educational institutions. Particular attention is paid to ensuring access to education in the subjects of the Russian Federation, where students and entrants face difficulties in remotely studying national languages and national culture. The study proposes to consider, among other things, support for the creation and implementation of online educational courses in the languages of national minorities, the expansion of e-library services containing unique cultural and language content, taking into account the specifics of the region's learners. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020
Organizational and informational support for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 in a multidisciplinary emergency hospital [Организационно-информационная поддержка процессов лечения пациентов с COVID-19 в многопрофильном скоропомощном стационаре]
No full textIn modern conditions of global epidemiological challenges, a systematic approach to engineering (design) and reengineering (redesign) of treatment and diagnostic processes in hospitals acquires a special role for the state healthcare system. In this case, the focus of special attention to the management of hospitals is solving a task of organizing the treatment of patients with COVID-19 in the absence of proven clinical practice and dynamically modify the corresponding information flow, as well as the need for optimization of resource support and enhance its efficiency in the face of strong growth in the number of new cases and lack of standard solutions for the reorganization of hospitals, especially of non-infectious profile. In the paradigm of the systemic approach, effective management of the treatment and diagnostic process is not possible without a deep analysis of all its elements: from the moment the patient is admitted to the hospital until the completion of the treatment process. The recency of COVID-19 and the lack of clinical practice for the treatment of these patients have predetermined the need to develop comprehensive standards of clinical processes and their automation. It is the way of organizing the process to achieve the target state of the patient that forms the requirements for infrastructure and resource provision. The article presents the experience of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine in organizational and informational support of the process of diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID-19. © 2020 Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. All rights reserved
Cholera: Monitoring of epidemiological situation around the world and in Russia (2010–2019). Forecast for 2020 [холера: мониторинг ЭПидемиологичеСКой обСтановКи в мире и роССии (2010–2019 гг.). Прогноз на 2020 г.]
No full textObjective of the study was to monitor the spread of cholera in the world, in the CIS countries and in Russia with an assessment of risks and emergencies that contribute to the activation of the epidemic process. Despite the downward trend in the global incidence rate of cholera during the period between 2010 and 2019, epidemics and major outbreaks occurred in 96 countries. WHO has reported 2013 imported cases of cholera to countries in Asia, the Americas, including the Caribbean, Europe, and Australia with Oceania; cholera-endemic administrative territories are identified in 24 countries. According to WHO, cholera burden reduction in Asia and Africa is associated with large-scale vaccination. During epidemiological surveillance of cholera, 705 strains of V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups were isolated from surface reservoirs in 26 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including 10 strains of V. cholerae O1 ctxA+tcpA+, 35 strains of V. cholerae O1 ctxA–tcpA+, 655 strains of V. cholerae O1 ctxA–tcpA– , and five strains of V. cholerae O139 ctxA–tcpA– Identification of strains with unique, previously unknown INDEL genotypes testifies to their imported na- . ture. The forecast for cholera in the world for 2020, given the proven high degree of epidemic process activation at the expense of social and environmental risks caused by emergencies of different origin, the presence of endemic foci, infection import and other risk factors is unfavorable. For Russia, the forecast for cholera will be determined by the presence of external risks created by the ongoing 7-th pandemic, possible importation of infection to constituent entities of the Russian Federation that differ by the types of epidemic manifestations. © 2020 Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute. All rights reserved
Epidemic potential of COVID-19 in Omsk Region during anti-epidemic measures [ЭпидеМичеСКий потенциал COVID-19 в оМСКой оБлаСти на фоне противоЭпидеМичеСКих Мероприятий]
No full textAim. To study the spread of COVID-19 among the population of the Omsk Region during 24 weeks of the epidemic on the background of anti-epidemic measures. Materials and methods. A descriptive epidemiological study was carried out based on publically available data и data from the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Omsk Region on the official registration and epidemiological investigation of detected COVID-19 cases in the Omsk Region for the period from March 27 to September 10, 2020. To assess the potential of COVID-19 to spread, the following indicators were calculated: exponential growth rate (r), basic reproduction number (R0), effective reproduction number (Rt), expected natural epidemic size and herd immunity threshold. Data processing was performed using MS Excel 2010. The cartogram was built using the QGIS 3.12-Bukuresti application in the EPSG: 3576 coordinate system. Results and discussion. For the period from March 27 to September 10, 2020, a total of 9779 cases of COVID-19 were registered in the Omsk Region, the cumulative incidence was 507,6 per 100000 (95 % CI 497,5÷517,6), the case-fatality rate for completed cases was 2.9 %, for identified cases – 2.4 %. The most active spread of COVID-19 was noted in Omsk and 4 out of 32 districts of the region (Moskalensky, Azov German National, Mariyanovsky, Novovarshavsky). During the ongoing anti-epidemic measures, the exponential growth rate of the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases was 4.5 % per day, R0 – 1.4–1.5, Rt – 1.10, herd immunity threshold – 28.6 %. The expected size of the epidemic in case of sustained anti-epidemic measures can reach 58.0 % of the recovered population. A decrease in the number of detected virus carriers, incomplete detection of COVID-19 among patients with community-acquired pneumonia introduced additional risks for the latent spread of infection and complications of the epidemic situation. Maintaining restrictive measures and increasing the proportion of the immune population (over 28.6 %) may significantly reduce the risks of increasing the spread of COVID-19 in the Omsk Region. © 2020 Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute. All rights reserved
Non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring by a new pneumatic sensor and on-line analysis of pulse waveforms for a modern medical home care systems
