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Malá průmyslová města na Moravě: srovnání produktivní a postproduktivní epochy
No full textThe paper focuses on the changes to the industrial structure of small Moravian towns as these towns are part of the settlement structure that connects urban and rural systems. Small towns (of up to 15,000 inhabitants) are the most industrialized part of the Czech settlement system. They were the subject of capitalist industrialization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as socialist industrialization in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, the research question asks how the small-town sector coped with the transition to a post-productive society and how small towns were differentiated during this process. Population censuses were the main tool used to gather data for comparison. Today, small towns have preserved, in particular, less innovatively demanding industries, which have been pushed out of large and medium-sized cities. At the same time, they are undergoing a process of post-productive transformation which is associated with a massive transfer of job opportunities to services, but they can also become starting points for cultural tourism in rural areas. However, their future development will be very differentiated depending on their location concerning regional centres, on the quality of human and social capital and also on their historical pathways.Příspěvek se zaměřuje na proměny průmyslové struktury malých moravských měst, neboť tato města jsou součástí sídelní struktury, která propojuje městský a venkovský systém. Malá města (do 15 000 obyvatel) jsou nejprůmyslovější částí českého sídelního systému. Byly předmětem kapitalistické industrializace v devatenáctém a počátku dvacátého století, stejně jako socialistické industrializace ve druhé polovině dvacátého století. Výzkumná otázka se proto ptá, jak se maloměstský sektor vyrovnal s přechodem k postproduktivní společnosti a jak se malá města během tohoto procesu diferencovala. Hlavním nástrojem sběru dat pro srovnání byla sčítání lidu. Malá města si dnes zachovala zejména inovačně méně náročná odvětví, která byla z velkých a středně velkých měst vytlačena. Zároveň procházejí procesem postproduktivní transformace, která je spojena s masivním přesunem pracovních příležitostí do služeb, ale mohou se stát i východiskem kulturní turistiky ve venkovských oblastech. Jejich budoucí vývoj však bude velmi diferencovaný v závislosti na jejich umístění vzhledem k regionálním centrům, na kvalitě lidského a sociálního kapitálu a také na jejich historických cestách.OA-hybri
Biochar Alone Did Not Increase Microbial Activity in Soils from a Temperate Climate That Had Long-Term Acidity Stress
Get PDFBiochar can increase the microbial activity of a soil and the seed yield of oilseed rape. We performed a field experiment to determine the effect of different doses of biochar and the impact of nutrient additions on microbial activity in soils with low pH (4.69). Different doses of biochar were applied to plots in 2016 (0 t/ha (control), 15 t/ha (B15), 30 t/ha (B30), or 45 t/ha (B45)), and fertilization was applied during 2019 (90 kg P/ha) and 2020 (50 kg N/ha, 80 kg P/ha, and 50 kg K/ha). Maize was grown in 2016, barley in 2017, maize in 2018, wheat in 2019, and winter oilseed rape in 2020. All analyses were carried out in 2020. Higher biochar doses led to reduced seed yield of oilseed rape and inhibition of microbial activity (cumulative soil respiration, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and leaching of mineral forms of nitrogen). Notably, dehydrogenase activity was more than 60% lower in plots with the highest biochar dose. All doses of biochar increased the soil pH compared to the control (control: 4.51 +- 0.04, B15: 4.69 +- 0.04, B30: 5.06 +- 0.05, B45: 5.05 +- 0.04) but did not increase microbial activity or the seed yield of oilseed rape. Thus, application of biochar alone did not increase the seed yield of oilseed rape or soil microbial activities, although it did increase soil pH.O
Microhabitat Selection for Overwintering: Overwintering Conditions of Three Jumping Spiders (Pellenes tripunctatus, P. nigrociliatus, and Attulus penicillatus) Living in Terrestrial Shells in the Czech Republic