No full textThe development of the third-generation devices for medical home care systems is in the center of discussion. The results of developing non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring channel on the basis of the unique pneumatic sensor are discussed in detail. In particular, the main principles of operation, design features and testing results of a pneumatic sensor are considered. Namely, the issues of the stable air flow regime in the sensor's working chamber are discussed. It is shown that the miniature size of the sensor and the possibility of its precise positioning directly in the measurement zone on small (< 1 mm) areas of the skin elastic surfaces result in improved quality of pulse wave shape recovery, the parameters continuity measured and the disturbances reduction. Measurement examples for some human superficial arteries are given. The possibility of continuous measurement of the actual value of blood pressure for radial and temporal arteries is confirmed. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V
Selected health parameters of people living in cities included into «clean air» federal project
No full textOur research goal was to assess expected efficiency of «Clean air» Federal project with its activities aimed at reducing ambient air contamination and population health risks. We revealed that finding solutions to the project tasks on emissions reduction that had been set without taking into account peculiarities of city design, development, landscapes, meteorological conditions, and other factors, would not result in improved ambient air quality. Road and transport systems are to be modernized basing on transport flows modeling and application of calculations taking into account transport flows structure, speed, and intensity as well as some other parameters. Analysis of standardized death rate (SDR) in 2000-2018 revealed the highest total mortality in Chita against a reference city, Lipetsk; mortality due to respiratory diseases was higher in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Novokuznetsk, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Cherepovets, and Chita. Mortality caused by these diseases has been going down since 2007; starting from 2013, the highest mortality due to respiratory diseases has been registered in Krasnoyarsk. Long-term annual average SDR due to neoplasms is rather chaotic in most cities but it is persistently higher than in Lipetsk, the reference city; asymptomatic parameter (
Social and economic determinants and potential for growth in life expectancy of the population in the russian federation taking into account regional differentiation
No full textThe current work supplements the results obtained in previous research on a relation between leading parameters of living conditions and life expectancy of the RF population; it dwells on the results obtained via analyzing a role played by sanitary and epidemiologic determinants. A sanitary-epidemiologic situation in certain RF regions is unfavorable and it makes our research truly vital; it is also necessary to work out and implement activities aimed at eliminating or minimizing adverse environmental factors that can produce negative effects on demographic situation in the country. Our primary goal was to study impacts exerted by sanitary-epidemiologic parameters on life expectancy in the RF and to obtain predicted values for its growth taking into account regional and sex differentiation. We examined domestic and foreign experience in researching relations between sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and life expectancy. All the RF regions were distributed into three clusters as per their sanitary-epidemiologic welfare. The third cluster that includes 11 regions is in much greater need for implementing activities aimed at reducing environmental contamination. Results obtained via regression and factor analysis revealed that should there be a scenario with an improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic parameters (by 10.0 %), the overall life expectancy for the RF population would increase by 140.39 days. An improvement in sanitary- epidemiologic situation taken as per sex differentiation indicated that a greater impact was expected on life expectancy growth among male population, as it would increase by 146.9 days (by 117.6 days for female population). We established that several parameters made the greatest contribution into life expectancy growth; they were "A share of population provided with high quality drinking water" (61.65 days); "Physical factors existing at workplaces" (35.83 days), "Sanitary-hygienic characteristics of objects under surveillance" (15.16 days), and "Sanitary-epidemiologic parameters of ambient air" (14.26 days). The current work does not cover extreme sanitary-epidemiologic situations related to pandemic spread of new infectious agents causing highly contagious diseases (Coronavirus infection). © Popova A.Yu., Zaitseva N.V., Onishchenko G.G., Kleyn S.V., Glukhikh M.V., Kamaltdinov M.R., 2020
Hemosorption by a column adsorber based on hyper-cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with immobilized lipopolysaccharide-selective ligand in combined intensive care of lung cancer-related postoperative acute lung injury (Case report)
No full textAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious challenge in the contemporary reanimatology due to its prevalence, versatility of pathogenesis mechanisms, and continuously high mortality. The development of an uncontrolled cascade of systemic inflammation reactions, ‘cytokine storm’, followed by multiple organ failure (MOF) is an essential pathophysiological trigger of acute lung injury. Besides, critically ill patients are characterized by a relative intestinal ischemia, wherein, according to the ‘intestine-lung axis’ concept that treats intestinal and pulmonary epithelium as a continuous surface, translocation of bacteria and/or endotoxin directly into blood flow might occur. Extracorporeal removal of excessively produced inflammatory response mediators and endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS) from systemic circulation by selective hemosorp-tion might represent a life-saving approach in sepsis. Purpose: to evaluate the efficacy of selective sorption in a combined therapy for acute lung injury related to postoperative injury after lung cancer surgery. Results. A single 4-hour selective sorption procedure in the combined therapy of a critically ill postoperative patient produced fast (within 24 hrs.) effects: decreased leukocytosis (the leukocyte count fell down from 32☓109 to 13☓109, L-1) and endotoxin activity (EAA — from 0.67 to 0.32, units), reduced blood plasma anti-in-flammatory cytokine (IL-6 — from 1860 to 62, pg/ml) and procalcitonin (PCT — from 46 to 0.32, ng/ml), re-covery of gas exchange, discontinuation of hemodynamic support with pressor amines as no longer needed (as early as 2 hours after sorption). Conclusion. The clinical case of a successful therapy including selective sorption based on hyper-cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with immobilized LPS-selective ligand warrants further clinical stud-ies on the efficiency of a novel selective hemosorption column use to correct post-radical respiratory compli-cations in oncological patients. © 2020, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology. All rights reserved
Coronaviruses as causative agents of severe respiratory diseases
No full textThe review presents 61 publications on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, specific parameters of the infectious process and possibilities of laboratory diagnosis of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 - of the causative agent of COVID-19. © 2020 New Terra Publishing House. All rights reserved