Get PDFTaking the regular overwintering of spider species in land snail shells as a model, we studied environmental conditions affecting the choice of overwintering sites in three jumping spider species: Pellenes tripunctatus, Pellenes nigrociliatus, and Attulus penicillatus. The research was conducted at 11 steppe localities on calcareous bedrock with abundant empty shells (mainly Caucasotachea vindobonensis and Xerolenta obvia). We documented 889 shells and collected 186 of them, of which 113 were inhabited by 146 spider individuals (13 species). Our three focal species made up 81.5% of these. We found different environmental preferences between the sexes in P. tripunctatus and P. nigrociliatus. These females preferred shells with more vegetation nearby. In the case of P. tripunctatus, these were shells with a higher proportion of herbs, whereas P. nigrociliatus selected for a higher proportion of moss. In the immediate vicinity of the shells, environmental conditions did not differ significantly. We found insufficient A. penicillatus to determine any preferences. We also recorded six overwintering P. tripunctatus individuals in a single shell (in environmental conditions preferred by females), consisting of five females and one male, which indicated an unusual social behavior for these spider species.significantly. We found insufficient A. penicillatus to determine any preferences. We also recorded six overwintering P. tripunctatus individuals in a single shell (in environmental conditions preferred by females), consisting of five females and one male, which indicated an unusual social behavior for these spider species.O
Qualitative and Nutritional Characteristics of Plum Cultivars Grown on Different Rootstocks
Get PDFPrevious study hsas confirmed the influence of rootstock on the scion. Using a suitable rootstock for plum cultivar can affect many qualitative parameters of fruit. This study deals with the pomological and chemical analysis of three plums of Japanese origin (Prunus salicina) 'Black Amber', 'Karkulka', 'Shiro' and one European origin (Prunus domestica) 'Stanley' grown on five different rootstock (Ishtara, St. Julien A, Torinel, Citation and Penta) planted in Czech Republic. During the year, the phenological phases of date of blooming, flower set, date of ripening, and fruit set were determined. In this study, significant negative correlation (p < 0.05, R = MINUS SIGN 0.6831) was determined between fruit set and fruit weight. Rootstocks did not have influence on the fruit weight, but 'Karkulka' reached significantly higher fruit weight on St. Julien A and Citation rootstocks (32 g) than on the other three rootstocks (24 to 26 g). For all cultivars, fruit firmness and soluble solid content (SSC) were measured. The rootstocks greatly influenced the titratable acidity of plums which reached the highest value for cultivars grown on Citation rootstock (from 0.65 to 2.43%) and the lowest when grown on Ishtara rootstock (from 0.53 to 1.88%). In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity were determined. The cultivars on Ishtara rootstock reached the highest values of TPC (from 336.26 to 562.75 mg (GAE)/100 g). The results presented in this study show influence of rootstock on quality of plums, where Ishtara rootstock was highlighted as the best.O
Pre-activated biochar by fertilizers mitigates nutrient leaching and stimulates soil microbial activity
Get PDFBackground: Previous studies have suggested that the targeted application of biochars in agricultural soils may benefit soil health and crop production. Physico-chemical properties of soils after biochar addition have been explored, but less is known about how microbial parameters respond. Therefore, impact of biochar (NB), mineral fertilizer-activated biochar (AB), or mineral fertilizer (MF) application on selected chemical and microbial parameters of lettuce-planted soil was evaluated in a pot experiment. Results: In comparison to the control, soil enzymes activities, related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling, and their content in plant biomass, were significantly increased by the addition of mineral fertilizer with or without biochar (MF, NB + MF). Conversely, microbial respiration (basal and substrate induced) was highly responsive to the activated biochar amendment (AB) as compared to other treatments. N, P, and potassium (K) concentrations in soil pore water were stabilized by the mineral fertilizer-activated biochar, indicating reduced leaching and the likelihood of increased longevity of these nutrients in soils. Enhanced carbon acquisition and mitigated nitrogen acquisition in soil of the most experimental treatments were coupled with higher crop (lettuce) biomass. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the application of biochar both with and without mineral fertilizer has the potential to enhance microbial activity and fertility in the tested agricultural soil, but that leaching of fertilizer-borne nutrients may be mitigated by the activation proces.O
First record of adventive species Monoxia obesula Blake, 1939 in Greece
Get PDFMonoxia obesula, a species native to the U.S.A. and adventive in western Mediterranean, is recorded in Greece for the first time. In 2022, one female specimen was collected on Théra Island (Santorini Archipelago, Aegean Sea), becoming the easternmost Mediterranean record. Host plants are Amaranthaceae species, particularly Atriplex halimus occurring in saline habitats. The presence of Monoxia obesula in Greece is alarming because it spreads its occurrence towards the eastern Mediterranean and may therefore pose a significant danger for Atriplex halimus stands.O
FexIKA method parameters affecting black locust heartwood extraction yield
Get PDFThe influence of certain adjustable parameters (sample property, temperature, and solvent type) on the advanced fexIKA extraction outputs was determined. Extracts were obtained from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) heartwood and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The amount of extract yield remained similar, regardless of the wood particle size, whereas the total amount of phenolic compounds gradually decreased when the particle size increased. The highest amounts of extractives were obtained at higher temperatures, and at 170 and 200oC, a significant influence from the temperature on the chemical composition was noticed. Namely, the phenol and robinetin yields increased, while the rest of the main phenolic compounds were degraded. Additionally, at higher temperatures (170 and 200oC), two newly formed furfural compounds were detected.O
Phyllonorycter cerris (Gregor), Taxonomy, Biology and Distribution (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Get PDFSpecies independence of Phyllonorycter cerris (Gregor, 1952) is evidenced by differences in coloration, results of molecular analysis, and trophic specialization. The differences between P. cerris and P. quercifoliella (Zeller, 1839) lie in the basic appearance of the forewings, and in the location and shape of some strigulae. The genetic distance (COI) between Phyllonorycter cerris and P. quercifoliella is 2.5%. The larva of Phyllonorycter cerris mines only Quercus cerris L. in central Europe, P. quercifoliella mines oligophagously Quercus spp. of the section Robur Reich. Phyllonorycter cerris is redescribed, data on biology, population densities, and distribution are added. Occurrence in Czechia is analysed in detail, the first precise faunistic data from Bohemia are given.O
The Effect of Fish Production and Environmental Factors on Phytoplankton in Hypertrophic Fishponds
Get PDFFishponds form substantial part of standing water ecosystems in the landscape of the Central Europe. We studied the effects of fish production and environmental parameters on phytoplankton in fifteen fishponds of various size, fish production and situated at different altitudes. Water and plankton samples were collected from April to October 2018 and 2019. Phytoplankton abundance, zooplankton biovolume, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, and total iron concentration were determined. Based on average values of total nitrogen (8.53 mg.l-1), total phosphorus (0.399 mg.l-1), and chl-a (180 µg.l-1) all fishponds were classified as hypertrophic. Fish production was significantly correlated only with altitude. With increasing altitude, fishponds have a lower nutrient content, lower temperature, and hence lower production. The direct effect of fish production on phytoplankton was not observed. Two environmental parameters significantly explained the variability in phytoplankton - altitude and total iron concentration. Our results indicate that besides traditionally monitored parameters like nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, the attention should also be focused on other factors potentially affecting studied ecosystems, hypertrophic fishponds.O
Evaluation of Walnut Tree Flowering and Frost Occurrence Probability During 1961-2012
Get PDFStrength and direction of the potential effect of climate change on walnuts is regionally specific (Gauthier and Jacobs, 2011) as climate change will probably affect the spatial distribution of the walnut. This paper evaluated the long-term phenological series (1961-2012) of the beginning of flowering, end of flowering and duration of flowering in walnut tree (Juglans regia) at two phenological stations located in different geographical locations of the Czech Republic but in the same climatic conditions (warm region). Phenological stages were analyzed in relation to growing degree days and to spring frosts occurrence. Onset of the beginning and end of flowering occurred earlier at Velké Pavlovice station (-2.1 and -1.3 days), and conversely occurred later at Doksany station (+1.8 and +1.0). Period of flowering shortened at Doksany station (-0.8 day) and prolonged at Velké Pavlovice station (+1.2 day). The occurrence of days with minimum air temperature < 0 oC during walnut tree flowering was more frequent at Doksany station (in total, 29 days) with absolute minimum value -5.5 oC. At Velké Pavlovice station 5 days with minimum air temperature below 0 oC were found during examined period with absolute minimum value -3.8 oC. The negative trend in number of frost days occurrence during flowering period was found at both stations. Pearson correlation coefficient between phenophase onset (and flowering period) and sums of growing degree days was stronger at Velké Pavlovice station, and the highest value was between period of flowering and temperature sums (0.782). The results confirmed our hypothesis of changes in phenophase onsets and duration of flowering including spring frosts occurrence according to west-east gradient (maritime climate-continental climate).O